同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者行结直肠癌切除联合射频消融治疗的临床整体疗效研究

目的研究分析结直肠癌切除联合射频消融治疗同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者的整体临床疗效。方法本研究回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年1月本院收治的同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者45例。其中21例患者行结直肠癌切除联合射频消融治疗,另外24例患者行周期病灶手术切除治疗。观察两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血例数、住院时间、术后并发症等情况。结果 A组的术中出血量、术中输血例数、住院时间均少于B组(P0.05);A组患者术后化疗行FOLFOX方案者4例,FOLFIRI方案者3例,XELOX方案者9例;B组患者术后化疗行FOLFOX方案者5例,FOLFIRI方案者5例,XELOX方案者7例。A组患者术后1年的死亡率为38.09%(8例),B组患者术后1年的死亡率为37.50%(9例),两组患者术后1年死亡率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论对于同时性结直肠癌肝转移采用结直肠癌切除联合射频消融治疗,可以在一定程度上较少手术治疗过程的出血量及输血例数,缩短病人住院时间,与手术切除治疗组在术后1年的死亡率无明显差异,因此结直肠癌切除联合射频消融可作为同时性结直肠癌肝转移治疗备用方案,特别适用于无法行切除的肝转移病灶患者。     

结直肠癌肝转移瘤热消融治疗国际专家共识分享

肝转移是结直肠癌致死的最主要原因,手术切除是其首选治疗方式。然而,临床可手术切除的肝转移瘤仅占全部肝转移瘤的10%~25%,对不可切除的肝转移瘤通常采用系统化疗和/或局部消融治疗。近年来热消融技术的治疗效率和安全性日益提高,术后患者5年生存率高于单纯化疗。2013年国际消融专家组发布了结直肠癌肝转移瘤热消融治疗国际专家共识,基于射频消融相关应用的长期随访文献,总结热消融治疗在结直肠癌肝转移瘤治疗中的具体推荐及相关适应证。本文对该共识的主要内容进行介绍与分享。     

同时性结直肠癌肝转移的外科治疗进展

同时性肝转移占结直肠癌初诊病例的15—25％,是困扰结直肠癌治疗的一大难点和热点。手术治疗目前是结直肠癌及肝转移唯一可能获得治愈希望的治疗手段,切除原发结直肠癌和肝转移病灶术后5年生存率可达34％～38％。但超过85％的初诊患者无法接受手术切除,如何通过综合治疗,提高结直肠癌以及同时性肝转移的手术切除率,延长生存,尤其是同步切除原发和肝转移病灶成为了近期关注的重点。     

结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移的腹腔镜治疗

目的:探讨结直肠癌伴有同时性不可切除肝转移灶的腹腔镜治疗的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2011年6月至2012年12月31例结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移患者的临床资料及随访结果。按原发灶手术切除方式分为两组,A组行开腹手术切除结直肠癌原发灶(n=18),B组行腹腔镜手术(n=13)。术后均采取mFOLFOX6方案化疗。对比分析两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后住院时间、术后接受首次化疗时间及治疗效果。结果:31例均成功施行结直肠癌切除术,腹腔镜组无一例中转开腹及严重并发症发生。术后患者行mFOLFOX6方案化疗至少2个周期。经统计学分析发现,两组患者手术时间、治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但腹腔镜组术中出血量明显减少(P<0.01),术后排气时间明显缩短(P<0.05),术后住院时间明显减少(P<0.05),术后接受首次化疗的时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。结论:对于不可切除的同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者,行腹腔镜原发肿瘤切除是安全、可行的;与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移,在切除原发灶的手术中具有出血量少、创伤小、术后肠功能恢复快、住院时间明显缩短并促进术后早期化疗等优势。腹腔镜手术对原发肿瘤及转移灶的治疗效果与开腹手术无明显差别,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

结直肠癌肝转移的综合治疗

结直肠癌肝转移是影响结直肠癌预后的重要因素,治疗方案包括手术治疗、化疗(全身静脉化疗和介入治疗)、基因治疗和局部治疗(射频消融、激光消融、无水酒精注射和冷冻切除术)等,其中手术是目前唯一有效的治愈手段,手术死亡率为1%~2.8%,术后5年生存率为34%~38%,但仅有10%~25%结直肠癌肝转移患者确诊时适于手术切除,因此各种非手术治疗的作用正日益受到关注。本文就结直肠癌肝转移的综合治疗作一综述。     

结肠、直肠、肛门

中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的诊治与预防;快速康复外科在结直肠手术的应用;直肠癌手术常见并发症的预防和处理;结直肠癌同时性肝转移的同期手术切除;同期肝切除治疗结直肠癌同时性肝转移     

结直肠癌肝转移外科治疗的争议

肝脏是结直肠癌最常见的转移部位,肝转移是结直肠癌治疗失败的主要原因。外科切除在结直肠癌肝转移综合治疗模式中占据主导地位．也是患者获得治愈机会的重要手段。尽管如此,在结直肠癌肝转移外科治疗领域目前还存在很多困惑和争议．包括结直肠癌肝转移分期系统尚不完善、潜在可切除标准尚未统一、可切除肝转移灶是否需要新辅助化疗、根治切除后辅助化疗方案的选择以及不可切除肝转移灶患者无症状原发灶的处理等。本文依据近年来发表的研究资料,结合自身临床实践,剖析肝转移外科研究领域中不同的观点和依据。     

结直肠癌肝转移消融与外科切除的治疗选择与时机

结直肠癌是全球第三高发恶性肿瘤,易发生肝转移。消融治疗与外科切除是结直肠癌肝转移有效且安全的局部治疗方法,可在全身治疗有效的基础上,有效控制局部病灶,延长患者生存期。药物治疗的进步使很多既往不宜局部治疗的结直肠癌肝转移患者获得了局部转化治疗机会。然而对于不同治疗目标、不同肿瘤负荷的结直肠癌肝转移,消融治疗与外科切除干预的时机以及术式尚没有明确的界限。本文对结直肠癌肝转移消融治疗与外科切除的研究进展以及治疗时机选择进行讨论。     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移手术时机的选择

目的 探讨可切除性结直肠癌同时性肝转移的手术时机.方法 回顾性分析2009年10月至2011年11月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的5例结直肠癌伴同时性肝转移患者的临床资料,根据患者的情况分别行手术治疗+辅助化疗、新辅助化疗或靶向治疗.结果5例患者均行手术+术后辅助治疗.3例原发灶和肝转移灶可切除者,1例先行新辅助化疗,肝转移灶明显缩小后一期手术切除原发灶和肝转移灶,术后6个月MRI检查发现肝内复发;1例未行新辅助化疗,术后9个月CT检查发现肺内多发转移灶;1例因原发灶穿孔腹腔感染,先切除原发灶,术后化疗+靶向治疗,二期切除肝内转移灶,术后12个月CT检查发现肺内单发转移灶.其余2例因肝内多发性转移灶无法手术切除,仅切除原发灶,1例术后13个月死于骨转移;另1例行辅助化疗+靶向治疗,CT检查示肝内转移灶曾一度进行性缩小,但术后11个月开始肝内转移灶渐增多、增大.5例患者术后均行k-ras基因检测,除病例2的Condon 12位点为野生型、Condon 13位点为突变型外,其余患者均为野生型.结论新辅助化疗或新辅助化疗+靶向治疗的效果个体差异大,消灭体内微转移灶作用有限,首选一期手术切除原发灶和同时性肝转移灶有可能使患者获益最大.     

同时性结直肠癌肝转移治疗策略

正同时性结直肠癌肝转移(colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases,s CRLM)的治疗,涉及化疗、手术、射频、介入等,对于直肠癌还涉及放疗,化疗又有新辅助、转化、辅助之分,手术也涉及胃肠道及肝脏,有同期切除、分期切除、切除顺序等问题,可以说s CRLM是整个外科中最为复杂的疾病。相比于其他伴有同时性转移的肿瘤来说,s CRLM的发病率高、预后好,手术后5年存活率可达到     

Surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

We analyze our experience over a 10-year period in the surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Between 01.01.1995 and 08.31.2005 189 liver resections were performed in 171 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer (16 re-resections - 2 in the same patient and a "two-stage" liver resection in 2 patients). In our series there were 83 patients with synchronous liver metastases (69 simultaneous resections, 12 delayed resections and 2 "two-stage" liver resection were performed) and 88 metachronous liver metastases. Almost all types of liver resections have been performed. The morbidity and mortality rates were 17.4% and 4.7%, respectively. Median survival was 28.5 months and actuarial survival at 1-, 3- and 5-year was 78.7%, 40.4% and 32.7%, respectively. Between January 2002 and August 2005 hyperthermic ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases has been performed in 6 patients; in other 5 patients with multiple bilobar liver metastases liver resection was associated with radiofrequency ablation and one patient underwent only radiofrequency ablation for recurrent liver metastasis. In conclusion, although the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases is multimodal (resection, ablation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy), liver resection is the only potential curative treatment. The quality and volume of remnant liver parenchyma is the only limitation of liver resection. The morbidity, mortality and survival rates after simultaneous liver and colorectal resection are similar with those achieved by delayed resection. Postoperative outcome of patients with major hepatic resection is correlated with the surgical team experience. The long-term survival was increased using the new multimodal treatment schemes.     

转移性肝癌的治疗理念和策略

转移性肝癌是恶性肿瘤发展的终末阶段,是导致患者死亡的主要原因,其中胃肠道是常见的原发癌部位。人们正尝试通过根治转移性肝癌或控制其发展等多种治疗策略,延长患者生存期。手术治疗、全身化疗、分子靶向治疗、射频消融术、门静脉栓塞术、肝动脉导管栓塞术是转移性肝癌的有效治疗方法,其中手术治疗是转移性肝癌可能获得治愈的有效手段。相比结肠癌肝转移癌,胃癌肝转移癌的治疗正处于探索阶段,但是随着新型有效化疗药物及化疗方案的出现、肝转移癌手术适应证的拓展以及大规模多中心临床试验循证医学证据的涌现,包括胃癌肝转移在内的转移性肝癌的治疗必将朝着一个更加规范,更为有效的方向发展。     

不同阶段结直肠癌肝转移的手术策略

结直肠癌患者容易发生肝转移,手术是目前治疗结直肠癌肝转移的最佳手段。但肝转移的发生时机不同,所采取的手术策略也不同。结直肠癌确诊时发生肝转移的患者,其手术时机一直存在争议;结直肠癌根治术后发生肝转移的患者只要具有手术指征,均应再次实施手术治疗;部分暂不能手术的结直肠癌肝转移患者,多采用化疗、RFA、介入等辅助治疗可使患者重新获得手术机会,但在临床应用中也存在不少困惑。因此,针对不同阶段的结直肠癌肝转移,应采用多学科综合治疗,制订个体化的治疗方案才是改善患者预后的关键。     

Surgical treatment of liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer

Half of patients with colorectal cancer have liver metastasis during their illness. Surgical resection of metastases represents the only curative treatment with prolonged survival in more than 50 % of patients. The aim of liver resection is complete excision of the lesions with histological negative margins while preserving sufficient functional liver parenchyma. In patients with diffuse liver disease, the radiofrequency ablation of metastases may be associated with surgical resection. The use of portal vein remobilization and neoadjuvant chemotherapy can also increase the number of patients for curative treatment. Despite this progress, from 50 to 60 % of patients relapse after complete resection of MHCCR. Surgical treatment of recurrent aggressive and effective chemotherapy allows the prolonged survival of these patients. The modern treatment of liver metastasis of colorectal cancers can be envisaged as part of a multidisciplinary approach to increase the number of patients for curative treatment.     

Surgical Therapy for Colorectal Metastases to the Liver

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in the West and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Approximately 35 to 55% of patients with colorectal cancer develop hepatic metastases during the course of their disease. Surgical resection of colorectal liver metastases represents the only chance at potential cure, and long-term survival can be achieved in 35 to 58% of patients after resection. The goal of hepatic resection should be to resect all metastases with negative histologic margins while preserving sufficient functional hepatic parenchyma. In patients with extensive metastatic disease who would otherwise be unresectable, ablative approaches can be used instead of or combined with hepatic resection. The use of portal vein embolization and preoperative chemotherapy may also expand the population of patients who are candidates for surgical treatment. Despite these advances, many patients still experience a recurrence after hepatic resection. More active systemic chemotherapy agents are now available and are being increasingly employed as adjuvant therapy either before or after surgery. Modern treatment of colorectal liver metastasis requires a multidisciplinary approach in an effort to increase the number of patients who may benefit from surgical treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastasis.     

The management of solitary colorectal liver metastases

Surgical resection of solitary colorectal liver metastases is associated with long-term survival. Radiofrequency ablation used as the primary treatment option of solitary resectable colorectal liver metastases is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence that generally leads to worse survival compared to resection. In contrast with treatment of other hepatic malignancies, radiofrequency ablation is not equivalent to resection for colorectal liver metastases and should not be used as an alternative but limited to inoperable patients. Although overall survival rate after resection can be up to 71% at 5 years, the majority of patients develop recurrence. Preoperative chemotherapy contributes to decrease the risk of recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases. In patients with advanced solitary colorectal liver metastasis initially non suitable for resection, chemotherapy and portal vein embolization contribute to increase the number of surgical candidates whereas radiofrequency is rarely an option.     

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??Treatment strategies for management of colorectal cancer liver metastases YE Ying-jiang, WANG Shan. Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China Corresponding author:YE Ying-jiang, E-mail:yjye101@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Liver metastases is the most common distant metastasis of colorectal cancer. Surgical resection is believed the only effective treatment for metastatic hepatic cancer currently. With increased experience and multiple disciplines development, the surgical indication for metastatic liver cancer has been expanded gradually, and the standard of hepatic surgery has also been improved constantly. Importantly, multidisciplinary team (MDT) model remains the fundamental for optimal treatment for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. The participation of MDT brings more opportunities for metastatic liver cancer, and improves the surgery outcomes indirectly. Diagnostic radiology is an important way for R0 resection of metastatic liver cancer; the intraoperative ultrasound increases metastatic liver cancer detection rate and surgery safety. Preoperative chemotherapy brings operation opportunity for those patients with initially unresectable lesions, and postoperative adjuvant therapy contributes to reduce the post-operation recurrence and metastasis. Radiofrequency ablation combined with hepatic resection provides unresectable metastatic liver cancer the best opportunity for long term survival.     

通过转化治疗提高结直肠癌肝转移手术切除率的新进展

目的了解通过转化治疗提高结直肠癌肝转移手术切除率的外科治疗新进展,评估预后评估模型在肝内转移灶切除术后的应用价值,进一步指导患者术后的综合治疗,从而控制疾病快速进展,改善患者的生存质量。方法收集国内外有关结直肠癌肝转移外科治疗新进展的文献,就结直肠癌肝转移的手术切除指征、预后评估模型以及如何通过转化治疗提高其手术切除率的新进展进行综述。结果通过积极的转化治疗,能够使部分结直肠癌肝转移患者接受手术切除肝内转移灶。对于自始至终均无法接受手术切除肝内转移灶的患者,术前化疗、分子靶向治疗药物、多种介入治疗等转化治疗方案均不失为安全、有效的治疗方法,其对患者的生活质量的提高、生存时间的延长有一定的效果。结论我们应该加强对结直肠癌肝转移转化治疗的重视,积极推动预后评估模型在肝内转移灶切除术后的应用。     

肝切除治疗结直肠癌肝转移预后影响因素研究进展

结直肠癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。临床上,结直肠癌病人首次确诊时已有15%～25%发生肝脏转移,中位生存期约为6个月,然而行手术切除肝转移灶后5年存活率可达60%。近年来,虽然在新辅助化疗和外科技术等方面取得迅速发展,使得病人获得较长的生存时间,但肝切除仍是治愈结直肠癌肝转移（CRLM）病人的主要治疗方式。肝切除术能够改善病人预后,手术应做到R0切除或者达到无疾病证据状态（NED）;若有复发应积极施行二次手术;原发病灶部位以及淋巴结转移情况对预后影响尚有待研究;结直肠癌确诊至发生肝转移时间间隔越长预后较好（＞2年）。然而,肝转移灶的大小、数目、部位情况等,并不是影响手术预后的主要因素。总之,肝切除对CRLM病人具有良好的预后,同时需要结合病人的切缘状态、残余肝体积、原发病灶及淋巴结转移等因素综合考虑。