响应面法优化仙鹤草总黄酮的超声提取工艺

目的:优化仙鹤草总黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用响应面设计方法对影响总黄酮得率的乙醇体积分数、超声温度及料液比进行优化。结果:各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响大小依次为料液比-超声温度-乙醇体积分数。最佳工艺条件为72%乙醇,料液比1∶25,60℃下超声提取20 min。在此最佳条件下,总黄酮得率为9.02 mg.g-1,试验结果与模型预测值相符。结论:利用超声提取仙鹤草总黄酮工艺稳定可靠。     

正交设计优化野菊花总黄酮的超声提取工艺

优化超声提取野菊花总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。采用正交设计试验,以野菊花总黄酮得率为指标,对乙醇浓度、超声温度、超声时间、料液比等因素进行优化。结果表明,各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响大小依次为:超声时间>超声温度>乙醇浓度>料液比。最佳工艺条件为:采用质量分数60%乙醇,料液比1∶30(g/mL),在60℃下,超声提取40min,在此最佳条件下,总黄酮得率为4.60%。     

星点设计-效应面法优化苎麻根总黄酮超声提取工艺

目的:采用星点设计-效应面法优化苎麻根中总黄酮的超声提取工艺。方法:在单因素实验的基础上,以乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间为自变量,总黄酮得率为因变量,通过效应面法优选提取工艺条件,并进行预测分析。结果:最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为63%,料液比为1∶33,超声时间为53 min。结论:优选的超声提工艺所得结果精确、简便,且预测性良好。     

毛樱桃总黄酮超声提取工艺优选

目的:优选毛樱桃总黄酮的超声提取工艺。方法:以总黄酮得率为评价指标,紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,采用正交试验法考察提取时间、料液比、乙醇体积分数、超声功率等对毛樱桃总黄酮超声提取工艺的影响,响应曲面法优选提取条件。结果:最佳提取工艺为20倍量95%乙醇于400 W功率下提取45 min。此工艺条件下,总黄酮平均得率1.135%。结论:乙醇超声提取法经济实用、方便快捷,可在中药材提取领域推广使用。     

当归藤总黄酮超声提取工艺优化

目的 优化当归藤总黄酮超声提取工艺。方法 在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声功率、超声温度、超声时间为影响因素,总黄酮得率为评价指标,Plackett-Burman法结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化超声提取工艺。结果 最佳条件为乙醇体积分数60%,料液比1∶25,超声功率240 W,超声温度50℃,超声时间40 min,总黄酮得率为12.59%。结论 该方法重复性好,稳定可靠,可用于超声提取当归藤总黄酮。     

甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺优选

目的:优选甜叶菊渣中总黄酮提取工艺条件。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用单因素试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度及回流次数5个影响因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响;在单因素试验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度为考察因素,采用正交设计法优化甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺条件。结果:各因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响顺序为料液比>提取时间>乙醇体积分数>提取温度。最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数80%,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1∶20,提取温度80℃,回流3次,总黄酮得率4.21%。结论:该优选工艺简单易行、成本低廉、安全可靠,有利于甜叶菊资源的合理利用。     

甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺优选

目的:优选甜叶菊渣中总黄酮提取工艺条件.方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用单因素试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度及回流次数5个影响因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响;在单因素试验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度为考察因素,采用正交设计法优化甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺条件.结果:各因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响顺序为料液比＞提取时间＞乙醇体积分数＞提取温度.最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数80％,提取时间2.5h,料液比1∶20,提取温度80℃,回流3次,总黄酮得率4.21％.结论:该优选工艺简单易行、成本低廉、安全可靠,有利于甜叶菊资源的合理利用.     

响应面优化表面活性剂协同超声提取合欢花总黄酮的工艺

目的:优选表面活性剂协同超声提取合欢花总黄酮的工艺条件。方法:采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法,以表面活性剂浓度、料液比和超声时间为影响因素,总黄酮的得率为评价指标,确定提取合欢花总黄酮的最佳条件。结果:合欢花总黄酮的最佳提取条件为:2.5%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),15倍的60%乙醇,超声提取31 min,在此条件下,合欢花总黄酮的得率为0.853%,该工艺比仅用超声法提取合欢花总黄酮的得率提高了93.0%。结论:该提取工艺简单、结果可靠,可以用于合欢花总黄酮的提取。     

木蝴蝶总黄酮超声提取工艺研究

目的 研究超声辅助提取木蝴蝶种子中总黄酮的最佳工艺条件.方法 以黄芩苷为对照品,木蝴蝶总黄酮得率为考察指标,通过正交实验法优选超声提取总黄酮的最佳工艺.结果 所考察因素中,木蝴蝶总黄酮的提取工艺中各因素影响程度为:超声时间(D)>超声功率(C)>料液比(B)>乙醇浓度(A),最佳水平搭配为A1B3C2D3.结论 木蝴蝶总黄酮最佳提取工艺参数为:乙醇浓度为60%,料液比: 1:30,超声提取1次,时间50 min,超声功率: 210 W,在此条件下总黄酮提取率为23.829%.     

香薷总黄酮的超声提取工艺研究

目的:确定香薷中总黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺。方法:采用L9(34)正交实验,以总黄酮提取得率为考察指标,考察乙醇浓度,提取温度,料液比和超声时间等因素对超声提取工艺的影响,确定其最佳超声提取工艺条件。结果:在所有考察的因素中,料液比和超声时间对香薷中总黄酮超声提取的影响最为显著,最佳提取工艺条件是:加药材质量30倍量的50%乙醇、50℃超声提取30min。结论:超声提取法具有时间短、收率高、耗能小等优点,可用于香薷总黄酮的提取。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

虫草属EST-SSR标记系统的建立研究

目的:通过球孢虫草、蛹虫草EST设计EST-SSR引物,建立虫草属EST-SSR标记系统.方法:从NCBI公共数据库下载获得虫草EST,利用Sequece Seiners 1.2软件去除冗余序列并设计引物,进行PAGE电泳.结果:通过去除EST总序列中低质量的和冗余的序列后,得到全长为2 953 173 bp的4 556条无冗余球孢虫草EST.从中发掘出718个EST-SSR,分布于616条EST中,出现频率是15.8％.平均分布频率是每4 096 bp出现1个,三核苷酸重复序列有419个,是出现最多的重复类型.蛹虫草EST去冗余后得到1 363条无冗余EST,共含有1 117个EST-SSR,出现频率为81.95％,出现最多的重复类型是A核苷酸重复.根据球孢虫草EST-SSR序列,设计合成50对引物,有扩增产物的引物为34对,占总设计引物数的68％.根据蛹虫草EST-SSR,设计合成40对引物,有扩增产物的引物为39对,占总设计引物数的97.5％.基于SSR标记进行聚类分析,7种虫草无性型均能分开,且分为4支.结论:虫草属EST-SSR出现频率较高、类型较丰富、多态性潜能较高,具有较高的利用价值.球孢虫草和蛹虫草EST开发的SSR标记在虫草属有较好的转移性与通用性,可以很好的应用于虫草种间遗传关系的研究.应用虫草物种EST建立分子标记是一条简便而又有效的途径.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

乌拉尔甘草HMGR基因cDNA的克隆与序列分析

目的:对乌拉尔甘草3.羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3methylglutary CoA reductase,HMGR)的cDNA克隆并进行序列分析.方法:根据NCBI数据库中的豆科其他物种HMGR的cDNA保守区设计引物,利用同源扩增和cDNA末端快速扩增技术从甘草根中获得目的基因;利用BLAST进行序列比对,ORF Finder寻找开发阅读框,Prosite分析蛋白质的基本结构域,Clustal x比对已有HMGR的氨基酸序列,并构建进化树.结果:得到1个全长为1 842 bp的HMGR的cDNA序列,含有1 722 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码573个氨基酸,具有HMGR家族的特异序列,推测的氨基酸序列与豌豆、蒺藜苜蓿的氨基酸序列一致性分别为84%,76%.结论:对甘草HMGR基因的cDNA进行了克隆,为进一步研究3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A在甘草酸生物合成途径中的作用提供了理论依据.     

中药豨莶草的微性状鉴别

目的:对稀莶草药材的3种来源进行鉴定,以了解3种旆莶草的区别.方法:利用中药微性状鉴定法对3种稀莶草进行鉴别.结果:稀莶Siegesbeckia orientalis、腺梗稀莶S.Pubescens和毛梗豨莶S.glabrescens有明显的区别.结论:首次采用中药微性状鉴定法观察拍摄3种豨莶草商品药材的显微图片,真实、直观地反映了3种来源药材的鉴别特征.