18例HIV阴性的神经梅毒诊断

目的 分析HIV阴性的神经梅毒的临床特点及诊断.方法 回顾18例HIM阴性的神经梅毒患者的临床分型、临床特点、血清及脑脊液检查和影像学改变.结果 患者年龄33～62岁,平均(46.0±9.2)岁;分为脑膜血管型3例,麻痹性痴呆8例,脊髓痨3例,视神经萎缩1例,混合型3例.最常见的症状是认知减退、阿一罗氏瞳孔、步态不稳和共济失调、双下肢腱反射消失、精神行为异常等.误诊率高达72.2％,其中误诊为病毒性脑炎4例.血清梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体检测均为阳性,血清和CSF梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)阳性率高,CSF白细胞数增加、蛋白升高;影像学表现缺乏特异性.结论 无法根据单一的实验室检查或临床表现确诊神经梅毒.血清梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体是重要的初筛实验,血清、脑脊液RPR和TPPA可作为确证实验,将临床表现与脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白含量、神经影像学特点结合起来,综合分析,才能避免误诊和漏诊.     

神经梅毒的临床特点和诊断

目的分析神经梅毒的临床特点和诊断。方法回顾性分析10例神经梅毒患者的临床资料、实验室和神经影像学检查结果。结果男8例,女2例,平均(45±14.52)岁。无症状神经梅毒1例,脑血管梅毒4例,麻痹性痴呆4例,脊髓痨1例。血清和脑脊液甲苯胺红不加热血清反应素试验(TRUST)和梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)均阳性。4例脑脊液白细胞升高(20~80×106/L),分类以淋巴细胞为主,7例脑脊液蛋白升高(0.81~1.56g/L)。3例脑血管梅毒MRI示多发性梗死,3例麻痹性痴呆MRI有脑萎缩表现。结论神经梅毒的临床表现多样,诊断应综合考虑临床表现、梅毒血清学、脑脊液检查、神经影像学和流行病学资料。     

神经梅毒7例临床分析

目的分析神经梅毒的临床特征,探讨其诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析7例神经梅毒患者的临床和实验室资料。结果7例神经梅毒患者中梅毒性脑膜炎2例、脑血管梅毒1例、麻痹性痴呆3例、脊髓痨1例;血清和脑脊液快速血浆反应素(rapid plasma regain,PRP)试验及梅毒螺旋体血凝试验(treponema palliadum hemagglutination assay,TPHA)均阳性。结论神经梅毒根据不同类型有多种发病形式,首诊易误诊,血清和脑脊液梅毒抗体阳性即可确诊,青霉素为首选治疗药物。     

神经梅毒51例临床分析

目的探讨神经梅毒的临床表现、诊断和治疗。方法对51例神经梅毒患者的临床资料进行总结分析。结果本组无症状神经梅毒1例、梅毒性脑膜炎5例、脑膜血管梅毒15例、麻痹性痴呆24例和脊髓痨6例。结论未能早期发现和治疗梅毒是导致神经梅毒的重要因素。神经梅毒的临床表现多种多样,容易误诊,梅毒的血清及脑脊液检查是诊断的必要依据。青霉素G是首选的治疗药物。脑脊液白细胞计数与蛋白含量是监测神经梅毒疗效的较敏感指标,应争取早期诊断、早期治疗以改善预后。     

15例晚期神经梅毒的临床表现和实验室检查分析

目的:分析晚期神经梅毒的临床特点及实验室检查。方法: 回顾15例晚期神经梅毒患者的临床特点、血清及脑脊液检查和神经影像学改变。结果:患者年龄33～62岁，平均47.7岁；分为麻痹性痴呆8例，脊髓痨3例，视神经萎缩1例，混合型3例。误诊率高达86.7％，多误诊为病毒性脑炎、精神病、糖尿病性脊髓痨、亚急性联合变性等。起病隐袭，缓慢进展，病程相对较长，具有阿-罗氏瞳孔，可能是麻痹性痴呆与病毒性脑炎的鉴别点；双下肢或下腹部的针刺样或剧烈的闪电样疼痛，并伴有尿便失禁，可能是脊髓痨的重要特点。CSF白细胞数增加、蛋白和IgG水平均明显高于正常。麻痹性痴呆的MRI多表现为额颞叶，特别是颞叶内侧、岛叶的异常，在T2加权和FLAIR相七为高信号，并可见脑皮质萎缩，脑室不同程度扩大，海马萎缩；脊髓痨患者，脊髓MRI可以无明显改变。结论:晚期神经梅毒患者具有一些较特征性的临床表现，而脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白和IgG水平测定、神经影像学检查对诊断具有重要价值。     

神经梅毒的临床表现（附7例报道）

目的:探讨神经梅毒患者的临床表现、诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析7例神经梅毒患者的临床症状、体征,磁共振特点,血清、脑脊液变化及治疗。结果:7例患者中,脑膜血管型梅毒4例,脊髓痨1例,麻痹性痴呆1例,脑膜梅毒1例。头颅MRI异常6例,脊髓MRI异常1例,但无明显特异性。治疗后脑脊液蛋白、细胞数下降,血清及脑脊液TPPA无明显下降,血清及脑脊液RPR有不同程度下降。经青霉素或头孢曲松治疗,6例有效,1例出院2个月后复发。7例均未发生吉-海反应。结论:神经梅毒临床表现多种多样,临床极易误诊,脑脊液检查是关键。     

神经梅毒的临床特征(附12例报道)

目的通过分析神经梅毒的临床特征,探讨其诊断的相关问题。方法回顾性分析经临床和实验室检查确诊的12例神经梅毒住院患者的相关临床资料。结果12例患者中男7例,女5例,平均年龄37.25岁。均承认自己或配偶有非婚姻性生活史。脑脊液检查示全部患者脑脊液梅毒螺旋体血球凝集试验(CSF-TPHA)阳性,脑脊液快速血浆反应素试验(CSF-RPR)阳性者8例,白细胞和蛋白均升高者6例,白细胞单独升高3例,蛋白单独升高1例。头颅MRI表现为脑梗死、脑萎缩、占位性病灶、炎症样病变。12例患者中无症状神经梅毒1例,梅毒性脑膜炎2例,脑膜血管梅毒6例,麻痹性痴呆1例,脊髓痨2例。结论神经梅毒的诊断应综合考虑病史、临床表现、梅毒血清学、脑脊液、影像学等资料。     

神经梅毒临床误诊病例分析

目的分析神经梅毒误诊原因，提高诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析2001年1月-2004年2月曾经在院外误诊的12例神经梅毒患者的临床资料及误诊原因。结果12例患者中2例脑膜血管梅毒者被误诊为动脉硬化性脑梗死，2例脑膜梅毒被误诊为结核性脑膜炎和动脉瘤，2例脊髓痨被误诊为多发性神经炎，6例全身麻痹性痴呆被误诊为阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆、慢性酒精中毒性脑病、急性病毒性脑炎、路易体痴呆和帕金森病合并痴呆。误诊原因主要为：临床问诊忽略了患者的冶游史以及患者和家属有意隐瞒病史；体格检查不全面和定位诊断错误；全身性神经梅毒的临床表现不典型；神经梅毒的临床表现复杂多样，临床医师对其认识不足，病因诊断时考虑不充分(误诊的最主要原因)。结论神经梅毒临床表现较为复杂，临床医师对此应有充分认识，对可疑病例应注重询问相关病史，认真进行全面体格检查及特异性的血清学、脑脊液检查，以提高对本病诊断的准确率。     

3例神经梅毒的临床特征分析

目的分析3例神经梅毒的临床特征为早期诊断提供参考。方法回顾性分析3例神经梅毒患者的临床症状、神经影像学和实验室检查特点。结果(1)脑血管梅毒1例,脊髓痨2例;(2)3例血和脑脊液的梅毒抗体均为阳性;脑脊液蛋白含量增加、细胞数增多(以单核细胞为主);(3)脑血管梅毒患者MRA及DSA显示左大脑中动脉M1段闭塞;左大脑前动脉及左大脑后动脉通过皮层支向左大脑中动脉供血区代偿供血;(4)2例脊髓痨患者头颅及胸髓MRI无特殊发现,肌电图及周围神经活检不支持周围神经受损。结论神经梅毒的临床表现与其分型密切相关;首诊易误诊。临床表现及血和脑脊液梅毒抗体阳性是确诊的依据。     

神经梅毒的临床和影像学分析

目的分析神经梅毒的临床、神经影像学和实验室检查特征。方法回顾性分析符合神经梅毒诊断标准的28例患者的临床、神经影像和实验室资料。结果无症状型20例,脑膜型1例,脑膜血管型2例,脊髓结核2例,麻痹性痴呆3例;临床表现复杂多变,易于误诊;脑脊液检查多有异常改变,血清和脑脊液的梅毒特异性抗体检查阳性;神经影像学改变无明显的特异性。结论神经梅毒不同病理阶段有不同的临床表现,应综合分析患者的临床资料,早期诊断和治疗。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.