重症监护病房患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的为了解重症监护病房(ICU)患者感染病原菌分布及耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2016年1月-2016年12月ICU送检的痰液,血液,尿液等1520例标本进行培养、分离、鉴定和药敏试验。结果共分离病原菌406株,分离的病原菌中301株主要来自痰液占74.1%,尿液占12.3%,在病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌298株占73.4%,革兰阳性球菌62株占15.3%,真菌46株占11.3%,革兰阴性杆菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍曼不动杆菌,大肠埃希菌,嗜麦芽寡养单孢菌。革兰阳性球菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,粪肠球菌,屎肠球菌。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为58.3%,66%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率37.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性严重,对抗菌药物耐药率≥58.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA37.9%,屎肠球菌分离率、耐药率高于粪肠球菌,未检测到耐万古霉素肠球菌,分离真菌主要为白念珠菌。     

2010~2011年血培养病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 研究该院2010~2011年血培养病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析该院2010~2011年血培养标本病原菌检出情况及其药敏试验结果.结果 10 128例血培养标本共检出病原菌1 276株,革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌及真菌分别占57.1%(728/1 276)、33.4%(426/1 276)、9.5%(121/1 276).革兰阳性球菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌等为主,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺均敏感;粪肠球菌耐药率低于屎肠球菌.革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性肠杆菌科细菌耐药率高于阴性株.碳青霉烯类对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的抗菌活性强于铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌.真菌以白色假丝酵母菌为主.结论 2010~2011年该院血液感染患者较多,应重视血培养标本检测及致病菌耐药性分析,应根据药敏实验结果 及耐药趋势合理应用抗菌药物.     

医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性观察

目的监测我院医院感染病原菌分布及耐药状况,为指导临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法采用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪,对本医院住院患者的各类标本分离细菌进行鉴定和耐药性分析。结果共分离出病原菌4978株,其中革兰阴性杆菌917株,革兰阳性球菌547株,其余为其他菌株。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟耐药率分别为48.6%和56.4%,其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药率<6%。革兰阳性球菌对呋喃妥因和万古霉素均比较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星耐药率高达76%。结论医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,这些致病菌对常用抗生素耐药率较高,必须加强耐药性监测和药敏试验,指导合理使用抗生素。     

2009～2011年凉山州常见临床分离菌及其耐药性

目的掌握凉山州常见临床分离菌及其耐药性。方法按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行细菌培养,普通细菌鉴定及药敏试验用MicroscanPC20阳性、NC31阴性复合板,苛氧菌药敏试验用K-B法。统计2009年7月1日至2011年6月30日相关资料。结果临床分离可疑病原菌2 565株,其中革兰阳性菌745株(29.1%),革兰阴性菌1 468株(57.2%),假丝酵母菌186株(7.3%),泌尿生殖道支原体166株(6.4%)。革兰阳性菌前5位为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌。革兰阴性菌前5位为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率下降至35.5%,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星敏感率下降至42.0%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率下降至45.4%。泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为64.5%、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌为62.0%、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为90.5%、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌77.9%、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌为75.5%。结论常见临床分离菌耐药形势严峻,合理选用抗菌药物,加强感染控制是当务之急。     

呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析导致呼吸道感染的病原菌种类及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理用药及防止医院内感染。方法对2009年1～12月呼吸道感染患者送检标本中分离鉴定的致病菌及药敏结果进行归纳分析。结果在10381份送检标本中,检出病原菌798株(同一患者只取第1株菌),其中革兰阴性菌682株,占85.5%,革兰阳性菌116株,占14.5%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主。检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌共60株,阳性率分别为55.9%、25.8%和12.5%。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占46.0%。药敏结果因细菌种类、产酶情况各不相同,用药应根据细菌种类来确定。结论呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌种类主要以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。检出病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性较强,临床医生应注意对患者痰标本及时、多次送检,并根据细菌培养和药敏结果采取防治措施。     

胃肠外科住院患者术后感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的调查2011~2015年胃肠外科患者术后感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用BacT/ALERT3D全自动培养仪、VITEK-2系统进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验,运用WHONET5.6软件统计分析。结果 1 140份标本检出病原菌753株,标本来源主要以血液、痰液、腹腔引流液、脓液及尿液为主(77.7%);病原菌中革兰阴性菌537株(71.3%),革兰阳性菌198株(26.3%),真菌18株(2.4%);位于前5位的检出病原菌为大肠埃希菌(32.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.4%)、铜绿假单胞菌(10.0%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.1%)及鲍曼不动杆菌(5.8%)。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌对头孢二、三代抗菌药均有较高的耐药性,但对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及亚胺培南耐药率低。鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药性均较高(50%),未发现耐万古霉素的阳性葡萄球菌株,革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药性较高(40%),但葡萄球菌、肠球菌对传统抗生素青霉素和红霉素具有较高的耐药性(均50%),粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺高度敏感。结论加强细菌耐药性监测,减少耐药菌的发生及传播对提高胃肠外科感染治疗效果具有重要意义。     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的调查呼吸科感染病原菌种类的分布及耐药趋势。方法对2007年1月至2008年12月山西医科大学第一医院呼吸科住院患者痰标本中分离出的病原菌及其鉴定和药敏实验的结果进行分析。结果共分离病原菌1501株,革兰阴性菌841株(56.03%),以嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌多见;革兰阳性球菌291株(19.39%),其中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、棒状杆菌多见;真菌369株(24.58%)。药敏结果:肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南100%敏感,对头孢派酮/舒巴坦的敏感率90%;铜绿假单胞菌对常见的抗生素均有不同程度的耐药;肺炎链球菌对青霉素的敏感率为43.75%;未发现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌菌株。结论医院感染的耐药问题日趋严重,定期进行细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物,积极有效地控制医院感染具有重要意义。     

某医院住院患者医院感染病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的研究某医院临床分离病原菌的分布情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用细菌分离鉴定技术,对某医院临床送检病原学标本进行检测与分析。结果 2012年度该医院从医院感染患者送检标本中共分离出病原菌2 148株,其中革兰阴性菌构成比为64.1%,革兰阳性菌构成比为35.9%。分离率居前3位的革兰阴性菌依次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌;居前3位的革兰阳性菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林菌株占79.3%,大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株占78.3%,鲍曼不动杆菌中耐碳青霉烯类菌株为72.6%。结论该医院住院患者感染病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌居多,多重耐药菌检出率高,加强耐药菌监测和合理选择抗菌药物为有效防控措施。     

血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析我院2014年1月-2015年12月血培养病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法4064份住院患者血培养标本经Bac T/ALERT 3D自动化血培养仪及配套血培养瓶培养,VITEK-2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定药敏系统及真菌ATB FUNGUS 3进行菌株鉴定和耐药性检测。结果血培养标本分离出病原菌共517株,检出率为12.72%,其中革兰阴性杆菌286株(55.32%),革兰阳性球菌214株(41.39%),真菌11株(2.13%),革兰阳性杆菌6株(1.16%)。检出率位于前9位的分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示:金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药率均为0%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率均为0%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率较高。结论血培养病原菌种类较多,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药性差异较大,应及时监测血培养病原菌菌种及耐药性的变化,防止抗菌药物滥用,减少不合理的经验性治疗。     

老年人腹部术后腹腔感染临床及病原学特点

目的 分析老年患者腹部手术后腹腔感染的临床特点和病原学特点.方法 回顾性分析我院干疗外科2003年1月至2008年6月收治的42例腹部术后腹腔感染患者的临床资料,了解其临床特点和病原菌分布及耐药性.结果 42例患者中出现腹痛24例(57.1%).腹胀20例(47.6%),腹腔炎体征19例(45.2%).共检出痛原菌102株,其中革兰阳性球菌53株(51.9%),革兰阴性杆菌42株(41.2%).前5位病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌24株,大肠埃希菌17株,铜绿假单胞菌11株,屎肠球菌9株,表皮葡萄球菌8株.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染占金黄色葡萄球菌感染的83.3%(20/24),大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶者占58.8%(10/17).结论老年患者腹部手术后腹腔感染的临床表现不典型.感染细菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,病原菌大多为多重耐药菌.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.