野菊花抑菌和抗病毒作用实验研究

对野菊花水提物与挥发渍的抑菌和抗病毒活性实验３研究结果表明,二者均具抑菌和抗病毒活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、绿脓假单胞菌、福氏志贺菌的抑制作用及抗病毒活性,水提物强于挥发渍,而对肺炎链球菌,则相反。     

板蓝根注射液抗菌活性的研究

目的通过对板蓝根注射液进行体外抗菌实验,研究其抗菌活性,为其生产工艺及临床应用提供一些借鉴和参考。方法采用纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)和试管连续稀释法。结果板蓝根注射液对金黄色葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、大肠埃希菌、伤寒沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌都无明显的抗菌作用,仅对福氏志贺菌有轻微的抗菌作用。结论应对板蓝根注射液的生产方法加以优化,尽可能多的保留原药中的抗菌活性成分,达到提高其临床抗菌疗效的目的。     

天葵菌毒清颗粒的体外抑菌作用研究

目的：探讨天葵菌毒清颗粒的体外抑菌作用,为天葵菌毒清颗粒增加治疗支气管哮喘（Bronchial asthma,BA）适应症提供药效学数据。方法采用平皿二倍稀释法考察天葵菌毒清颗粒对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎双球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和流感杆菌的抑菌性。结果天葵菌毒清颗粒对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎双球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和流感杆菌具备一定的体外抑菌活性。结论天葵菌毒清颗粒具备一定的体外抑菌活性,为其增加治疗支气管哮喘适应症提供了一定的理论依据。     

皂角刺提取物体外抑菌杀菌作用研究

目的探讨皂角刺提取物对实验室常见菌(大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌)的体外抑菌杀菌作用。方法制备不同溶剂不同浓度的皂角刺提取物,采用滤纸片法测其抑菌杀菌作用,二倍稀释法测其最低抑菌浓度。结果皂角刺提取物对大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白念珠菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌杀菌作用不明显,对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑菌杀菌作用。皂角刺水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度为25.0 mg.mL-1;皂角刺乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度为12.5 mg.mL-1。结论不同溶剂、不同浓度的皂角刺提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌和杀菌作用。     

复方紫柄冬青软膏对烧烫伤细菌感染的体外抗菌活性研究1

目的：评价复方紫柄冬青软膏对临床常见菌种的抗菌活性。方法：采用中药抑菌实验方法,测定复方紫柄冬青软膏对3种实验菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌）的体外抗菌活性。结果：经体外抗菌实验,其结果显示复方紫柄冬青软膏中含生药125（高浓度）,62．50（中浓度）和15．62mg／mL（低浓度）的样品溶液,其高浓度对3种实验菌株均有抑制作用,中浓度对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌有抑制作用,而低浓度仅对大肠埃希氏菌有抑制作用。结论：复方紫柄冬青软膏对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌均有不同程度的抑菌活性。     

千金妇炎舒的抗菌实验研究

目的研究千金妇炎舒在体内和体外实验中的抗菌作用。方法①体外培养大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、肺炎链球菌、嗜血杆菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、淋球菌等标准菌株和不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌、枸橼酸肠杆菌、肺炎双球菌等临床分离菌株,观察千金妇炎舒的体外抗菌作用;②体内实验观察了千金妇炎舒对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌对小鼠的保护作用。结果千金妇炎舒体外给药对上述细菌均有抑制作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌抑制作用较强,其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）在12.5～50mg/ml。千金妇炎舒体内给药对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌所致感染的小鼠具有保护作用,能降低感染小鼠的死亡率。结论千金妇炎舒具有较明显的抗菌作用。     

常春卫矛提取物体外及体内抑菌作用的试验研究

目的：研究常春卫矛水提物、醇提物及5种不同溶剂提取物的抑菌活性。方法体外抑菌试验采用试管二倍稀释法联合琼脂平板法,考察常春卫矛水提物、醇提物及5种不同溶剂（石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、甲醇）提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌的体外抑菌活性;体内抑菌试验以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌种,小鼠灌胃分别给予常春卫矛水提物、醇提物14凿,腹腔注射金黄色葡萄球菌,通过观察小鼠死亡率衡量常春卫矛提取物的体内抑菌活性。结果体外抑菌试验显示,常春卫矛水提物及醇提物均对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌有一定程度的抑制作用,5种不同溶剂提取物中,甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇乙酯提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌有一定程度的抑制作用,石油醚、氯仿提取物无明显抑制作用。体内抑菌试验显示,常春卫矛水提物低（16.0 g/kg）、高（32.0 g/kg）剂量组、醇提物高剂量组（32.0 g/kg）有明显降低金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠死亡率的作用（P＜0.05）。结论常春卫矛提取物具有一定程度的抑菌作用。     

甘蔗叶提取物的体外抑菌作用研究

目的 研究甘蔗叶提取物的抑菌作用.方法 采用琼脂稀释法对甘蔗叶提取物进行体外抑菌试验.结果 甘蔗叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,对链球菌作用较差.其中,50%和70%醇提物作用效果较好.结论 甘蔗叶提取物在体外有抑菌活性,在抑菌方面有一定的开发前景.     

石菖蒲微波水提液体外抗菌作用研究

目的了解石菖蒲微波水提液体外抗菌作用,为临床治疗提供参考。方法采用琼脂扩散法和稀释法研究石菖蒲微波水提液对临床常见病原株的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果石菖蒲微波水提液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌抗菌作用较为明显,最小抑菌浓度达0.6838g.mL-1。其次对乙型副伤寒沙门菌、宋内志贺菌、表皮葡萄球菌、伤寒沙门菌、不动杆菌、福氏志贺菌、大肠杆菌有一定的抑制作用,而对肺炎克雷伯菌没有抗菌作用。结论石菖蒲微波水提液具有有效的抗菌成分。     

不同取代和分子量羧甲基壳聚糖抑菌活性的测定

目的：针对羧甲基壳聚糖（CMC）作为防止术后粘连材料的应用，研究不同取代和分子量的CMC的抑菌活性。方法：通过测定细菌培养液的浊度（OD值）来考察CMC对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌（G^-）以及金黄色葡萄球（G^＋）的抑菌活性。结果：CMC的抑菌性能与其分子量、羧甲基的取代度与取代位置、细菌的种类和浓度有关；N，O-CMC抑菌作用比N-CMC或O-CMC强，对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌活性随着羧甲基取代度的增加而增强；分子量低的N，O-CMC对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用强于高分子量的N，O-CMC；CMC对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最好，对大肠埃希菌次之，对铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用较弱。在一定浓度范围内，CMC的浓度越高，抑菌效果越好。而且溶剂类型影响壳聚糖的抗菌活性。结论：CMC具有广谱的抑菌活性。     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of triphenyltinbenzoate

Triphenyltinbenzoate was synthesized using triphenyltinchloride and silver benzoate prepared from sodium benzoate. The structure of the synthetic compound was elucidated by spectral and C, H analysis. The antibacterial activities of the organotin compound were determined against four bacteria namely Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes (clinical isolate) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) in vitro experiment. All the bacteria were inhibited at a concentration of 200 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml in dimethylsulphoxide solution and the minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be same, 7.5 μg/ml for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and 10 μg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

千根草粗取物体外抑菌活性部位的筛选研究

目的 以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、变异链球菌、绿脓杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌为试验菌株研究千根草的体外抑菌活性.方法 通过K-B纸片扩散法及利用连续（试管）稀释法对70%醇提物,水层、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、石油醚相萃取物测定抑菌活性.结果 总提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为25.00g·L-1.粗分部位中,乙酸乙酯相萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、痢疾杆菌抑菌活性最好,其最低抑菌浓度分别为25、12.5、3.13、25g·L-1,水层无抑菌活性.结论 千根草的抑菌活性成分主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取相中.     

Determination of antibacterial activity of polyenzyme preparations Gumseb using in vitro methods

A novel polyenzyme formulation Gumseb developed by Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd, Thane and Speciality Biochemicals Co., USA, was tested for antibacterial properties using ATCC strains and clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A modified antibiotic susceptibility test was used for the purpose. S. aureus, S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae were found to be sensitive to the formulation at the chosen concentration. Next, to study the interaction between Gumseb and currently used antibiotic, a checkerboard Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was carried out for each organism. The assay was carried out with the aim of establishing whether the polyenzyme formulation had any potentiating effect on the antibiotic of choice. Synergistic effect was established when Gumseb was used in conjunction with penicillin against S. pyogenes. Partial synergy was established when it was used in conduction with Ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa and with Ciprofloxacin against methicillin sensitive, coagulase positive S. aureus. Antagonism was established when it was used in conjunction with Ampicillin against E. coli, with Ciprofloxacin against S. typhi and coagulase negative staphylococcal strain. The results indicate that Gumseb can be used in conjunction with those antibiotics with which a synergistic or a partially synergistic effect could be shown, as in the case of P. aerugionosa and S. aureus. These findings have particular importance since these organisms are responsible for hospital based infections and are notorious for antibiotic resistance. In cases where antagonism was established, it should not be used in combination with that particular antibiotic. However, it can be used individually since it has proved to have antibacterial activity and MIC could be determined for all five commonly encountered pathogens. Therefore, it has the potential of being a novel broad range antibacterial drug. These findings are significant given the alarming rise in incidence of antibiotic resistance in most clinically important pathogens.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives

Ethyl 5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetate (2), 5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide (3) and a series of new N-alkylidene/arylidene-5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazides (4a-f) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 1539, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis and antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Compound 4f showed antibacterial activity against some bacteria. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of the new compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was evaluated employing the BACTEC 460 radiometric system. The highest inhibition observed was 61% at > 6.25 microg/ml.     

Susceptibility of recent clinical isolates to temafloxacin (A-63004) and other antimicrobial agents.

In vitro susceptibility of 1008 strains of recent clinical isolates was determined against the new aryl fluoroquinolone temafloxacin (T-167, A-63004) ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin, oxacillin and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of temafloxacin in micrograms/ml required for > or = 90% isolates were 0.13-0.5 for enterobacter, 0.03-0.25 for Escherichia coli, 0.12-0.5 for Klebsiella, 0.5-1.0 for Proteus mirabilis, 0.12-0.5 for Morganella morganii, 0.03-0.12 for Salmonella, 0.25-1.0 for Serratia marcescens, 0.03-0.12 for Shigella, 0.06-4.0 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.06-0.12 for Aeromonas hydrophila, 0.12-0.5 for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.12-1.0 for coagulase negative staphylococci and 4.0-8.0 for enterococci. The antibacterial activity of temafloxacin was comparable or superior to other drugs tested against most organisms. However, Xanthomonas malthophilia was relatively more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, and temafloxacin had significantly high antibacterial activity against enterococci as compared to other fluoroquinolones.     

Susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. A study mainly focused on imipenem. Reported by the Research Group for Testing Imipenem Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates

This study was conducted to investigate susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (IPM) and other antibacterial agents at 64 hospital laboratories throughout Japan from September to December of 1988. In this study, identification and susceptibility testing were carried out at each laboratory and the tests were performed according to the disk dilution method recommended by NCCLS in which susceptibilities are classified into "S", "MS", "I" and "R". IPM showed markedly high in vitro activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella spp., Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Alcaligenes spp., Peptococcus spp./Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides spp. IPM also had strong activities against Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Flavobacterium spp., E. faecium, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas cepacia. In a study in which activities of IPM against bacteria isolated from different clinical sources were compared, differences in susceptibilities were observed among S. aureus, CNS, A. calcoaceticus and P. aeruginosa, but such differences were not apparent among S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens or P. mirabilis.     

Comparative in vitro activity of LY 127935 (6059-S), seven cephalosporins, three aminoglycosides, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin

LY 127935 (6059-S), a new semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic was tested simultaneously with 6 cephalosporins, 3 aminoglycosides, carbenicillin and ticarcillin against 398 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. Many of the organisms were selected for study because of known resistance to one or more of the clinically available antibiotics tested. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Providencia were susceptible to LY 127935. Some resistant strains of Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter were also resistant to LY 127935, but many of the strains resistant to other antibiotics were susceptible to LY 127935. The activity of LY 127935 against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus bovis was similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine. LY 127935 was not active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus nor enterococcus.     

Synthesis of Mannich bases of some 2,5-disubstituted 4-thiazolidinones and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities

5-Phenyl/methyl-5-morpholinomethyl/pyrrolidinomethyl-2-(5- aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (5a-m) were synthesized by the reaction of 5-phenyl/methyl-2-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol -2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (4a-j) with formaldehyde and morpholine or pyrrolidine. The structures of the compounds were determined by analytical and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, EIMS) methods. The antibacterial activities of the novel compounds against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 1539, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Proteus mirabilis and antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were tested using the disk diffusion method. Compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5g, and 5h were found to be active against S. aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC: 312.5; 39; 19.5; 39; 156; and 78 micrograms/mL respectively) and compounds 5c and 5h against S. flexneri (MIC: both 312.5 micrograms/mL). The minimal inhibitory concentrations of these compounds were determined using the micro dilution method.     

Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil.

To compare the antibacterial activity of the Australian tea tree oil (TTO) with various other medicinally and commercially important essential myrtaceous oils (cajuput oil, niaouli oil, kanuka oil, manuka oil, and eucalyptus oil) the essential oils were first analysed by GC-MS and then tested against various bacteria using a broth microdilution method. The highest activity was obtained by TTO, with MIC values of 0.25% for Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, and S. xylosus. It is noteworthy that manuka oil exhibited a higher activity than TTO against gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values of 0.12%. Both TTO and manuka oil also demonstrated a very good antimicrobial efficacy against various antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all essential oils tested, even at the highest concentration of 4%.     

Susceptibility of clinical isolates in pediatrics to cefpiramide

Cefpiramide (CPM, SM-1652) had broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against most of clinically isolated organisms to which are paid attention as pathogenic organism in the field of pediatrics. Antibacterial activities of CPM against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis and Proteus mirabilis were almost the same as those of cefoperazone (CPZ). Antibacterial activities of CPM against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were somewhat weaker than those of CPZ, but antibacterial activity of CPM against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rather stronger than that of CPZ and almost the same as that of cefsulodin. Antibacterial activity of CPM has a tendency to decrease in beta-lactamase (PCase type) producing S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, H. Influenzae, etc. It is suggestive that the determination of not only the antibacterial activity of CPM against pathogenic organisms but also the beta-lactamase producing activity of them is important on the occasion of clinical use of CPM.