超声心动图定量评价慢性肾脏病患者左室结构与功能

目的探讨超声心动图定量评价慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者左室结构与功能改变情况的临床价值。方法选取我院收治的131例CKD患者为研究对象,分为CKD 2～3期组68例和CKD 4～5期组63例,另选同期健康成人60例为对照组,应用超声心动图测量并比较各组左室质量(LVM)、左室质量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张早期减速时间(DTE)、二尖瓣口舒张早期血流峰值速度(E)和舒张晚期血流峰值速度(A)、二尖瓣环舒张早期间运动速度(Em)及E/Em值等。分析RWT和E/Em的影响因素及其相关性。结果 CKD 4～5期组出现左室结构改变53例(84.1%),CKD 2～3期组出现左室结构改变19例(27.9%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CKD 2～3期组LVM、LVMI、RWT均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);CKD 4～5期组LVM、LVMI、RWT、A、E/Em均明显高于CKD 2～3期组和对照组,Em、DTE、E/A均明显低于CKD 2～3期组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。颈-股动脉脉搏波传导速度(PWVcF)、估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)是RWT的独立相关因素;PWVcF、RWT是E/Em的独立相关因素,RWT与eGFR呈负相关(r=-0.442,P0.05),RWT与PWVcF呈正相关(r=0.513,P0.05),PWVcF、RWT与E/Em均呈正相关(r=0.487、0.368,均P0.05)。结论超声心动图技术发现左室结构改变可发生在CKD早期,功能改变发生在CKD晚期;左室结构及功能的改变均与动脉僵硬度密切相关。     

组织多普勒成像技术对无左心室重构青年原发性高血压患者左室舒张功能的评价

目的：应用组织多普勒成像( TDI )技术评价无左心室重构的青年原发性高血压( essentialhypertension , EH )患者左室舒张功能。方法选择两组对象,所有入选者年龄均小于50岁。①高血压组66例,均为无左心室重构的原发性高血压患者(即左室质量指数LVMI男性＜125 g/m2、女性＜120 g/m2,相对室壁厚度RWT＜0.45)。②正常对照组为40例年龄、性别、体表面积与之相匹配的健康人,同期进行超声心动图检查。比较组织多普勒参数与常规超声参数评估左室舒张功能的价值。结果高血压组的左心室质量指数( LVMI )和左心室相对室壁厚度(RWT)均高于正常对照组(P＜0.05),左房前后径、面积、二尖瓣E峰速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度比值(E/Em)和左心室充盈压指标(LVFP)均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),E/A在两组差异无统计学意义(P＝0.235),Em显著低于对照组(P＜0.01)。高血压组E/Em与左房前后径及面积有相关关系,而E/A与二者无相关性。结论组织多普勒参数(Em,E/Em)是评价原发性高血压患者早期左室舒张功能的敏感指标。     

超声心动图对尿毒症血液透析患者左心结构与功能的评价

目的探究超声心动图对尿毒症血液透析(HD)患者左心结构与功能的评价。方法选取2018年1月～2019年2月我院行HD治疗的尿毒症患者30例为观察组,选取同期我院体检健康者30例为对照组,分别对观察组透析前及透析后6个月及对照组行超声心动图检测,观察左室结构:左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)、室间隔舒张期厚度(IVSD)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWd)和左心房内径(LAD)等左心室结构指标,检测左心室功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣舒张早期峰值流速(VE)、二尖瓣舒张早期与晚期峰值流速之比(E/A)、组织多普勒测量二尖瓣环频谱计算Tei指数,二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值与环运动速度之比(E/e'),计算左室重量指数(LVMI)和左室质量(LVM)。结果治疗前,观察组左心结构指标(LVIDd、IVSD、LVPWd、LAD、LVMI、LVM)及心功能指标(LVEF、VE、E/A、E/e'、Tei指数)与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组LVIDd、IVSD、LVPWd、LAD、LVMI、LVM和LVEF、E/e'、Tei指数与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而VE、E/A与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对尿毒症患者行HD治疗可显著改善患者左心室结构与功能情况,同时超声心动图可对患者透析前后,各项指标的变化情况做出准确的诊断,值得临床推广。     

重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者心脏结构及左心室功能变化研究

目的 探讨重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者心脏结构及左心室功能变化,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考依据。方法 选择2014年1月至2015年1月收治的53例重度OSAHS患者作为病例组,并选择同时期门诊健康体检者50例作为对照组,分别接受常规超声心动图、组织多普勒(TDI)检查。比较两组对象心脏结构、左心室收缩功能及左心室舒张功能。结果 病例组各心脏结构指标均显著高于对照组(P0.05);病例组E峰、E/A峰、室间隔舒张早期峰值运动速度(Em)、舒张早期峰值运动速度/室间隔舒张晚期峰值运动速度(Em/Am)、二尖瓣环Em、二尖瓣环Em/Am、左室后壁Em、左室后壁Em/Am均低于对照组,室间隔Am、左室后壁Am均高于对照组(P0.05);病例组左室射血分数(EF)、左室短轴缩短率(FS)、室间隔收缩期峰值运动速度(Sm)、左室后壁Sm、二尖瓣环Sm均低于对照组,Tei指数高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 重度OSAHS患者的心脏结构出现明显改变,且左心室收缩功能及舒张功能明显减退,值得临床重视。     

彩色多普勒超声评价超重人群心脏结构、功能及颈动脉内-中膜厚度

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声检查观察超重对心脏结构、功能及颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)的影响。方法 根据体质量指数(BMI)将100名体检者分为正常对照组(BMI<25 kg/m²,47名)和超重组(BMI≥25 kg/m²,53名)。对两组均行彩色多普勒超声心动图及颈动脉超声检查,分析超重对心脏结构、功能及颈动脉IMT的影响。结果 与正常对照组相比,超重组左心室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWT)、左心室质量(LVM)、左心室质量指数(LVMI)、二尖瓣舒张晚期峰值血流速度(A峰)、颈动脉IMT增高,二尖瓣舒张早期峰值血流速度(E峰)和E／A降低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。BMI与LVDD、IVST、LVPWT、LVM、LVMI、A峰、颈动脉IMT均呈显著正相关(P均<0.05),与E/A、E峰均呈负相关(P均<0.01)。结论 超声检查发现无任何临床症状的超重人群可发生左心室增大、舒张功能减退以及颈动脉IMT。     

2型糖尿病对老年高血压患者心脏结构和功能的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)对老年高血压(EH)患者心脏结构和功能的影响。方法入选60岁以上单纯EH患者142例(EH组),T2DM与高血压共存患者122例(并存组),同期体检健康者60例作为对照组,对3组研究对象的相关临床资料及彩色多普勒超声心动图等检查结果进行对比分析。结果 (1)并存组和EH组的舒张末期左心室内径(LVDd)、舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVSTD)、舒张末期左室后壁厚度(LVPWTD)、左室质量(LVM)和左室质量指数(LVMI)均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);而并存组的IVSTD、LVPWTD、LVM、LVMI又高于EH组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(2)EH组和并存组的左心室舒张早期二尖瓣最大血流速度(E)、E/A比值及射血分数(EF)值均低于对照组,而A值高于对照组,并存组E值和EF值又低于EH组。(3)EF值低于50%的发生率分别是对照组8.33%,EH组38.73%,并存组54.92%,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。E/A值<0.8或>1.6者,对照组21.67%,EH组46.48%,并存组69.67%,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论糖尿病对老年高血压患者心脏结构、收缩和舒张功能均有一定的影响,高血糖可加重老年高血压患者心脏结构和功能的异常。     

超声评价维持性血液透析对尿毒症患者左心结构与功能的影响

目的应用超声评价尿毒症患者维持性血液透析(MHD)后左心结构与功能的变化。方法选取尿毒症患者(研究组)和健康成人(对照组)各40例,应用超声心动图测量其左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWd)、室间隔舒张期厚度(IVSD)、二尖瓣舒张早期峰值流速(VE)、二尖瓣舒张晚期峰值流速(VA)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣舒张早期与舒张晚期峰值流速之比(E/A)及二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值与二尖瓣环运动速度之比(E/e’);计算左室质量(LVM)和左室重量指数(LVMI)。MHD治疗1年后,超声心动图再次测量以上指标,与治疗前及对照组进行对比分析。结果研究组治疗前LAD、LVIDd、LVWPD、IVSD、VE、VA、E/e’、LVM及LVMI均较对照组增大,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),E/A和LVEF差异无统计学意义。MHD治疗1年后,LAD、LVIDd、LVWPD、IVSD、VE、VA、E/A、E/e’、LVM及LVMI均较治疗前减小,LVEF较治疗前增加,差异均无统计学意义。研究组治疗1年后,LAD、LVIDd、LVWPD、IVSD、VE、VA、E/e’、LVM及LVMI均较对照组增大,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论超声心动图可对尿毒症患者MHD治疗后左心结构与功能的改善进行有效评价,具有重要临床应用价值。     

缬沙坦对维持性血液透析患者心脏功能和结构的影响

目的 探讨缬沙坦对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者心脏功能和结构的影响.方法 100例MHD患者,随机分为缬沙坦治疗组与对照组,治疗前及治疗后使用超声心动图测定心脏结构指标:左房收缩末期内径(LADs)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)、左室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWTd),左房内径指数(LAI)、左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT);心脏功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),二尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比(E/A)各项指标测定.结果 治疗组MHD患者心脏结构指标:左房收缩末期内径(LADs)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)、左室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWTd),左房内径指数(LAD、左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)值均明显低于对照组,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组相对室壁厚度(RWT)相比没有明显的差异(P＞0.05).心脏功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),二尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比(E/A)值较对照组明显增高(P＜0.05).结论 缬沙坦可以改善MHD患者的心脏结构和功能.     

甲状腺功能亢进性心脏病病人左心室结构与功能变化

目的探讨甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）性心脏病病人左心室结构与功能的改变和早期诊断。方法应用彩色多普勒超声心动图测量96例甲亢病人（其中65例为甲亢性心脏病）和30例正常人（对照组）左心室舒张末期内径（LV）、舒张末期左心室后壁及室间隔的厚度（IVS、LVPW）、收缩末期左心房横径（LA）、左心室舒张早期最大血流速度（E）及舒张晚期最大血流速度（A）、二尖瓣最大血流速度、左心室射血分数（EF）,计算左心室质量（LVM）、质量指数（LVMI）及舒张早晚期的最大血流速度比值（E/A）。结果与单纯甲亢和对照组比较,甲亢性心脏病病人早期LVMI升高,而E/A值降低,差异有显著性（F=5.47、5.03,q=4.93-5.10,P〈0.01）;甲亢性心脏病早期EF与对照组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,而晚期EF低于对照组,差异有显著性（F=5.03,q=4.87,P〈0.01）;单纯甲亢病人EF高于对照组（q=5.02,P〈0.01）。结论甲亢病人左心室收缩功能增强,甲亢性心脏病病人早期出现左心舒张功能不全,晚期出现收缩功能不全;LVMI结合二尖瓣血流频谱E/A值可早期诊断甲亢性心脏病。     

组织多普勒Tei指数评价血压正常高值者左室功能

目的探讨血压正常高值者组织多普勒(TDI)测定的Tei指数,以预测其左室功能是否发生早期改变。方法选取我院心血管内科门诊及住院的血压增高者96例,以血压平均水平分为血压正常高值组46例,高血压组50例;另选取50例健康体检者作为正常血压组。检测各组左室二维形态及功能指标:主动脉根部内径(AO)、左室舒张末内径(LVED)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、舒张早期二尖瓣血流速度(E)与舒张晚期二尖瓣血流速度(A)比值,计算左室质量(LVM)及其指数(LVMI);应用TDI记录并计算左室Tei指数、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值运动速度(Am)及其比值,并对上述参数进行比较分析。结果血压正常高值组Tei指数高于正常血压组,低于高血压组,E/A、Em/Am随血压水平升高而降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);高血压组Em低于正常血压组和血压正常高值组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),正常血压组Em与血压正常高值组比较差异无统计学意义;高血压组Am高于正常血压组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与血压正常高值组比较差异无统计学意义;三组间LVEF比较差异无统计学意义。Tei指数与LVMI、IVST均呈正相关(r=0.740、0.695,均P0.01),与E/A、Em/Am均呈负相关(r=-0.597、-0.542,均P0.01)。结论 Tei指数能反映血压正常高值者早期心脏总体功能改变情况,对早期监测预防高血压亚临床心功能损害,积极逆转心脏功能具有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."