家庭聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎临床与影像学表现

目的 观察家庭聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的临床及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析7组临床确诊COVID-19家庭共16例患者的家庭流行病学病史、发病时间、临床症状及影像学表现。结果 初次X线检查9例阳性，5例阴性，2例疑诊肺炎。CT显示12例双肺病变，3例单肺病变，1例未见异常；包括单纯磨玻璃病灶（GGO）4例，单纯结节影1例，GGO、实变影及结节影混合存在11例，1例伴心包积液，4例胸膜及叶间胸膜增厚，1例少量胸腔积液。治疗后80.00%（12/15）患者病变吸收≥50%，14例仍见残留灶。结论 家庭聚集性COVID-19临床表现具有一定特点；CT检查在病例筛查、早期诊断、病情评估及随访中具有重要作用。     

21例新型冠状病毒核酸确诊病例的薄层CT周期变化

目的 回顾性分析21例治愈出院新型冠状病毒核酸确诊病例完整影像学资料,探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎HRCT短期动态影像特征。方法 按胸部CT检查时间及影像学改变过程,将病程分为早期、高峰期及转归期,并观察肺内病变在不同时期的HRCT影像学表现。结果 胸部CT有阳性改变患者16例,胸部CT始终无阳性表现患者5例。早期（1~6天,平均3天）HRCT表现为片状磨玻璃影23个,磨玻璃结节12个,实变结节伴“晕征”1个;高峰期（5~11天,平均8天）HRCT表现为单纯磨玻璃影9个,磨玻璃影伴实变影17个,磨玻璃影伴“铺路石征”6个,实变结节伴“晕征”7个,1例伴少量胸腔积液。危重型病例高峰期病变数量及累及范围高于普通型,两组差异有统计学意义。结论 HRCT检查有助于检出早期及亚临床型新型冠状病毒肺炎,患者多于患病第2周诊断为重型/危重型,HRCT复查对危重型患者具有提示意义。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎胸部CT初诊特征分析

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的胸部CT初诊特点,提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析29例确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的影像学资料,男12例,女17例,平均年龄44±8岁。所有病例均行高分辨率CT扫描,由放射科高年资医生对CT图像进行分析、总结。结果:COVID-19胸部CT初诊典型表现:双肺野外带胸膜下区为主的单发或多发磨玻璃影,可伴小叶间隔增厚;部分多发病灶中同时可见磨玻璃影及实变影,实变影中可见支气管充气征。不典型者表现为单发的斑片状实变影或小结节影。以上少部分病例伴胸膜反应或叶间胸膜增厚,但未见胸水。结论:新型冠状病毒肺炎胸部CT初诊有一定的特征性,结合流行病学及实验室检查可早期诊断。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎影像学表现与回顾性分析

目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎的CT及DR的影像学表现、演变。方法回顾性分析我院收治的72例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的影像学及临床资料,其中治愈出院42例、死亡3例、重症7例、治愈10日后再度检出核酸阳性1例,分析新型冠状病毒肺炎的影像学表现、分期演变及临床价值。结果 CT早期呈现片状、结节状磨玻璃影伴增粗的血管影,其余肺组织可以完全正常;进展期双肺出现纤维化灶、模糊的实变影,少数可见胸腔积液、含气囊腔;吸收期磨玻璃影逐渐消散,实变影边缘清楚,纤维性病灶增多;符合出院标准的病例肺内仍存在少许磨玻璃影、实变影。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎的影像学表现符合病毒性肺炎征象并具有一定特征性,熟悉病变的分期演变对于临床治疗与出院的评估有着重要的指导意义。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间肺部磨玻璃影MSCT诊断

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间不同病因引起肺内磨玻璃影的CT特征,提高新型冠状病毒肺炎早期诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析2020年1月25日至2月18日我院收集的14例以肺内磨玻璃影为主要改变患者的临床特征和胸部MSCT影像资料。结果 14例患者中,包括新型冠状病毒肺炎3例,百草枯中毒1例,结缔组织病相关疾病2例,卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎2例,肺泡蛋白沉积症1例,肺水肿2例,磨玻璃结节1例,肺结核1例,侵袭性肺曲霉菌1例;磨玻璃影呈单侧单叶分布2例,双侧多叶分布12例,外周带分布6例,内中带分布4例,合并实变7例、条索5例、小叶间隔增厚11例,淋巴结增大3例、胸水2例;短期CT复查10例,其中6例明显进展,2例明显吸收,2例无变化。结论不同病因引起肺内磨玻璃影的CT表现有部分重叠,但新型冠状病毒肺炎有一定影像特征,结合临床病史、流行病学、临床特征综合分析,有助于其早期诊断及鉴别诊断。     

危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎的多层螺旋CT表现

目的：探讨危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎患者的多层螺旋CT的影像学特点。方法：回顾性分析21例确诊的危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的64层螺旋CT影像资料。结果：21例患者中,①所有病变均表现为双侧分布,且主要为弥漫性分布,多灶性病变以中下肺叶为主。其中累及右肺上叶9例,右肺中叶14例,右肺下叶19例,左肺上叶9例,左肺下叶19例。②病变形态表现为：支气管血管束增粗（21/21,100%）,小叶中心结节（12/21,57.1%）,小叶间隔增厚（9/21,42.9%）,网状结节（3/21,14.3%）,磨玻璃样密度影（14/21,66.7%）,斑片融合影（7/21,33.3%）,大片实变密度影（9/21,42.9%）,支气管气象（5/21,23.8%）。③胸膜腔积液（8/21,38.1%,其中5例单侧,3例双侧）;淋巴结肿大（9/21,42.9%,其中5例腋窝淋巴结肿大,3例纵隔淋巴结肿大,2例腋窝、纵隔均淋巴结肿大）;胸膜肥厚（12/21,57.1%）;心包积液（1/21,4.76%）。④9例复查危重症甲型H1N1流感患者中3例死亡者首诊MSCT见双肺中下叶斑片及实变密度影、磨玻璃密度影。复查见病变进展迅速,双肺实变明显,死于呼吸衰竭。6例好转者肺内病变明显吸收,仅遗留少许索条或小斑片状影。结论：危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎64层螺旋CT主要表现为双肺内弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度影及多灶性实变影,多同时累及肺实质及肺间质,可伴有胸膜腔积液、淋巴结肿大、胸膜肥厚等。病程进展以磨玻璃密度影及实变影范围扩大为主要标志。     

肾移植术后相关性卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现

目的探讨肾移植术后相关性卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现。方法对18例经实验室证实的卡氏肺囊虫肺炎患者的胸部X线及CT片进行回顾性分析。结果X线表现：胸部X线14例呈弥漫性改变，其中12例磨玻璃样改变，10例磨玻璃样改变中见网格样改变，2例伴有片状渗出或融合实变，另2例仅表现网状或网织结节状影。CT表现：18例中16例表现为磨玻璃密度，10例同时伴有网状或网织结节状影，2例同时伴有小淡片影。另2例表现为间质改变，1例合并肺囊肿。18例患者治疗后，病情明显好转。结论肾移植术后PCP的影像学表现具有一定的特征，为临床准确诊断和及时治疗提供了良好的依据，对提高肾移植患者的生存时间和生活质量具有十分重要意义。     

扬州地区23例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的CT影像分析

目的探讨扬州地区新型冠状病毒肺炎(NCP)患者的CT影像学表现。方法回顾性分析23例NCP患者的胸部CT影像资料,其中男10例,女13例,年龄22～72岁,均符合国家卫生健康委员会《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)》的诊断标准。结果 23例患者CT表现可分为早期6例,进展期17例;病灶累及肺叶:1个肺叶1例,2个肺叶3例,3个肺叶3例,4个肺叶4例,5个肺叶12例;分布范围:胸膜下为主17例,胸膜下和中心同时受累6例;病灶形态:23例均出现磨玻璃影,同时伴间质增厚、网状影16例,实变10例,血管增粗10例,空气支气管征5例,"铺路石"征3例,淋巴结增大1例,胸腔少量积液1例。结论扬州地区NCP患者CT影像学均为早期、进展期表现,主要为多发磨玻璃影,以胸膜下分布多见,伴有间质的增厚及血管增粗。     

细支气管肺泡癌的高分辨CT表现

目的：探讨细支气管肺泡癌的高分辨CT（HRCT）征象。方法：回顾分析经病理证实的41例细支气管肺泡癌的HRCT表现，分析有助诊断的HRCT征象及病理基础。结果：孤立结节型18例，其中15例位于肺外周或胸膜下，磨玻璃密度影10例，形态不规则或斑片状影8例，空泡征和/或空气支气管征14例，胸膜凹陷征12例；弥漫型14例，其中均匀实变7例，蜂房征4例，磨玻璃密度8例,支气管气像6例,腺泡样结节6例。结论：HRCT是细支气管肺泡癌的诊断及鉴别诊断的重要手段之一。     

儿童卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的胸部CT表现

目的 探讨儿童卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的CT表现.方法 选取经痰或肺泡灌洗液查找肺孢子虫阳性,且临床和CT资料完整的患儿8例,其中男5例,女3例,中位年龄5岁.分别对CT图像中所表现出的气腔实变、磨玻璃密度影、小叶间隔增厚、支气管壁增厚、过度充气、胸膜渗出、肺大疱、结节影及网格影等征象进行观察统计.结果 8例(8/8,100％)患儿均出现气腔实变,6例(6/8,75.00％)实变累及肺段以下水平,且多位于上叶尖后段及下叶后基底段;6例(6/8,75.00％)出现磨玻璃密度影,且均累及整个肺叶,以下肺叶受累最为常见;3例(3/8,37.50％)出现小叶间隔增厚;2例(2/8,25.00％)出现支气管壁增厚;2例(2/8,25.00％)出现肺过度充气;1例(1/8,12.50％)出现少量胸腔积液;所有病例均未见肺大疱、结节影或网格影征象.结论 CT在诊断儿童卡氏肺囊虫肺炎方面具有重要价值.     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.