Factors influencing clinical outcomes of Histoacryl~ glue injection-treated gastric variceal hemorrhage

AIM: To determine the factors associated with clinical outcomes and complications of Histoacryl glue injection for acute gastric variceal hemorrhage. METHODS: Patients who presented to the Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center with active gastric variceal bleeding and were admitted for treatment between April 2008 and October 2011 were selected retrospectively for study inclusion. All bleeding varices were treated by injection of Histoacryl tissue glue (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) through a 21G or 23G catheter primed with lipiodol to prevent premature glue solidification. Data recorded for each patient included demographic and clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, clinical outcomes in terms of early and late re-bleeding, mortality, and procedure-related complications. Data from admission (baseline) and posttreatment were comparatively analyzed using stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine the correlation between factors and clinical outcomes.RESULTS: A total of 90 patients underwent Histoacryl injection to treat bleeding gastric varices. The mean age was 55.9 ± 13.9 (range: 15-88) years old, and 74.4% of the patients were male. The most common presentations were hematemesis (71.1%), melena (12.2%), and coffee ground emesis (8.9%). Initial hemostasis was experienced in 97.8% of patients, while re-bleeding within 120 h occurred in 10.0%. The presence of ascites was the only factor associated with early and late re-bleeding [odds ratio (OR)=10.67, 95%CI: 1.27-89.52, P=0.03 and OR=4.15, 95%CI: 1.34-12.86, P=0.01, respectively]. Early procedure-related complications developed in 14.4% of patients, and were primarily infections and non-fatal systemic embolization. Late re-bleeding was significantly correlated with early procedure-related complications by univariate analysis (OR=4.01, 95%CI: 1.25-12.87, P=0.04), but no factors were significantly correlated by multivariate analysis. The overall mortality rate was 21.1%, the majority of which were related to infections. The factors s     

CT血管三维重建鉴别布加综合征与乙型肝炎肝硬化价值分析*

目的 研究CT血管三维重建对鉴别布加综合征(BCS)与乙型肝炎肝硬化的临床价值。方法 2017年3月～2020年3月我院诊治的BCS患者28例,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者46例,接受CT血管三维重建检查,记录两组CT三维重建检查影像学特点。采用Logistic多因素回归分析探讨各征象对诊断BCS的价值,并建立回归方程。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析回归方程诊断BCS的应用价值。结果 BCS组肝内静脉侧支开放发生率为82.1%,显著高于肝硬化组的15.2%(P<0.05),奇静脉与腰升静脉交通发生率为46.4%,显著高于肝硬化组的10.9%(P<0.05),下腔静脉和肝静脉充盈缺损为85.7%和92.9%,显著高于肝硬化组的10.9%和8.7%(P<0.05);腹膜后静脉丛曲张为35.7%,显著高于肝硬化组的10.9%(P<0.05),尾状叶增大为64.3%,显著高于肝硬化组的6.5%(P<0.05),地图状/雪花样强化为82.1%,显著高于肝硬化组的6.5%(P<0.05),门脉期不均匀强化为85.7%,显著高于肝硬化组的13.0%(P<0.05);Logistic多因素分析显示肝内静脉侧支开放(95%CI=1.035～3.332,P=0.038)、奇静脉与腰升静脉交通(95%CI=1.203～2.296,P=0.002)、下腔静脉充盈缺损(95%CI=1.694～4.893,P=0.000)、肝静脉充盈缺损(95%CI=1.695～3.156,P=0.000)、尾状叶增大(95%CI=1.012～1.901,P=0.042)和门脉期不均匀强化(95%CI=1.234～2.916,P=0.004)是诊断BCS的独立指标;ROC分析结果显示我们建立的回归方程诊断BCS的AUC为0.888(95%CI=0.812～0.965,P=0.000),显著高于其他各征象诊断。结论 CT血管三维重建检查有助于鉴别BCS与乙型肝炎肝硬化,综合CT三维重建征象建立预测模型有助于对BCS患者的早期筛查和诊断。     

Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies

AIM: To evaluate the association between acid suppressive drug use and the development of gastric cancer. METHODS: A systematic search of relevant studies that were published through June 2012 was conducted using the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. The search included observational studies on the use of histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H 2 RAs) or proton pump inhibitors and the associated risk of gastric cancer, which was measured using the adjusted odds ratio (OR) or the relative risk and 95%CI. An independent extraction was performed by two of the authors, and a consensus was reached. RESULTS: Of 4595 screened articles, 11 observational studies (n = 94558) with 5980 gastric cancer patients were included in the final analyses. When all the studies were pooled, acid suppressive drug use was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.29-1.56, I2 = 48.9%, P = 0.034). The overall risk of gastric cancer increased among H 2 RA users (adjusted OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.24-1.59, I2 = 59.5%, P = 0.008) and PPI users (adjusted OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.19-1.64, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.377). CONCLUSION: Acid suppressive drugs are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Further studies are needed to test the effect of acid suppressive drugs on gastric cancer.     

血清-腹水白蛋白梯度对失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生EVB风险的预测价值*

目的 研究血清-腹水白蛋白梯度(SAAG)预测失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)的临床价值。方法 2017年4月～2019年10月我院收治的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者84例,根据是否发生EVB分组,计算SAAG和校正的SAAG值。采用Logistic多因素分析患者并发EVB的独立影响因素,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)并计算曲线下面积(AUC)分析各指标预测EVB风险的临床价值。结果 在随访的6个月内,本组发生EVB 18例,未发生66例;EVB患者年龄≥65岁的比例为72.2%,显著大于肝硬化患者(43.9%,P<0.05);EVB患者血清白蛋白水平为(35.8±2.7)g/L,显著低于肝硬化患者【(37.7±3.3)g/L,P<0.05】,血小板计数为(52.3±10.7)×10⁹/L,显著低于肝硬化患者【(59.4±12.5)×10⁹/L,P<0.05】,部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)为(45.8±5.9)s,显著长于肝硬化患者【(41.1±7.4)s,P<0.05】,SAAG为(18.7±5.1),显著大于肝硬化患者【(16.1±4.2),P<0.05】,矫正的SAAG为(9.2±2.4),显著大于肝硬化患者【(7.6±1.8),P<0.05】;脾脏厚度为(5.2±1.3)cm,显著大于肝硬化患者【(4.5±0.8)cm,P<0.05】,门静脉血流速度为(15.2±2.9)cm/s,显著慢于肝硬化患者【(17.0±3.3)cm/s,P<0.05】;Logistic多因素分析显示血清白蛋白(OR=0.435,95%CI=0.287～0.659)、腹水白蛋白(OR=1.845,95%CI=1.063～3.202)、APTT(OR=1.469,95%CI=1.272～1.697)、MELD评分(OR=3.285,95%CI=1.697～6.359)和矫正的SAAG(OR=2.917,95%CI=1.337～6.364)是影响失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发EVB的独立因素(P<0.05);采用校正的SAAG和MELD预测EVB的AUC分别为0.827和0.791,其敏感度分别为0.889和0.787,特异度分别为0.636和0.612。结论 采用矫正的SAAG有助于预测失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发EVB的风险,因其简单,值得临床应用验证。     

恩替卡韦联合复方甘草酸苷治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化患者疗效及对肠道菌群的影响*

目的 观察恩替卡韦联合复方甘草酸苷治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的疗效及对肠道菌群的影响。方法 2013年1月～2020年12月我院诊治的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者73例,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组40例和观察组33例,分别给予恩替卡韦或恩替卡韦联合复方甘草酸苷治疗48周。采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)和IL-10水平,使用法国生物梅里埃公司的ATB半自动微生物鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定,使用美国GE公司 LOGIQ E9或PHILIPS EPIQ7型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测门静脉内径(DPV)、脾静脉内径(DSV)和脾脏厚度(SPT)。结果 在治疗48周末,观察组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平为(43.7±7.6)U/L,显著低于对照组【55.9±6.5)U/L,P<0.05】,而血清白蛋白、总胆红素和凝血酶原时间分别为(35.3±4.5)g/L、(15.2±3.6)μmol/L和(13.3±0.8)s,与对照组【分别为(34.5±4.2)g/L、17.6±2.9)μmol/L和(13.9±0.7)s】比,差异无显著意义(P>0.05);观察组血清HBV DNA水平为(1.3±0.3)lg copies/ml,与对照组的(1.4±0.4)lg copies/ml比,无显著性差异(P>0.05);观察组粪便拟杆菌和双歧杆菌数分别为(7.9±0.8)lg GFU/g和(9.3±1.5)lg GFU/g,显著高于对照组【分别为(5.5±0.6)lg GFU/g和(7.6±1.0)lg GFU/g,P<0.05】,而大肠杆菌、肠球菌和乳酸杆菌数量分别为(7.3±0.9)lg GFU/g、(7.0±1.2)lg GFU/g和(9.8±0.6)lg GFU/g,与对照组【分别为(7.9±0.7)lg GFU/g、(7.3±1.3)lg GFU/g和(9.5±0.5)lg GFU/g】比,差异无显著意义(P>0.05);观察组血清TNF-α和IL-6水平分别为(39.6±6.5)ng/L和(33.5±5.9)ng/L,显著低于对照组【分别为(48.7±7.6)ng/L和(40.6±4.3)ng/L,P<0.05】,而两组血清IL-10水平无显著性差异【(20.3±4.1)ng/L对(23.7±4.2)ng/L,P>0.05】;观察组DPV、DSV和SPT分别为(12.9±0.9)mm、(9.2±1.3)mm和(42.5±5.1)mm,与对照组【分别为(13.1±1.0)mm、(9.7±1.4)mm和(43.8±4.9)mm】比,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论 应用恩替卡韦联合复方甘草酸苷治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化患者能帮助改善肝功能,或可促进肠道菌群的恢复,值得进一步观察。     

慢加急性/亚急性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者发病诱因及影响临床转归因素分析*

目的 分析乙型肝炎相关性慢加急性(亚急性)肝衰竭(HBV-ACLF)患者发病诱因和影响临床转归的因素。方法 2019年1月～2021年12月我科收治的96例HBV-ACLF患者,接受内科综合治疗,观察90 d生存情况。应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响HBV-ACLF患者临床转归的因素。结果 本组HBV-ACLF患者发病诱因包括自行停用核苷(酸)类药物53例(55.2%)、并发HAV或HEV感染11例(11.4%)、并发细菌感染9例(9.4%)、劳累7例(7.3%)、饮酒6例(6.2%)、药物性肝损害5例(5.2%)和原因不明5例(5.2%);在治疗观察90 d,生存69例,死亡27例;死亡患者年龄为50(41,69)岁,显著大于生存患者【39(33,58),P<0.05】,并发消化道出血、肝性脑病和急性肾损伤的比率分别为14.8%、29.6%和44.4%,显著高于生存患者(分别为1.4%、5.8%和14.5%,P<0.05),血清总胆红素水平为532(204,780)μmol/L,显著高于生存组【302(80,416)μmol/L,P<0.05】,INR为3.0(2.0,3.4),显著大于生存患者【2.1(1.5,2.6),P<0.05】,MELD评分为26(18,37),显著大于生存患者【20(10,29),P<0.05】;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄【OR=1.04(95%CI:1.02～1.08)】、并发消化道出血【OR=1.51(95%CI:1.23～0.79)】、肝性脑病【OR=0.50(95%CI:0.22～0.78)】、INR【OR=1.52(95%CI:1.22～0.73)】和MELD评分【OR=2.44(95%CI:1.63～3.75)】均是影响HBV-ACLF患者死亡发生的独立危险因素。结论 熟知诱发HBV-ACLF患者发病的诱因有助于做好防治工作,而针对能引起患者死亡的因素做好临床救治可能提高肝衰竭患者生存率,临床和社会意义重大。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化并发急性肾损伤患者临床特点及其危险因素分析*

目的 分析总结乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的临床特点及其危险因素。方法 2015年4月～2020年2月我院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者223例,采用ELISA法检测血清α羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH),使用分光光度计检测吲哚氰绿(ICG),采用简化的美国肾脏病膳食改善(MDRD)研究组发布的公式计算估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)。应用多因素Logistic回归分析影响乙型肝炎肝硬化并发AKI的独立危险因素。结果 在本组223例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者中,并发AKI 41例(18.4%),选择82例未发生AKI 患者作对照,结果AKI组年龄≥50岁、合并糖尿病、高尿酸血症、腹水、感染和Child-Pugh C级比率分别为39.0%、26.8%、29.3%、80.5%、36.6%和53.7%,显著高于无AKI组(分别为20.7%、12.2%、13.4%、59.8%、17.1%和17.1%,P<0.05);血清HBDH和ICG水平分别为(184.2±21.3)U/L和(31.4±3.6)%,显著高于无AKI组【分别为(141.0±13.8)U/L和(15.6±1.9)%,P<0.05],而eGFR为(71.6±11.3)mL/min·(1.73 m²)^-1,显著低于无AKI组【(113.8±13.4)mL/min·(1.73 m²)^-1,P<0.05];Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥50岁[OR(95%CI)为3.0(1.1～8.6)]、合并糖尿病[OR(95%CI)为1.9(1.1～3.3)]、伴有高尿酸血症[OR(95%CI)为2.8(1.1～7.3)]、存在腹水[OR(95%CI)为2.6(1.0～6.6)]、伴有感染[OR(95%CI)为5.1(1.2～22.6)]、肝功能Child-Pugh C级[OR(95%CI)为3.6(1.5～8.9)]、血清HBDH水平高[OR(95%CI)为2.8(1.2～6.3)]和eGFR水平低[OR(95%CI)为2.4(1.3～4.4)]均为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发AKI的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,特别是失代偿期患者,存在一些并发AKI的危险因素,如年龄大、伴有糖尿病、高尿酸血症、腹水、感染、肝功能分级为C级等。针对AKI发生的高危人群,临床应予以高度关注,及时诊治,才可能改善预后。     

Preoperative defining system for pancreatic head cancer considering surgical resection

AIM: To provide appropriate treatment, it is crucial to share the clinical status of pancreas head cancer among multidisciplinary treatment members. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 113 patients who underwent surgery for pancreas head cancer from January 2008 to December 2012 was performed. We developed preoperative defining system of pancreatic head cancer by describing "resectability- tumor location- vascular relationship- adjacent organ involvement- preoperative CA19-9(initial bilirubin level)- vascular anomaly". The oncologic correlations with this reporting system were evaluated.RESULTS: Among 113 patients, there were 75 patients(66.4%) with resectable, 34 patients(30.1%) with borderline resectable, and 4 patients(3.5%) with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Mean disease-free survival was 24.8 mo(95%CI: 19.6-30.1) with a 5-year diseasefree survival rate of 13.5%. Pretreatment tumor size ≥ 2.4 cm [Exp(B) = 3.608, 95%CI: 1.512-8.609, P = 0.044] and radiologic vascular invasion [Exp(B) = 5.553, 95%CI: 2.269-14.589, P = 0.002] were independent predictive factors for neoadjuvant treatment. Borderline resectability [Exp(B) = 0.222, P = 0.008], pancreatichead cancer involving the pancreatic neck [Exp(B) = 9.461, P = 0.001] and arterial invasion [Exp(B) = 6.208, P = 0.010], and adjusted CA19-9 ≥ 50 [Exp(B) = 1.972 P = 0.019] were identified as prognostic clinical factors to predict tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: The suggested preoperative defining system can help with designing treatment plans and also predict oncologic outcomes.     

Lower incidence of complications in endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

AIM: To identify the most effective endoscopic biliary drainage technique for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: In total, 118 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent endoscopic management [endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) or endoscopic biliary stenting] as a temporary drainage in our institution between 2009 and 2014. We retrospectively evaluated all complications from initial endoscopic drainage to surgery or palliative treatment. The risk factors for biliary reintervention, post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis, and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) were also analyzed using patient- and procedure-related characteristics. The risk factors for bilateral drainage were examined in a subgroup analysis of patients who underwent initial unilateral drainage. RESULTS: In total, 137 complications were observed in 92 (78%) patients. Biliary reintervention was required in 83 (70%) patients. ENBD was significantly associated with a low risk of biliary reintervention [odds ratio (OR) = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.08-0.76, P = 0.012]. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was observed in 19 (16%) patients. An absence of endoscopic sphincterotomy was significantly associated with post-ERCP pancreatitis (OR = 3.46, 95%CI: 1.19-10.87, P = 0.023). PTBD was required in 16 (14%) patients, and Bismuth type III or IV cholangiocarcinoma was a significant risk factor (OR = 7.88, 95%CI: 1.33-155.0, P = 0.010). Of 102 patients with initial unilateral drainage, 49 (48%) required bilateral drainage. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (OR = 3.24, 95%CI: 1.27-8.78, P = 0.004) and Bismuth II, III, or IV cholangiocarcinoma (OR = 34.69, 95%CI: 4.88-736.7, P < 0.001) were significant risk factors for bilateral drainage. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is challenging. ENBD should be selected as a temporary drainage method because of its low risk of complications.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic kidney disease

AIM: To investigate outcomes of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Four hundred and forty patients referred between 2000 and 2002 for management of HCCs were categorized according to their CKD stage, i.e. , estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 90 (stage 1), 60-90 (stage 2), 30-60 (stage 3), 15-30 (stage 4), and < 15 (stage 5) mL/min per 1.73 m 2 , respectively. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and mortality rates and cause of mortality were analyzed. The mortality data were examined with Kaplan-meier method and the significance was tested using a log-rank test. An initial univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to compare the frequency of possible risk factors associated with mortality. To control for possible confounding factors, a multivariate Cox regression analysis (stepwise backward approach) was performed to analyze those factors that were significant in univariate models (P < 0.05) and met the assumptions of a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Most HCC patients with CKD were elderly, with mean age of diagnosis of 60.6 ± 11.9 years, and mostly male (74.8%). Hepatitis B, C and B and C coinfection virus were positive in 61.6%, 45.7% and 14.1% of the patients, respectively. It was found that patients with stages 4 and 5 CKD were not only older (P = 0.001), but also had higher hepatitis C virus carrier rate (P = 0.001), lower serum albumin level (P = 0.001), lower platelet count (P = 0.037), longer prothrombin time (P = 0.001) as well as higher proportions of advanced cirrhosis (P = 0.002) and HCCs (P = 0.001) than patients with stages 1 and 2 CKD. At the end of analysis, 162 (36.9%) patients had died. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with stages 4 and 5 CKD suffered lower cumulative survival than stages 1 and 2 CKD (log-rank test, χ 2 = 11.764, P = 0.003). In a multivariate Cox-regression model, it was confirmed that CKD stage [odds ratio (OR) = 1.988, 95%CI: 1.012-3.906, P = 0.046)], liver     

Serum adipokines might predict liver histology findings in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM: To assess significance of serum adipokines to determine the histological severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.METHODS: Patients with persistent elevation in serum aminotransferase levels and well-defined characteristics of fatty liver at ultrasound were enrolled. Individuals with a history of alcohol consumption, hepatotoxic medication, viral hepatitis or known liver disease were excluded. Liver biopsy was performed to confirm nonalcoholic liver disease(NAFLD). The degrees of liver steatosis, lobular inflammation and fibrosis were determined based on the non-alcoholic fatty liver activity score(NAS) by a single expert pathologist. Patients with a NAS of five or higher were considered to have steatohepatitis. Those with a NAS of two or lower were defined as simple fatty liver. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the independent association of adipokines with histological findings. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis was employed to determine cut-off values of serum adipokines to discriminate the grades of liver steatosis,lobular inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS: Fifty-four participants aged 37.02 ± 9.82 were enrolled in the study. Higher serum levels of visfatin, IL-8, TNF-α levels were associated independently with steatosis grade of more than 33% [β = 1.08(95%CI: 1.03-1.14), 1.04(95%CI: 1.008-1.07), 1.04(95%CI: 1.004-1.08), P 0.05]. Elevated serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels were associated independently with advanced lobular inflammation [β = 1.4(95%CI: 1.09-1.8), 1.07(95%CI: 1.003-1.15), P 0.05]. Similarly, higher TNF-α, resistin, and hepcidin levels were associated independently with advanced fibrosis stage [β = 1.06(95%CI: 1.002-1.12), 19.86(95%CI: 2.79-141.19), 560.72(95%CI: 5.98-5255.33), P 0.05]. Serum IL-8 and TNF-α values were associated independently with the NAS score, considering a NAS score of 5 as the reference value [β = 1.05(95%CI: 1.01-1.1), 1.13(95%CI: 1.04-1.22), P 0.05]. CONCLUSION: Certain adipokines may determine the severity of NAFLD histology accurately.     

Endoscopic papillary balloon intermittent dilatation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones

AIM: To compare the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic papillary balloon intermittent dilatation (EPBID) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of common bile duct stones. METHODS: From March 2011 to May 2012, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 560 patients, 262 with common bile duct stones. A total of 206 patients with common bile duct stones were enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either EPBID with a 10-12 mm dilated balloon or EST (103 patients in each group). For both groups a conventional reticular basket or balloon was used to remove the stones. After the procedure, routine endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was performed. RESULTS: First-time stone removal was successfully performed in 94 patients in the EPBID group (91.3%) and 75 patients in the EST group (72.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of operation time between the two groups. The overall incidence of early complications in the EPBID and EST groups was 2.9% and 13.6%, respectively, with no deaths reported during the course of the study and follow-up. Multiple regression analysis showed that the success rate of stone removal was associated with stone removal method [odds ratio (OR): 5.35; 95%CI: 2.24-12.77; P=0.00], the transverse diameter of the stone (OR: 2.63; 95%CI: 1.19-5.80; P=0.02) and the presence or absence of diverticulum (OR: 2.35; 95%CI: 1.03-5.37; P=0.04). Postoperative pancreatitis was associated with the EST method of stone removal (OR: 5.00; 95%CI: 1.23-20.28; P=0.02) and whether or not pancreatography was performed (OR: 0.10; 95%CI: 0.03-0.35; P=0.00). CONCLUSION: The EPBID group had a higher success rate of stone removal with a lower incidence of pancreatitis compared with the EST group.     

内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者再出血风险观察*

目的 研究采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化(LC)并发食管静脉曲张(EV)破裂出血患者治疗后再出血的风险。方法 2016年4月～2019年10月我科诊治的178例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)患者,在止血后采用EVL治疗,随访再出血发生情况,应用Cox风险回归模型进行多因素分析,建立Nomogram模型,预测再出血。结果 178例患者急性出血后,死亡12例(6.7%),166例接受EVL术,均获得成功;术后随访12～54个月,27例(16.3%)发生再出血;入院时,27例再出血组外周血Hb和血清白蛋白水平显著低于139例未再出血组(P<0.05),而空腹血糖(FPG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平显著高于未再出血组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);入院止血后检查,发现再出血患者门静脉和脾静脉宽度显著大于未再出血组(P<0.05);Cox风险模型分析显示Child-Pugh分级(95%CI=1.125～3.439,HR=1.967,P=0.018)、腹水(95%CI=1.754～2.329,HR=2.021,P=0.000)、HbA1c(95%CI=1.173～1.921,HR=1.501,P=0.001)、FPG(95%CI=1.379～3.152,HR=2.085,P=0.000)和肝性糖尿病(95%CI=1.321～2.945,HR=2.076,P=0.006)是EVL术后再出血的独立影响因素;根据Cox建立Nomogram模型,ROC分析结果显示Nomogram判断术后再出血的AUC为0.804(SE=0.053,95%CI=0.700～0.907,P=0.000),其敏感度为0.857,特异度为0.565。结论 采取EVL治疗LC并发EVB患者术后再出血发生率较高,除常见的风险因素外,伴有肝性糖尿病也可能是重要的原因,临床应加强对血糖的控制,减少再出血的发生。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者临床特征及其危险因素分析*

目的 分析乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)患者的临床特征,并探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化发生EVB的危险因素。方法 2018年6月～2020年6月我院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张(GOV)患者108例,当发生曲张静脉破裂出血时,给予内科止血治疗。收集临床资料,应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析确定乙型肝炎肝硬化发生EVB的独立危险因素。结果 在108例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发GOV患者中,38例(35.2%)发生EVB,其中5例(13.2%)患者在发病72 h内死亡;单因素分析提示过度劳累与GOV患者发生EVB无显著的相关性(P>0.05),而饮食不当、服用非甾体类抗炎药、血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、门静脉内径、脾静脉内径、红色征、肝功能Child-Pugh分级和食管胃底静脉曲张程度与GOV患者发生EVB显著相关(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示饮食不当【OR(95% CI)为2.2(1.3～3.7)】、门静脉内径增宽【OR(95% CI)为1.4(1.1～1.7)】、PT延长【OR(95% CI)为1.3(1.1～1.6)】、有红色征【OR(95% CI)为3.3(1.6～7.1)】、肝功能Child-Pugh C级【OR(95% CI)为3.9(1.7～9.0)】和重度食管胃底静脉曲张【OR(95% CI)为3.5(1.9～6.5)】是乙型肝炎肝硬化发生EVB的独立危险因素。结论 乙型肝炎肝硬化并发GOV患者存在一些上消化道出血的原因,其中EVB是重要的致命原因。EVB发生的本身有一些危险因素,需要临床给予必要的一级和二级预防措施,以减少EVB的发生。     

Interactions between traffic air pollution and glutathione S-transferase genes on childhood asthma

AIM: To evaluate the role of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) genetic polymorphisms potentially modifying the association between NO₂ and asthma/wheeze in Taiwanese children. METHODS: We investigated 3714 schoolchildren in Taiwan Children Health Study from 14 communities. Children’s information was measured from questionnaire by parents. The traffic air pollutant was available from Environmental Protection Administration monitoring stations. RESULTS: A two-stage hierarchical model and a multiple logistic regression model were fitted to estimate the effects of NO₂ exposures and GSTs polymorphisms on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze. Among children with GSTP1 Ile/Val or Val/Val genotypes, those residing in high-NO₂ communities had significantly increased risks of asthma (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.15-2.70), late-onset asthma (OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.24-5.41), active asthma (OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.05-3.57), asthma under medication (OR = 2.95, 95%CI: 1.37-6.32) and wheeze (OR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.09-2.18) when compared with children in low-NO₂ communities. Significant interactions were noted between ambient NO₂ and GSTP1 on asthma, late-onset asthma, asthma under medication and wheeze (P for interaction < 0.05). However, we did not find any association with polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1. CONCLUSION: Children under high traffic air pollution exposure are more susceptible to asthma, especially among those with GSTP1 Val allele.     

Twist2 is a valuable prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer

AIM: To investigate the significance of Twist2 for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: In this study, 93 CRC patients were included who received curative surgery in Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from January 1999 to December 2010. Records of patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and follow up data were reviewed. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were used to observe the protein expression of Twist2 and E-cadherin by immunohistochemistry. Two independent pathologists who were blinded to the clinical information performed semiquantitative scoring of immunostaining. A total score of 3-6 (sum of extent + intensity) was considered as Twist2-positive expression. The expression of E-cadherin was divided into two levels (preserved and reduced). An exploratory statistical analysis was conducted to determine the association between Twist2 expression and clinicopathological parameters, as well as E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, the variables associated with prognosis were analyzed by Cox’s proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to plot survival curves according to different expression levels of Twist2. RESULTS: Twist2-positive expression was observed in 66 (71.0%) samples and mainly located in the cytoplasm. Forty-three (46.2%) samples showed reduced expression of E-cadherin. There were no significant correlations between Twist2 expression and any of the clinicopathological parameters. However, Twist2-positive expression was significantly associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin (P=0.040). Multivariate analysis revealed that bad M-stage [hazard ratio (HR)=7.694, 95%CI: 2.927-20.224,P < 0.001] and Twist2-positive (HR=5.744, 95%CI: 1.347-24.298,P=0.018) were the independent risk factors for poor overall survival (OS), while Twist2-positive (HR=3.264, 95%CI: 1.455-7.375, P=0.004), bad N-stage (HR=2.149, 95%CI: 1.226-3.767, P=0.008) and bad M-stage (HR=10.907, 95%CI: 4.937-24.096, P < 0.001) were independently associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS     

Extended antimicrobial prophylaxis after gastric cancer surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of extended antimicrobial prophylaxis (EAP) after gastrectomy by systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched systematically from January 1980 to October 2012. Strict literature retrieval and data extraction were carried out independently by two reviewers and meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.0.2 with statistics tools risk ratios (RRs) and intention-to-treat analyses to evaluate the items of total complications, surgical site infection, incision infection, organ (or space) infection, remote site infection, anastomotic leakage (or dehiscence) and mortality. Fixed model or random model was selected accordingly and forest plot was conducted to display RR. Likewise, Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was applied to evaluate the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1095 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled in four RCTs. No statistically significant differences were detected between EAP and intraoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis (IAP) in total complications (RR of 0.86, 95%CI: 0.63-1.16, P = 0.32), surgical site infection (RR of 1.97, 95%CI: 0.86-4.48, P = 0.11), incision infection (RR of 4.92, 95%CI: 0.58-41.66, P = 0.14), organ or space infection (RR of 1.55, 95%CI: 0.61-3.89, P = 0.36), anastomotic leakage or dehiscence (RR of 3.85, 95%CI: 0.64-23.17, P = 0.14) and mortality (RR of 1.14, 95%CI: 0.10-13.12; P = 0.92). Likewise, multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis showed no difference compared with single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical site infection (RR of 1.10, 95%CI: 0.62-1.93, P = 0.75). Nevertheless, EAP showed a decreased remote site infection rate compared with IAP alone (RR of 0.54, 95%CI: 0.34-0.86, P = 0.01), which is the only significant finding. Unfortunately, EAP did not decrease     

应用米兰标准微波消融治疗肝细胞癌患者预后及其影响因素分析*

目的 探讨应用米兰标准施行微波消融术(MWA)治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)患者影响生存的因素。方法 2013年1月～2016年12月我院消化内科住院的94例直径≤5 cm的HCC患者接受超声引导下MWA治疗,随访5年。分析不同HCC结节个数和不同肿瘤直径对总生存率(OS)和无进展生存率(PFS)的影响。结果 随访5年,本组HCC患者OS为64.9%,1 a和2 a 肿瘤复发率分别为12.8%和53.2%;HCC直径> 3 cm患者的PFS显著短于直径≤3 cm的患者(P=0.005),PFS≤2年的HCC患者OS显著低于PFS> 2年的患者(48.0%对 84.1%,P<0.001);多因素回归分析显示HCC直径> 3 cm (HR=0.42,95%CI:0.21～0.83,P=0.01)是MWA术后肿瘤复发的独立危险因素,而白细胞计数< 4.0×10⁹ /L (HR=0.38, 95%CI:0.18～0.84,P=0.017)和PFS≤2 年(HR=0.24, 95%CI:0.10～0.56,P=0.001)是影响HCC患者OS的独立危险因素。结论 直径> 3 cm的HCC患者PFS较短,但似乎不影响OS,因为大多数肝内复发的HCC患者仍然可进行重复MWA治疗。     

Impact of being overweight on the surgical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer: A meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the effect of being overweight on the surgical results of patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: Comprehensive electronic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were conducted. Studies were identified that included patients with surgical complications from gastric cancer who were classified as normal weight [body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m 2 ] or overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ). The operative time, retrieved lymph nodes, blood loss, and long-term survival were analyzed. A subgroup analysis was conducted based on whether patients received laparoscopic or open gastrectomy procedures. All statistical tests were performed using ReviewerManager 5.1.2 software. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 23 studies with 20678 patients (15781 with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ; 4897 with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ). Overweight patients had significantly increased operation times [MD: -29.14; 95%CI: -38.14-(-20.21); P < 0.00001], blood loss [MD: -194.58; 95%CI: -314.21-(-74.95); P = 0.001], complications (RR: 0.75; 95%CI: 0.66-0.85; P < 0.00001), anastomosis leakages (RR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.42-0.82; P = 0.002), and pancreatic fistulas (RR: 0.486; 95%CI: 0.34-0.63; P < 0.00001), whereas lymph node retrieval was decreased significantly in the overweight group (MD: 1.69; 95%CI: 0.75-2.62; P < 0.0001). In addition, overweight patients had poorer long-term survival (RR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.07-1.20; P < 0.0001). No significant difference was detected for the mortality and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrates that a high BMI not only increases the surgical difficulty and complications but also impairs the long-term survival of patients with gastric cancer.     

ABO blood type,long-standing diabetes,and the risk of pancreatic cancer

AIM: To retrospectively study pancreatic cancer patients with respect to their ABO blood type and diabetes. METHODS: Our analysis included a cohort of 1017 patients with pancreatic ductal cancer diagnosed at our hospital in Tokyo. They were divided into two groups: 114 patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (DM group, defined as diabetes lasting for at least three years before the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer) and 903 patients without diabetes (non-DM group). Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors that are associated with long-standing diabetes. The DM group was further divided into three subgroups according to the duration of diabetes (3-5 years, 5.1-14.9 years, and 15 years or more) and univariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 883 pancreatic cancer patients with serologically assessed ABO blood type, 217 (24.6%) had blood type O. Compared with the non-DM group, the DM group had a higher frequency of blood type B [odds ratio (OR) = 2.61, 95%CI: 1.24-5.47; reference group: blood type A]. Moreover, male (OR = 3.17, 95%CI: 1.67-6.06), older than 70 years of age (OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.20-3.98) and presence of a family history of diabetes (OR = 6.21, 95%CI: 3.38-11.36) were associated with long-standing type 2 diabetes. The mean ages were 64.8 ± 9.2 years, 67.1 ± 9.8 years, and 71.7 ± 7.0 years in the subgroups with the duration of diabetes, 3-5 years, 5.1-14.9 years, and 15 years or more, respectively (P = 0.007). A comparison of ABO blood type distribution among the subgroups also showed a significant difference (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The association of pancreatic cancer with blood type and duration of diabetes needs to be further examined in prospective studies.