人参的本草考证及现代研究综述

人参是一种具有极高药用价值的中草药,在我国有悠久的中医临床历史。早在两千多年以前,就有人参本草记载,随着现代科技的快速发展,人参的研究也逐步深入。本文综述了人参及其加工炮制品红参的化学成分和药理作用等现代研究,并对人参的研究发展趋势做出了展望。     

中韩两国参类产品贸易竞争力对比研究

人参是中国的名贵中药材之一,具有悠久的使用历史,素有"百草之王"称号。以人参为代表的参类产品在世界各国享有盛誉,被广泛的应用于食品、药品、保健品、化妆品等的生产。中国与韩国均为参类产业大国,对两国的参类产品出口竞争力进行对比分析有助于改进中国参类产业。该文研究海关数据和COMTRADE数据库参类产品贸易相关数据,对中韩两国参类出口的竞争力进行了分析。结果发现,韩国参类产品的竞争力高于中国,韩国参类出口量仅占中国15%,贸易额却与中国相当。在此基础上,本文进一步探讨了中国参类产业发展应注意的问题。     

人参炮制过程中化学成分变化及机制研究

人参作为一种临床常用中药,在国内外具有极高的知名度。近年来,有关人参的研究覆盖医学、药学、生物、食品等多个领域,取得了丰硕的成果。人参中主要含有皂苷类、挥发油、糖类、氨基酸、多肽、无机元素等成分,每种成分都具有广泛的生理活性,是人参具有治疗作用的物质基础。人参经过加工炮制后,所含有效成分发生复杂的变化,同时伴有新的物质生成。该文旨在对人参炮制前后的化学成分研究现状进行综述,并以此为例探讨中药炮制研究的思路方法及未来的发展方向。     

人参免疫和保护作用研究进展

目的人参是我国特有的产品,其功效多样,药用价值非常好。对人参的免疫和保护作用进行论述,深入探讨人参化学成分及药理作用。方法收集国内外近5年内对人参对神经系统、循环系统、内分泌系统等的药理作用研究进展做了简要概述。结果人参能够改善记忆、抗应激、抗疲劳、抗抑郁、抗衰老、抗休克、提高机体免疫作用,保护脑组织、肾组织和肺组织。结论人参具有很高的药用价值,人参皂苷是人参的重要组成部分,对其深入研究必将推动中药走向世界市场,并将展现更加广阔的前景。     

Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions

Ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a popular herbal medicine in Oriental countries. We investigated the effect of long-term oral administration of ginseng extract on the antigen-specific antibody response. Male BALB/c mice were treated orally for 30 consecutive days with 2 g/kg of a 50% ethanol extract of ginseng root. Mice treated with ginseng and immunized with ovalbumin (OVA), resulting in an eight-fold increase in titers of anti-OVA immunoglobulin (Ig)G in the serum compared to the group receiving OVA immunization without ginseng treatment; the level of IgG was also significantly elevated in the mice treated with ginseng and immunized with OVA. Mice treated with ginseng without OVA immunization exhibited significantly reduced IgG and IgA production by spleen cells. However, IgG production was not affected in mice treated with ginseng and OVA immunization in spleen cells. Interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-4 secretion by spleen cells from either ginseng-treated mice or OVA-immunized mice were down-regulated compared to that in the control group; while the production of IL-10 was unchanged. The percentage of CD8+ cells was significantly reduced in spleen cells from ginseng-treated, OVA-immunized mice. Thus, long-term oral administration of ginseng extract appears to potentiate humoral immune response but suppress spleen cell functions.     

美国威斯康星州西洋参产业状况分析

美国西洋参产业发展经历了从萌芽、停滞、兴盛再到低迷的4个阶段，至今威斯康星州仍是美国西洋参的主要产地。作者在实地调查研究、收集数据的基础上，结合相关资料,针对威斯康星州产业现状、规模、相关法律规定和管理营销模式，分析了该产业的特点，希望为中国西洋参乃至整个中药产业的发展提供参考。     

人参及其炮制品对小鼠耐缺氧抗疲劳作用的研究

目的:探讨人参及其炮制品耐缺氧和抗疲劳的药理作用。方法:用小鼠负重游泳实验、常压缺氧实验,考察人参及其炮制品的抗疲劳、耐缺氧作用。结果:人参及其炮制品能够明显延长小鼠常压耐缺氧时间和耐疲劳游泳时间,增加疲劳小鼠肝糖元和肌糖元含量,同时降低血乳酸和血清尿素氮的含量。结论:人参及其炮制品具有抗疲劳、耐缺氧作用,本实验室针对人参燥性研究的新的人参炮制品——平性参对小鼠抗疲劳、耐缺氧具有良好的作用。     

人参中皂苷类化学成分的研究△

人参是常用传统中药之一,主要分为水参、生晒参和红参.本文概述它们所含人参皂苷成分的研究,分析其人参皂苷结构类型特点,为确定它们的药效物质基础提供科学依据.水参和生晒参的人参皂苷苷元具有结构类型单一的特点,包括原人参二醇、原人参三醇和齐墩果酸3种类型,而红参中的人参皂苷苷元具有结构类型多样性的特点,它们与其生物活性具有密切相关性.     

同仁堂红参与高丽红参品质的初步比较研究——人参皂苷和人参多糖的含量测定

目的：测定人参总皂苷,人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和人参多糖含量,比较同仁堂红参与高丽红参的质量。方法：建立大孔吸附树脂比色法测定人参总皂苷含量；采用二元梯度洗脱程序的高效液相色谱法测定人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁的含量；优化试验条件,采用苯酚-硫酸显色方法测定人参多糖含量。结果：同仁堂红参中人参总皂苷含量不低于高丽红参中总皂苷的含量；人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁的含量与高丽红参中的含量相近,人参皂苷Re含量略低于高丽红参中的含量,而人参多糖含量则高于高丽红参中的含量。结论：同仁堂红参中人参皂苷含量不低于高丽红参中的含量且人参多糖含量高于高丽红参。建立的测定人参总皂苷、人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁以及人参多糖含量的方法准确、快速、重复性好,可以作为人参质量定量评价的方法,初步比较不同来源的人参品质。     

关于人参治疗癫痫的探讨

现代医学治疗癫痫,医生常常提醒病人不能吃人参,因人参类中药易引起癫痫发作,并嘱病人少看电视,少玩电脑游戏,少到人多或霓红灯的地方,但新版中医教材中的癫痫分证中的心脾两虚症,建议治疗用补血益气,健脾宁心为法,中药以六君子汤合归脾汤加减,并与人参为君药,很容易使人造成混乱,究竟人参是治疗癫痫还是诱化癫痫,值得我们探讨和处理,对治疗癫痫有重要意义。     

“人参恶莱菔子”释疑

人参为大补元气,复脉固脱,拯危救脱要药及补肺要药。莱菔子善消食除胀,降气化痰。两者均为临床常用药,而关于两者的配伍应用多有疑义,现代中药学教材及民间皆认为莱菔子行气破气,有削弱人参补气的功效。通过查阅相关文献资料、现代药学实验研究等方面对"人参恶莱菔子"进行深入探究,以便指导临床更好用药,拓宽临床思路。     

西洋参与糖尿病

西洋参主要化学成分为皂苷类,还含有一些挥发油、多糖类、氨基酸类、聚乙炔类和酶等。通过对西洋参在2型糖尿病方面的药理作用的有关综述,阐明了西洋参提取物能够通过抑制线粒体UCP-2的活性来刺激胰岛素的产生、预防β细胞的流失,提高ATP水平,使抗细胞凋亡因子Bcl-2增加,同时下调促细胞凋亡因子caspase-9,降低细胞凋亡的发生,从而改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平。     

Recent advances on ginseng research in China.

Ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine. There have been more than 300 original papers in Chinese and in English during the last 10 years in China. This review paper summarizes some achievements from some of these published papers. Twenty-eight ginsenosides and some minor constituents were extracted and isolated from the root, root-stock, stems, leaves, flowers and flower-buds of ginseng. The chemical analysis demonstrated that the content of ginsenosides is related to the source, part and growth years of ginseng. The drug has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutical actions, it acts on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and endocrine secretion, promotes immune function and metabolism, possesses biomodulation action, anti-stress and anti-ageing activities, and so on. Many preparations of ginseng have been officially approved for clinical application in China. Clinical evaluation has shown that these preparations play a special role in medicinal use.     

基于响应面法的人参新炮制品“黑参”提取工艺研究

目的:建立HPLC色谱法同时测定延边产黑参中稀有人参皂苷Rg3、Rg5、Rk1含量的方法,并采用响应面法优化提取工艺条件。方法:采用HPLC色谱法,以稀有人参皂苷Rg3、Rg5、Rk1总含量为指标,采用响应面法进行提取工艺优化。结果:超声提取法样品中3种人参皂苷总含量为3.54mg/g,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度为65%,料液比为1∶20,超声频率为80kHz,单次超声时间为48min。结论:本实验建立的延边产黑参中3种人参皂苷含量测定方法准确、简单、重复性好,可用于黑参药材中皂苷成分含量的测定。超声提取方法提取效率高,且简单稳定可行,此结果可为黑参地方标准样品制备方法修订提供理论依据。     

Promotion of hair growth by ginseng radix on cultured mouse vibrissal hair follicles

A 70% methanol extract from red ginseng (steamed and dried roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, a kind of Ginseng Radix) had superior activity to that of white ginseng (peeled and dried root of P. ginseng, another kind of Ginseng Radix) in a hair growth promoting assay using mouse vibrissal follicles in organ culture. Of the major constituents of P. ginseng, ginsenoside-Rb(1) (G-Rb(1)) exhibited activity, but ginsenoside-Rg(1) (G-Rg(1)) and -Ro (G-Ro) were ineffective. Additionally, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(3) (20(S)-G-Rg(3)) formed by the processing of red ginseng from the crude root of P. ginseng also showed hair growth promoting activity. These results indicate that Ginseng Radix possesses hair growth promoting activity, and its bioactive components are partially attributable to the ginseng saponin components mentioned above.     

假人参皂甙24(R)-F11鉴别人参与西洋参的显著标志

人参与西洋参同为五加科人参属名贵药材，主要有效成分均为人参皂甙，两者既相似又相异。国内外对其形态、解剖及化学鉴别方面已有不少报道，但因几无质的差异，因而在实际应用中，尤其对已破坏了外形的器官仍然十分困难。为杜绝药源混淆，以薄层层离法揭示：人参不含奥克梯隆醇型假人参皂甙（pseudo－ginsenoside）24（R）－F11，而西洋参则明显含有。从而为有效地鉴别人参与西洋参及其茎、叶和茎叶总皂甙等提供了可靠的方法。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

人参皂苷的提取及总皂苷纯化工艺的研究进展

人参皂苷是人参重要的有效成分,研究显示人参皂苷具有广泛的药理作用,并可以作用于机体多个系统。人参皂苷的提取是进行人参皂苷活性研究的重要前提,现有多种提取工艺被应用,虽都能够获得人参皂苷,但也导致了人参皂苷质量标准的不同,这为人参皂苷药理活性的基础研究以及人参皂苷的临床应用设置了障碍。联合优化相关工艺发现高效便捷且质量标准统一的高纯度人参总皂苷提取工艺,能够保证人参皂苷相关研究物质基础的一致性,同时在临床应用相关药物时可以根据最佳工艺的原理改变剂型或改变药物处理方法增加药物疗效,逆向应用则可以补充完善药物质量控制手段。本文就近年来关于人参皂苷分离纯化工艺和方法作一综述,为发展优化人参总皂苷的分离纯化工艺提供理论依据和参考。     

Mountain grown ginseng induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells and its mechanism have little relation with TNF-alpha production

The root of ginseng is one of the most popular natural tonics in Oriental countries. Ginseng grown in the wild, deep in the mountains, is known as Sansam (mountain grown ginseng, MGG). MGG belongs to Araliaceae and Panax. In this study, we investigated the effects of MGG on the cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis and the putative pathways of its actions in human promyelocytic leukemia cells, HL-60. Using apoptosis analysis, we found that MGG is a potent inducer of apoptosis, but it has less effect on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Caspase-3 activation and subsequent apoptotic cell death in MGG-treated cells were partially blocked by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK. MGG also inhibited the caspase-8 activity. To determine whether MGG-induced apoptosis is involved in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion, TNF-alpha secretion was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Unexpectedly, MGG significantly decreased the TNF-alpha secretion compared to the control. These results suggest that MGG-induced cytotoxicity have little relation with the secretion of TNF-alpha in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, MGG with rIFN-gamma synergistically increased nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, our data indicate that MGG is a potent inducer of apoptosis on HL-60 cells and these abilities could be used clinically for the treatment of cancer.