黄芩素对急性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用及其机制

目的探讨黄芩素对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法建立CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,在预防性给药与治疗性给药两种给药方式中,检测小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性、肝匀浆丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果黄芩素能降低模型小鼠肝脏指数,血清ALT、AST活性,肝匀浆MDA含量,并提高小鼠肝匀浆SOD、GSH PX、CAT活性。结论黄芩素对CCl4诱导肝损伤的保护作用,可能与其抗氧化作用机制有关。     

黄芪提取物对小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪提取物（AE）对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型的保护作用。方法采用CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和肝匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量,HE染色法对肝脏作病理检查。结果AE能显著降低小鼠血清ALT、AST、肝匀浆MDA水平,升高SOD和GSH-Px酶活性,减轻肝细胞损伤。结论AE对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型具有保护作用。     

蛇黄肝炎汤对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究蛇黄肝炎汤对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:采用四氯化碳(CCl4)复制小鼠急性肝损伤模型,观察蛇黄肝炎汤对小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性和肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。电镜下观察小鼠肝脏形态学。结果:蛇黄肝炎汤60、40g·kg-1剂量下可显著降低急性肝损伤模型小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性和肝组织匀浆中MDA含量,升高肝组织匀浆中SOD活性。同时,HE染色结果显示蛇黄肝炎汤能明显减轻肝脏的病理损伤。结论:蛇黄肝炎汤对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤模型具有保护作用。     

南沙参多糖对小鼠CCl4急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨南沙参多糖(RAPS)对肝损伤的保护作用.方法采用四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性、肝匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,观察肝组织病理学改变.结果RAPS各剂量组(2000,1000,500 mg·kg-1)不仅能显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清AST、ALT活性,而且能够降低肝损伤小鼠肝组织MDA含量,并能提高SOD活性;病理形态学观察显示,RAPS能够明显减轻肝细胞肿胀、减少中性粒细胞浸润,其对急性肝损伤具有治疗作用.结论RAPS对CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用,该保护作用可能与其抗氧化作用有关.     

肝复康胶囊对四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究肝复康胶囊对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用.方法 将肝复康胶囊灌胃给予小鼠,腹腔注射四氯化碳所致肝损伤小鼠,用半自动生化分析仪测小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性,以比色分析法测定肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性.结果 肝复康胶囊(0.9、1.8、3.6 g·kg-1·d-1)均可显著降低四氯化碳致肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST活性,也能明显降低肝脏MDA含量和提高肝匀浆SOD和GSH-Px活性.结论 肝复康胶囊对小鼠急性肝损伤有一定保护作用,其保护作用机制可能与清除自由基,抗脂质过氧化作用有关.     

金丝桃苷对CCl_4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究金丝桃苷(hyperfine,HP)对CCl4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:连续3d对大鼠灌胃给予不同剂量的HP,并于末次给药6h后灌胃给予CCl4复制急性肝损伤模型,24h测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)及肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性;同时进行肝组织病理学观察。结果:不同剂量的HP可显著降低模型大鼠血清中ALT、AST,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量;显著升高SOD、GSH活性;病理切片表明,HP预处理组肝组织损伤均有不同程度减轻,其中以30mg·kg-1剂量效果最佳。结论:HP对CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤具有较好的保护作用,其作用机制可能与HP抑制抗氧化酶活性和抗自由基活性有关。     

木瓜提取物对实验性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的研究木瓜醇提取物对实验性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及其机制。方法采用四氯化碳诱导小鼠急性肝损伤,采用卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性,以及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,并进行病理学检查。结果木瓜醇提取物各剂量组血清ALT、AST活性明显降低,肝组织匀浆中SOD水平升高,MDA含量降低,肝组织病理损伤程度减轻（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。结论木瓜醇提取物对急性肝损伤和免疫性肝损伤小鼠有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗脂质过氧化有关。     

黄精提取物对急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的研究黄精提取物对急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法采用四氯化碳致肝损伤模型,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,观察小鼠肝脏病理学变化。结果黄精提取物各剂量组小鼠ALT、AST活性均降低,与空白对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。黄精提取物高、中剂量组小鼠肝组织SOD活性升高,MDA活性降低,与空白对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论黄精提取物可以降低肝损伤小鼠ALT、AST及MDA活性,提高肝脏SOD活性,对急性肝损伤小鼠有一定的保护作用。     

罗汉果甜苷对小鼠实验性肝损伤保护作用的研究

目的:研究罗汉果甜苷(Mog)对实验性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法:以四氯化碳诱导小鼠急性肝损伤;以卡介苗(BCG)加脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤。检测血清中谷丙胺酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、谷草胺酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性;检测肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;并进行病理学检查。结果:Mog小鼠对急性、免疫性肝损伤,有降低血清中ALT、AST活性的作用;对免疫性肝损伤的肝组织匀浆有升高SOD活性、降低MDA含量的作用;并能显著减轻肝组织病理变化程度。结论:Mog对小鼠急性肝损伤、免疫性肝损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与Mog的抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

虎杖提取物对CCl_4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察虎杖提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法采用CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果 CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型,血清ALT、AST明显升高,肝组织SOD活性明显降低,MDA含量显著升高（P〈0.01）;虎杖提取物能显著降低血清ALT,AST,明显提高肝组织SOD活性,降低肝组织MDA含量（P〈0.01）。结论虎杖提取物具有降酶及抗氧化的作用,对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.