辛工他汀和非诺贝特对混合型高血脂症的疗效比较

目的：研究辛作他汀对半有血清甘油三酯升高的高胆固醇血症患的调脂作用。方法：３８例混合型高血脂患被随机分为辛伐他汀（１０ｍｇ,１次／日）组,非诺贝特（１００ｍｇ,３次／日）组。结果：①服药后４周,辛伐他汀和非诺贝特均能降低ＴＣ,（Ｐ〈０．０１,〈０．０５）;②辛伐他汀降低血清ＬＤＬ－Ｃ的作用强于非诺贝特（Ｐ〈０．０２）;③辛伐他汀明显降低ＴＧ（Ｐ〈０．０１）,增加Ａｐｏ－Ａ１（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结     

血脂康和辛伐他汀对高胆固醇血症调脂作用的比较

目的研究血脂康对高胆固醇血症患者的调脂作用并与辛伐他汀比较。方法２８例高胆固醇血症患者随机分为两组，服药前及服药后４、８周测定血脂。结果（１）服药后４周ＴＣ分别降低了２０７％和２２５％（Ｐ值均＜０００１）；血脂康降低血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬＣ）作用与辛伐他汀相似，ＬＤＬＣ水平分别降低了２８２％和３３％（Ｐ值均＜００１）；（２）血脂康明显降低１７４％的血清ＴＧ水平（Ｐ＜００５）；（３）服血脂康和辛伐他汀４周后，载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）Ａ１却分别增加了１２７％和１３６％（Ｐ值均＜００１）；ＡｐｏＢ水平均下降了８％左右（Ｐ＜００５）；分别使脂蛋白（ａ）［Ｌｐ（ａ）］水平降低了３１３％（Ｐ＜００１）和２７８％（Ｐ＜００５）；（４）除了治疗８周后Ｌｐ（ａ）水平进一步下降外，两种药物治疗８周后的调脂作用与４周比较无明显差异。结论血脂康能显著降低Ⅱａ和Ⅱｂ型高胆固醇血症患者血清ＴＣ和ＬＤＬＣ，其作用与辛伐他汀相等；血脂康降低ＴＧ作用优于辛伐他汀     

2型糖尿病患者脂质代谢改变的临床意义

对２７６例２例糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者的甘油三酯（ＴＧ）,总胆固醇（ＴＣ）,载脂蛋白Ａ１和Ｂ（ＡｐｏＡ１,ＡｐｏＢ）,高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）,低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）脂蛋白（ａ）（Ｌｐ（ａ）进行了检测,并与１８９例正常人（对照组）作对照,结果ＮＩＤＤＭ组ＴＧ,ＴＣ,ＡｐｏＢ,ＬＤＬ,Ｌｐ（ａ）,明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＨＤＬ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,两组ＡｐｏＡ１无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０     

非诺贝特对高甘油三酯合并低高密度脂蛋白冠心病患者前列环素活性的影响

目的观察冠心病合并高甘油三酯（ＴＧ），低高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）血症患者应用非诺贝特治疗后，其血清对前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）生物活性的影响。方法选择冠心病组和正常组各２０例，以ＰＧＩ２对二磷酸腺苷（ＡＤＰ）诱导的血小板聚集的抑制率作为ＰＧＩ２生物活性的指标，在冠心病组服用非诺贝特前及一个月后，比较两组患者的血清对ＰＧＩ２生物活性的影响及与血脂的关系。结果实验发现，在应用非诺贝特治疗前，冠心病组血清对ＰＧＩ２生物活性的稳定作用明显低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。应用非诺贝特治疗１个月后，冠心病组的血ＴＧ水平显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１），血ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；同时，冠心病组血清对ＰＧＩ２的稳定作用与正常组相比不再有显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论本实验进一步证实了ＨＤＬ－Ｃ对ＰＧＩ２的保护作用。因低ＨＤＬ－Ｃ血症是冠心病的危险因子，因而其降低ＰＧＩ２生物活性从而增加血小板聚集很可能是其作用机制的一部分。经过调脂治疗后，升高血ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平，恢复ＨＤＬ－Ｃ对ＰＧＩ２的保护作用对防止粥样斑块破裂和减少急性冠状动脉综合征的发生可能起重要作用。     

国产洛伐他汀对高脂血症患者血脂代谢的影响

目的：研究国产洛伐他汀对高脂血症患者血脂代谢的影响。方法：将１２０例患者随机分为洛伐他汀组（ｎ＝８０）及美降之组（ｎ＝４０），分别口服国产洛伐他汀及进口洛伐他汀（美降之），每次２０ｍｇ，每日２次，服用８周。观察用药４周及８周患者血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、（ＴＣ－ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、甘油三酯、载脂蛋白ＡⅠ（ＡｐｏＡⅠ）、载脂蛋白Ｂ１００（ＡｐｏＢ１００）及ＡｐｏＡⅠ／ＡｐｏＢ１００变化。结果：服用国产洛伐他汀４周及８周可分别使患者血清ＴＣ降低２３．０％及２７．３％，ＬＤＬ－Ｃ降低２７．９％及３４．１％，高甘油三酯血症患者甘油三酯水平降低２１．６％及２６．２％；ＨＤＬ－Ｃ升高９．１％及１０．１％，（ＴＣ－ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ降低２９．６％及３７．１％。血清ＡｐｏＢ１００降低９．６％及１５．５％，ＡｐｏＡⅠ升高１８．９％及１４．５％，ＡｐｏＡⅠ／ＡｐｏＢ１００升高３９．９％及４４．９％。服药４周即有明显疗效。结论：国产洛伐他汀调血脂作用疗效肯定，与其相应进口产品美降之比较基本相同     

高血压病左室重量与血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮的相互关系及培哚普利、美托洛尔对其影响

研究６２例高血压病（ＥＨ）血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴⅡ）、醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）水平及其与左室肥厚（ＬＶＨ）的关系，并与２０例正常人进行对照。根据左室重量指数（ＬＶＭＩ）将ＥＨ伴ＬＶＨ者４７例随机分为两组，投以培哚普利或美托洛尔治疗８周。结果显示，ＥＨ患者血浆ＡＴⅡ及ＡＬＤ浓度明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＬＶＨ组高于非ＬＶＨ组（Ｐ＜０．００５），ＬＶＨ组的ＬＶＭＩ与ＡＴⅡ和ＡＬＤ正相关（ｒ分别为０．３４２和０．３５６，Ｐ＜０．０１），用药后两组ＬＶＭＩ、ＡＴⅡ和ＡＬＤ水平均显著降低，且８周后两组ＬＶＭＩ差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＬＶＭＩ下降值与血浆ＡＴⅡ、ＡＬＤ浓度下降值呈正相关（ｒ分别为０．６１２和０．６４７，Ｐ＜０．００１），提示ＡＴⅡ、ＡＬＤ是引起ＥＨ心肌肥厚重要的体液因素，培哚普利及美托洛尔短期治疗均可使ＬＶＨ逆转，培哚普利对ＬＶＨ的逆转可能优于美托洛尔。     

糖尿病患者Apo－Al、Apo－B测定及其临床意义

本文对６０例糖尿病患者及６２例正常人的血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）－Ａｌ，Ａｐｏ－Ｂ高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）水平进行了测定，结果显示：（１）糖尿病患者Ａｐｏ－Ａｌ水平和Ａｐｏ－Ｂ水平均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）住院治疗前，糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）住院治疗期间糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬ水平无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

糖尿病患者Apo－Al、Apo－B测定及其临床意义

本文对６０例糖尿病患者及６２例正常人的血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）－Ａｌ，Ａｐｏ－Ｂ高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）水平进行了测定，结果显示：（１）糖尿病患者Ａｐｏ－Ａｌ水平和Ａｐｏ－Ｂ水平均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）住院治疗前，糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）住院治疗期间糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬ水平无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

载脂蛋白A多态性在老年冠心病中检测的临床意义

目的探讨老年冠心病（ＣＨＤ）和健康老年人载脂蛋白Ａ（ＡｐｏＡ）异构体多态性表型、脂蛋白（ａ）［Ｌｐ（ａ）］及血脂水平的临床关系。方法检测１０４例老年ＣＨＤ患者（陈旧性心肌梗塞３１例，稳定型心绞痛３８例，心律失常型２０例，心力衰竭型１５例）血清ＡｐｏＡ异构体多态性表型和血清Ｌｐ（ａ）及血脂水平，并与６８例健康老年人对照分析。结果ＣＨＤ组Ｌｐ（ａ）和血脂水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＨＤ组ＡｐｏＡ表型检出率为８２．７％，对照组为７５％。ＡｐｏＡ表型频率分布与ＡｐｏＡ表型分子量呈非常显著正相关（ＣＨＤ组ｒ＝０．９９２７，对照组ｒ＝０．９６９７，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＡｐｏＡ多态性表型在临床上比Ｌｐ（ａ）及血清脂质更具有参考价值。     

武汉地区Ⅱ型糖尿病患者冠心病与载脂蛋白E基因型的关系

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，对随机选择的１２５例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者和５０例非ＤＭ患者进行ＡｐｏＥ基因型检测，以研究ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＣＨＤ与ＡｐｏＥ基因型间的关系。结果表明，ＮＩＤＤＭ患者心肌梗塞和缺血性心电图改变在Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型组中发生率分别为２１％和４１％，但不同基因型组间差异无显著性。心绞痛在Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型组中为５２％，显著高于ε３／３型组（３１％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型ＮＩＤＤＭ患者，任何证据的ＣＨＤ发生率为７２％，显著高于ε３／３型组（３７％）及ε２／２、ε３／２型组（３３％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＮＩＤＤＭ患者中ＣＨＤ组Ａｐｏε３／３和ε４／３基因型频率分别为５２％和３４％，分别低于（ε３／３）、高于（ε４／３）非ＣＨＤ组（７１％，Ｐ＜０．０５；１０％，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＨＤ组ε４等位基因频率为２１％，明显高于非ＣＨＤ组（７％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３为ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＣＨＤ的重要危险指标。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.