新型实验性颈内动脉虹吸段模型的建立

目的建立用于测试颅内支架性能的颈内动脉虹吸段动物模型。方法使用快速原型及脱蜡技术建立6只颈内动脉虹吸段约束装置。手术暴露并游离6只犬双侧颈总动脉。左侧颈总动脉近端暂时性夹闭,远端结扎并沿结扎点近侧切断。右侧颈总动脉远端暂时性夹闭,近端结扎并沿结扎点远侧切断。左侧颈总动脉近侧段穿过塑型装置,并与右侧颈总动脉远侧游离段端端吻合。术后1、2周、1个月血管造影,视觉评估虹吸段模型形态,血管通畅,吻合口狭窄及附壁血栓形成情况。结果所有实验犬均能耐受手术,无一只死亡或出现神经功能障碍。建模平均手术时间90min。术后1、2周、1个月血管造影,显示虹吸段模型空间结构与其人体原形高度相似,2例发生吻合口狭窄,1例吻合口附壁血栓形成。所有模型虹吸段随访中均保持通畅。结论采用体外约束装置,手术建立虹吸段模型切实可行,该模型具有高度可重复性、可靠性,可用于测试神经血管内材料。     

犬实验性颈总动脉动脉瘤的血管内支架治疗系列研究之一:犬实验性颈总动脉动脉瘤模型建立

目的：探讨将一侧颈外静脉与双侧颈总动脉吻合建立侧壁动脉瘤的可行性。材料与方法：对10只犬应用显微外科技术进行颈外静脉、颈总动脉端侧吻合,作血管造影证实瘤腔存在及载瘤动脉通畅。结果：10只犬均成功地建成颈总动脉侧壁动脉瘤,其中8例为宽颈动脉瘤。结论：应用犬一侧颈外静脉与双侧须总动脉吻合建立双侧颈总动脉动脉瘤特别是宽颈动脉瘤切实可行。     

犬实验性颈总动脉动脉瘤的血管内支架治疗系列研究之一：犬？…

目的;探讨将一侧颈外静脉与双侧颈总动脉吻合建立侧壁动脉瘤的可行性。材料与方法：对１０只犬应用显微外科技术进行颈外静脉、颈总动脉端侧吻合,作血管造影证实瘤腔存在及载瘤动脉通畅。结果：１０只犬均成功地建成颈总动脉侧壁动脉瘤,其中８例为宽颈动脉瘤。结论：应用犬一侧颈外静脉与双侧颈总动脉吻合建立双侧颈总动脉动脉瘤特别是宽颈动脉瘤切实可行。     

基于MR血管成像数据和快速原型技术建立类似于人颈内动脉虹吸段动脉瘤的犬模型

目的 建立载瘤动脉类似于人体颈内动脉虹吸段形态的犬动脉瘤模型.方法 用3.0 T MR行3维(3D)-时间飞跃(TOF)-MR血管成像(MRA)序列采集人头颅横断面医学数字图像通讯(DICOM)格式图像,导人Materialise Mimics和Pro-E软件重组,做出带孔管状3D数字模型.根据该文件利用快速原型技术制作出 TangoPlus材料的实体模型并硅胶涂层.分别将6只实验犬左侧颈总动脉远端和右侧颈总动脉近端结扎离断.将游离的左侧颈总动脉通过黑线牵引从下而上,游离的右侧颈总动脉从右剑左穿过模型,并从模型上的孔牵出.处理游离的双侧颈总动脉外膜后,行端侧吻合,得到形态类似于人颈内动脉虹吸段动脉瘤形态的动脉瘤模型.动物模型完成后即刻及1周MRA随访,1周行血管造影并置入测试支架测试.结果 6只犬均成功建立了形态类似于人颈内动脉虹吸段动脉瘤的动脉瘤模型.MRA显示6只犬的载瘤动脉通畅,显影良好.置人支架后1只犬死亡;5只术后1个月随访,模型内血管均通畅,其中3只弯曲处血管变扁,2 只无明显管腔形态改变.结论 制作的模型弯曲血管与人体颈内动脉虹吸段形态高度相似,可作为颅内神经介入材料及其输送系统的研究测试以及神经介入医师培训的工具.     

兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型制作的改进

目的 对兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型进行改进,以评价建模的成功率及支架植入后颈总动脉的通畅率.方法 取新西兰大白兔20只,饲养1周后行左侧颈内动脉结扎.1个月后行颈部3.0 TMRA检查评价颈动脉与椎动脉的变化情况.采用间断式外翻缝合法吻合静脉囊与颈总动脉,建立侧壁型动脉瘤.在植入覆膜支架前、术后即刻、3个月、6个月行血管造影.结果 20只实验兔均顺利行左侧颈内动脉结扎.MRI示结扎前右颈总动脉中段平均直径为(2.35±0.08) mm,结扎后1个月右颈总动脉中段平均直径为(2.89±0.22) mm,与术前比较差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).MRA示17只兔右颈总动脉明显增粗,而双侧椎动脉略增粗;3只兔颈总动脉增粗不明显,而双侧椎动脉明显增粗.建立兔颈总动脉囊状动脉瘤模型17只,术后均健康成活.DSA示覆膜支架植入前所有动脉瘤及右颈总动脉通畅,4个动脉瘤腔内有少量血栓形成,但无自发性完全闭塞.Willis或镁合金覆膜支架植入术后即刻造影示动脉瘤闭塞,右颈内动脉通畅.术后3个月DSA示16只兔右颈内动脉通畅,1只闭塞.术后6个月DSA示16只兔右颈内动脉通畅.动脉瘤模型的成功率为100％ (17/17),覆膜支架植入后右颈总动脉的通畅率为94.1％(16/17).结论 兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型制作的改进提高了动脉瘤模型的成功率及覆膜支架植入后右颈总动脉的通畅率.     

颈动脉球囊扩张再狭窄动物模型的建立

目的　探索再狭窄的发病机制进行干预研究 ,建立颈动脉再狭窄家兔动物模型。方法　取颈部正中切口 ,无菌暴露兔右颈动脉 ;在颈内动脉 (ICA)起始部及颈总动脉 (CCA)近心侧距动脉分叉2cm处用动脉夹临时夹闭 ;自颈外动脉 (ECA)远端结扎并由结扎近心侧穿刺进入导丝、球囊导管 ,撤除CCA动脉夹进行球囊扩张血管成形术 (PTA)。于PTA后不同时间进行组织学及形态学分析 (左侧颈总动脉作正常对照组 )。结果　PTA后早期CCA主要病理改变是血栓形成 ,中晚期为血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)由中层移行之内膜并失控增殖伴有基质增多 ;第 15天管腔出现明显狭窄 (P <0 .0 1)内膜增厚(P <0 .0 1)。结论　家兔颈总动脉PTA模型模拟了临床过程 ,成功率高 ,为PTA之动脉阶段局部用药或转基因治疗实验首选模型     

犬颈动脉囊状动脉瘤模型的建立实验研究

目的探讨建立犬颈总动脉囊状动脉瘤模拟人体颅内动脉瘤的可行性。方法采用外科手术方法建立犬颈动脉囊状侧壁动脉瘤模型。结果建立20条健康实验犬颈动脉囊状侧壁动脉瘤模型40枚,血管造影证实动脉瘤与载瘤动脉均通畅者有36枚,4枚动脉瘤腔自发性完全性闭塞,但颈总动脉均保持通畅,模型建立成功率为90.0%。结论犬颈总动脉囊状侧壁动脉瘤是模拟人体颅内动脉瘤的最佳模型之一。     

影响双侧颈总动脉直径差的因素分析

目的分析影响双侧颈总动脉直径差的因素及其临床意义.材料与方法46例患不同脑血管疾病的患者均行数字减影血管造影,同时行多普勒超声检查测量双侧颈总动脉(commoncarotidartery,CCA)直径.结果脑血管造影正常组病人双侧CCA直径之差均小于0.7mm,当双侧CCA直径之差大于0.7mm时,脑血管造影即可观察到不同的血管病变.结论Willis环的变异和一些血管病变可影响双侧CCA的直径之差,当其值大于0.7mm时,应行进一步检查以期早期发现脑部血管病变.     

利用猪颅底奇网制作动静脉畸形模型的实验研究

目的 利用猪颅底奇网制作一种简单、经济的动静脉畸形模型.方法 通过显微外科手术,将猪一侧颈总动脉与颈内静脉或颈外静脉吻合,建成动静脉畸形模型.吻合术后行血管造影及组织学检查.结果 8头家猪手术后全部成活.血流自右侧咽升动脉流经奇网和对侧咽升动脉,进入颈内/外静脉.术后3周1头家猪死亡.另1头家猪1个月时吻合口闭塞.结论...     

颅内表皮样囊肿破裂的MRI诊断

目的:探讨普通家犬的颈内动脉DSA显示情况、颅内血管沟通情况及颅内动脉栓塞后表现,为犬脑血管病模型的制作、脑血管病实验研究提供参考。方法:将6只家犬分为A、B两组,A组3只,B组3只,分别行颏顶位经股动脉插管选择性颈内动脉(ICA)DSA检查。颈内动脉及远端血管显示清楚后,A组3只犬用明胶海绵颗粒(直径500～710μm)行动脉栓塞,B组3只犬用明胶海绵颗粒(直径1000～1400μm)行动脉栓塞,栓塞后复查造影。结果:造影显示犬颈内动脉形态、远端分支及分布大体与人相似,但部分犬眼动脉起自于同侧大脑前动脉近心端;颈内动脉进颅处有一明显血管袢,微导丝及导管无法通过;犬的颈内动脉造影过程中,在无对比剂反流的情况下,颈外动脉系统经同侧大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉远端分支显示;A组3只犬均为栓塞侧大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉阻塞,而B组3只犬均显示栓塞剂直接阻塞颈内动脉。栓塞后A组3只犬缺血性脑卒中表现较B组3只犬明显。结论:普通家犬颅内动脉系统之间及其与同侧颈外动脉系统之间存在广泛沟通。血管内介入方法制作犬急性脑梗死模型过程简单,犬存活率高。     

The detection of intracranial carotid artery disease by continuous-wave Doppler sonography

Summary We have investigated 6,587 patients with directional continuous-wave (c-w) Doppler sonography of the carotid arteries during the last 33 months, and have developed criteria for the diagnosis of a significant increase in peripheral resistance of the internal carotid artery in conjunction with 1,671 retrograde brachial and direct carotid angiograms. We distinguished stenoses proximal (15 cases) and distal (4) to the origin of the ophthalmic artery, supraclinoid internal carotid artery occlusions (8), stenoses (2) and acute occlusions (10) of the middle cerebral artery. Stenoses in the carotid siphon (proximal or distal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery) of at least 60% reduction in lumen diameter showed a reduction of the relative end-diastolic flow velocity (modified Pourcelot's index) of more than 40%; additionally, stenoses proximal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery exhibited a variable alternating flow, or flow reversal, in the supratrochlear artery. Stenoses distal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery rarely revealed the theoretically expected increase in orthograde flow velocity in the supratrochlear artery. Stenoses of the middle cerebral artery consisting of more than atherosclerotic irregularities proved to be an exception. Supraclinoid occlusions of the internal carotid artery were reliably demonstrated by Doppler sonography. However, the majority of acute occlusions of the middle cerebral artery could not be detected by this means, probably due to anastomoses between the anterior and the middle cerebral arteries, which were detected by angiography. Thus, we believe that c-w Doppler sonography is a reliable tool to detect stenoses of the carotid siphon of more than 60% reduction in lumen diameter and supraclinoid carotid artery occlusions. Barriers to the cerebral blood flow located more peripherally cannot be diagnosed reliably with this technique.     

Ascending pharyngeal artery collateral circulation simulating internal carotid artery hypoplasia

Summary Complete occlusion of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery may result in a collateral circuit between an enlarged ascending pharyngeal artery and the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. This anastomosis may simulate a severely stenotic or hypoplastic internal carotid artery. Differentiation between these entities is particularly important if carotid endarterectomy for relief of stenosis is contemplated.     

Ostial common carotid artery occlusion and balloon-mounted stenting: Implication of embolic protection device in tandem lesion

Ostial common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis is rare, compared to extracranial internal carotid artery bifurcation lesions. In cases of a tandem lesion, the proximal lesion usually involves the extracranial internal carotid artery, and the ostial CCA is rarely implicated. A 69-year-old woman who underwent 3 months of antiplatelet therapy for asymptomatic, right ostial, severely calcified CCA stenosis presented with sudden onset left hemiparesis. Radiographic examination revealed an ostial CCA-intracranial artery tandem lesion. After intracranial revascularization using a clot retrieval stent, we performed the endovascular treatment with a balloon-mounted stent using an embolic protection device. This procedure may be superior to others because it is possible to achieve early intracranial revascularization and prevent distal embolism during the complete treatment of proximal lesions.     

On the symmetry and asymmetry of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Summary Bilateral carotid angiograms of the neck in 100 consecutive adult patients show the bifurcation of the left common carotid artery to be located cranial to the right in 50% of the cases, while the right bifurcation was higher in 22%. The origin of the internal carotid artery was at the dorsal or dorsolateral aspect of the common carotid artery in 82% on the right side and in 94% on the left, while a dorsomedial or medial origin was found in 18% on the right side and in 6% on the left.     

Absence of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery in association with intracranial aneurysms

We report a case of absence of the supraclinoid segment of the left internal carotid artery associated with hypoplasia of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and anterior communicating artery aneurysm formation. We discuss the embryology probably responsible for this anatomical variant and show the imaging findings. Received: 12 May 1997 Accepted: 12 June 1997     

颈动脉损伤的血管内介入治疗

目的 评价采用介入技术经血管内治疗颈动脉损伤的安全性和疗效.方法 对111例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的颈动脉损伤患者进行血管内治疗.本组颅外段颈内动脉(ICA)损伤1例,采用覆膜支架封闭颈动脉破裂口),颅内段颈内动脉损伤110例,采用球囊栓塞73例,弹簧圈栓塞12例,注射α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)栓塞6例,覆膜支架封闭破裂口11例,应用多种材料联合栓塞8例.结果 血管造影显示颅外段颈内动脉动静脉瘘(AVF)1例,创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)83例,创伤性颅内段颈内动脉假性动脉瘤14例,TCCF合并假性动脉瘤13例.治疗均获成功,颈动脉保留通畅62例,临床症状消失110例,好转1例.并发症2例,无死亡患者.术后跟踪随访1～14个月,其中16例经DSA复查,临床症状复发3例,其中2例经补充栓塞治愈,1例继续临床观察.结论 应用介人技术包括经导管超选择性栓塞术和覆膜支架置人术治疗颈动脉损伤是损伤小、安全且有效的方法.     

EEG controlled occlusion of the internal carotid artery during angiography

Summary It became evident in two patients during cerebral angiography that ligation of an internal carotid artery would probably be necessary in the course of a subsequent neurosurgical operation. A balloon catheter was inserted and the internal carotid artery was occluded. A continous EEG recording was made with a Fourier transformed frequency analysis before and during the occlusion; the motor functions of the corresponding side of the body were observed simultaneously on the conscious patient. EEG alterations indicative of cerebral ischemia were not demonstrated in either patient during an occlusion period of 7 min. Unilateral neurosurgical ligation of the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery was performed on one patient. As predicted no neurological deficit occured.     

颅外颈内动脉损伤诊治方法的探讨

目的　探讨颅外颈内动脉损伤的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法　 1982～ 2 0 0 2年共收治颅外颈内动脉损伤 8例 ,其中颈内动脉破裂并休克 3例 ,并发栓塞 4例 ,假性动脉瘤 2例。行颈内动脉修补 2例 ,颈内动脉 -颈外动脉端端吻合 1例 ,颅内 -外动脉搭桥 2例 ,手术取栓 1例 ,瘤体切除加动脉修补 2例。结果无死亡 ,4例出现偏瘫失语等神经系统并发症 ,1例经颅内 -外动脉搭桥后完全康复 ,1例经取栓术后改善 ,2例经保守治疗症状轻度改善。余 4例除 1例遗有颈内动脉假性动脉瘤外 ,均痊愈。结论　早期诊断及颈内动脉修复重建是降低死亡率 ,减少神经系统并发症的关键