消毒奶生产关键控制环节危险分析

消毒奶是市民普遍接受的高营养饮品,其营养及卫生质量直接影响消费者的安全和健康.近两年我市消毒奶的监测合格率较低,为此采用了关键控制环节危险分析(HACCP)的方法,于1996年5月对市内较大的北山奶品厂消毒奶加工过程的关键控制环节进行了初步危险分析,报告如下:1 调查对象与方法北山奶品厂消毒奶日均产量5吨,成品储存在5℃的冷库内.消毒方法为120℃6秒钟高温瞬间消毒.生产工艺为鲜奶验质→冷却→储存→消毒→冷却→灌装→入库→出厂.消毒奶加工采用管道密闭方式.因此对鲜奶、半成品及成品分别按国家标准进行采样,测定菌落总数、大肠菌群.同时对直接接触食品的工具、容器、生产设备和包装材料检测微生物污染情况.采样用擦拭法.生产工序每段采样品6份,工具、容器、管道、包装材料每位点采样品2份.     

2010年吉林省生鲜乳和乳制品β-内酰胺酶污染状况调查

目的了解2010年吉林省生鲜乳和乳制品β-内酰胺酶污染状况。方法采用对青霉素类药物绝对敏感的标准菌株,利用舒巴坦特异性抑制内酰胺酶的活性,并加入青霉素作为对照,通过比对加入内酰胺酶抑制剂,与未加入抑制剂的样品所产生的抑菌圈大小来间接测定样品是否含有内酰胺酶类药物。结果乳头奶和原料奶中:(A)与(B)的抑菌圈直径差异<3 mm,52份液体纯牛奶中有26份(A)<(B)的抑菌圈直径差异在3 mm以上,且重复性良好,含有β-内酰胺酶均低于4 U/ml。结论本次试验乳头奶(直接从牛乳房中挤出)、原料奶(将乳头奶混入桶中,无菌采集)均未检出β-内酰胺酶;液体奶采7种品牌,有2种品牌的阳性率为100%,所以阳性样品均为人为添加。     

HACCP在调味紫菜生产加工中的应用

目的提高调味紫菜卫生质量,确保调味紫菜卫生安全。方法随机选择连云港市8家调味紫菜生产企业,应用HACCP的基本原理与方法,对调味紫菜的生产工艺全过程进行危害分析,确定关键控制点及关键限值,并进行相应的监控和纠偏。结果确定了4个关键控制点,关键控制点及关键限值分别为:(1)原料验收:关键限值为查验供应商的产品合格证明,保证原料来自安全海域;(2)调味料验收:关键限值为查验供应商提供的产品合格证明;(3)金属检测:关键限值为Fe:直径≤0.8mm,非Fe:直径≤1.2mm;(4)烧烤:关键限值为烧烤温度≥260℃,输送带转速≤85r/min。结论将HACCP应用于调味紫菜的生产加工过程,可显著提高调味紫菜的卫生质量。     

鲜奶还是配方奶?

对于1～3岁的幼儿来说,奶绝对是最重要的食物。然而,奶品的种类很多,除了母乳,哪一种更适合他们呢?有专家认为,如果孩子1岁以后还在喝配方奶的话是无法摄取足够的营养成分的,包括钙在内;也有专家认为配方奶比牛奶营养更丰富,宝宝配方奶一直要喝到2岁,2岁后才可以接受鲜奶。那么1岁后的宝宝到底喝配方奶还是鲜奶好呢?     

广东省四城市中小学生饮用奶制品现状分析

目的 了解广东省中小学生饮用奶制品现状。方法 选择有代表性的广州市、珠海市、佛山市和韶关市,每市随机抽取1所中学、1所小学,筛选一周内无服食药物、无胃肠道疾病、父母和本人均是所在地出生的7～18岁学生为调查对象进行问卷式调查。结果 826名中小学生中经常喝牛奶的占29.1％,喝奶量每周超过1000ml的占13．9％,学生喜欢饮用的奶种类以鲜奶和奶粉为主,占49．8％。不喝奶的原因包括不喜欢奶的味道、喝后不舒服、父母不鼓励、家庭经济困难等,其中以不喜欢奶的味道占第一位(占44．4％)。结论 广东省中小学生饮用奶制品的人数和饮用量严重不足。     

珠海市城区学生饮用奶现状调查及其影响因素分析

目的了解珠海市城区学生饮用奶现况及其影响因素,为制订学生奶计划提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对珠海市城区3所小学、3所中学的4 449名学生进行饮用奶现状及其影响因素问卷调查,调查资料用SPSS统计软件进行分析。结果学生每周饮用牛奶或奶制品3次或以上者占50.0%(2 226/4 449),平均每周饮用鲜牛奶量≥1 000 mL者占21.7%(965/4 449),56.3%(2 504/4 449)的学生表示喜欢饮奶或奶制品,88.4%(3 933/4 449)的家长鼓励学生饮牛奶或奶制品,尚有5.4%(242/4 449)的家长因家中经济困难无法让学生坚持饮奶。学生家庭月收入高、父母文化程度高及家长鼓励小孩饮奶的,则学生饮奶率高(均P<0.01)。结论珠海市城区学生饮用奶尚不普遍,在珠海实施学生奶计划是完全可行的,关键在于组织和行动。     

内蒙古自治区部分地区鲜奶吧乳品监测分析

目的通过监测内蒙古自治区部分地区鲜奶吧乳品卫生状况,发现本区鲜奶吧潜在的食品安全问题,为相关监管部门提供数据依据,为乳品安全提供保障。方法对本区6个地市的不同鲜奶吧随机采样,包括原料乳、巴氏杀菌乳和发酵乳。菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌采用GB 4789. 2. 3. 10平板计数法,沙门菌采用GB 4789. 4—2010定性检验。结果共采集177份样品,其中生乳、巴氏杀菌乳中菌落总数超标率最高,为13. 33%(16/120)。巴氏杀菌乳、发酵乳中大肠菌群超标率为12. 40%(15/121)。金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的超标率较低,均为0. 83%(1/121)。结论监测的鲜奶吧有不同程度的微生物检出,存在一定的食品安全隐患,建议相关部门加强对本区鲜奶吧的食品安全监管。     

桶装饮用水生产中微生物污染菌株的分离鉴定及消毒试验

目的:了解桶装饮用水生产工艺中存在的微生物污染情况,并进行控制。方法:从生产各环节中采集不同样品进行微生物培养、分离及鉴定,并对污染菌株进行消毒剂杀菌效果鉴定试验。结果:生产现场中主要污染的微生物以霉菌及G 芽孢杆菌为主,另外有少量的G-菌。消毒剂杀菌试验结果显示,当ClO2浓度为500 mg/L及过氧乙酸浓度为3000 mg/L时,作用2 min,可杀灭生产现场中的所有污染菌株。结论:找出符合生产实际需要的最佳的消毒条件,为合理、有效地控制生产工艺中潜在的微生物污染危害提供了科学依据。     

那些关于奶的传说

<正>最近,一个自称"营养学专业本科生"所发的帖子引起了许多关注,其中提到了许多关于喝奶的说法。那些说法足以让父母们忧心忡忡,而事实真相又是什么呢?传说1不要喝除了纯鲜奶之外的任何产品"UHT牛奶(高温杀菌奶,就是有6个月以上保质期的奶)不要喝,里面有防腐剂,而且高温杀菌会把牛奶中大部分的维生素破     

挑选牛奶小知识

正近年来,随着大众对健康和营养的追求,市场上牛奶及奶制品的各种概念迭出。进入超市,面对超市琳琅满目的牛奶,不禁让我们迷惑,这些牛奶有什么区别呢?怎样才能避免陷入误区呢?生鲜奶并不等于刚挤的牛奶生鲜奶是营养维持在最高状态的牛奶,还含有溶菌酶等抗菌活性物质,对人体有着众多的好处。生鲜牛奶虽然无需加热,也不进行任何特殊消毒处理,但这并不是说就等于刚挤下来的牛奶。刚挤下来的牛奶,一般都在30℃以上,最适宜微生物繁殖,短时间内,乳酸菌或其他有害细菌会     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.