房室结折返性心动过速慢径路消融过程中交界心律的电生理特征

目的:分析房室结折返性心动过速行慢径路消融过程中,出现交界心律时心房激动特征以及希氏束波到高位右心房的传导时间.方法:行慢径路消融的房室结折返性心动过速患者100例,分别测量心动过速时希氏束波到高位右心房的传导时问(HAT),以及交界心律出现时希氏束波到高位右心房的传导时间(HAJ).结果:在慢快型和慢中型折返性心动过速慢径路消融过程中,交界心律出现时逆传心房激动顺序与心动过速相比仅有微小的变化.交界性心律时逆传HA间期短于心动过速时的HA间期(P<0.05),在快慢型折返性心动过速慢径路消融过程中,交界心律出现时没有逆传心房激动.结论:在慢快型和慢中型折返性心动过速慢径路消融过程中,交界心律通过快径路和中间径路逆传;在快慢型折返性心动过速慢径路消融过程中,交界心律逆传阻滞.     

室上性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的：研究室上性心动过速的电生理特性及射频消融治疗。方法：分析18例阵发性室上性心动过速的特征及射频消融方法。结果：18例患者的室上性心动过速消融成功,复发1例。折返性心动过速的特性：显性旁路标测心室最早激动点;隐匿性旁路在心室刺激诱发室上性心动过速时标测逆传A波顺序及最早心房激动处;房室结双径路在三尖瓣环下进行标测记录小A大V波,其间无希氏电位的部位放电消融,出现房室交界区心律。结论：射频消融术是治疗室上性心动过速的有效措施。     

隐匿性间隔旁道参与的心动过速25例分析

隐匿性间隔旁道并非少见 ,其参与的房室折返性心动过速 ( AVRT)与房室结折返性心动过速 ( AVNRT)的电生理极为相似 ,都呈向心性分布 ,两者鉴别极为重要。我院自 1994年以来射频消融 2 2 7例 ,其中隐匿性间隔旁道 2 5例。分析如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　 2 5例中 ,男 11例 ,女 14例。其中 6例合并冠心病 ,其余病例经心电图、超声心动图、X射线检查均正常。前间隔旁道 5例 ,中间隔旁道 3例 ,右后间隔旁道 10例 ,左后间隔旁道 7例。 2 5例患者均有反复发作的心动过速病史 ,均经电生理检查及射频消融 ( RFCA)所证实为隐匿性间隔旁…     

右前间隔显性旁道的自右室流出道射频消融术

目的:探讨经右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)射频消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA)右前间隔显性旁道的可行性。方法:对42例右前间隔显性旁道伴房室折返性心动过速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)的患者采用RVOT标测及消融。结果:RFCA总成功率100%,随访2年无复发病例;平均X线曝光时间(15±5.4)min;无即刻及延后的P-R间期损伤。与三尖瓣环心房侧消融右前间隔显性旁道相比,总成功率高,复发率低,X线曝光时间短,损伤房室结的概率小。结论:经RVOT导管法消融治疗右前间隔显性旁道具有较高的安全性,技术上具有可行性。     

隐匿性间隔旁道的诊断及射频消融方法学探讨

目的：探讨隐匿性间隔旁道的诊断及射频消融方法的临床价值。方法：对41例心动过速时心房激动顺序呈向心性分布且无房室传导跳跃者分别进行不同刺激：（1）心动过速时希氏束不应期内分别于右室心尖部及心底部BS2刺激；（2）右室心底部和心尖部的S1S1递增刺激，比较VA差值；（3）右室起搏下静注ATP，用以上3种方法诊断为隐匿性间隔旁道后，分别于右室起搏下放电消融和在心动过速或心房起搏下放电消融。结果：28例隐匿性间隔旁道，13例不典型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）。希氏束不应期内RS2刺激心底部对诊断隐匿性间隔旁道的临床 准确性为90．2％，刺激心尖部为82．9％，S1S1刺激心底部和心尖部的VA差值的临床准确性为78．2％，静注ATP的临床准确性为63．4％。右室起搏放电消融12例，有3例发生一过性房室传导阻滞；16例在心动过速和心房起搏下放电消融未发生房室传导阻滞。结论：隐匿性间隔旁道与不典型AVNTR的鉴别，以心动过速时希氏束不应期内RS2刺激右室心底部临床准确性最高。S1S1刺激心底部与心尖部的VA差值对进行二者的鉴别意义也较好，静注ATP可靠性差。在心动过速及心房起搏下射频消融隐匿性间隔旁道较安全，不易引起房室传导阻滞。     

起源于冠状静脉窦口的右侧旁路合并房室结双径路的诊断与鉴别

目的探讨复杂多径路心动过速时的应用拖带和程序S2刺激进行诊断和鉴别分析。 方法回顾性分析1例间歇性预激波患者频发室上性心动过速,经心脏电生理检查行右心室拖带刺激和心室程序S2刺激,测量最后一跳刺激信号到自身心房波间期减去心动过速下心室到心房的间期(SA-VA)和起搏后间期(PPI)－心动过速周长(TCC),并行常规射频导管消融术治疗。 结果术中心室分级刺激S1S1：350 ms诱发右侧旁路参与的房室折返性心动过速,TCL为372 ms, PPI为395 ms,继续行心房S1S2：500/310 ms刺激,"跳跃"诱发同前一样的室房波不融合心动过速。再次行心房S1S1：280 ms刺激,可反复诱发慢快型房室结折返性心动过速。在旁路参与的心动过速下给予心室程序S2刺激,测量PPI为385.1 ms, TCL为360.1 ms,PPI－TCL≤20 ms,证实为右侧旁路参与的房室折返性心动过速,同时存在慢快型房室结折返性行心动过速,给予常规射频导管消融成功径路和旁路。术后随访12个月未有心动过速发作。 结论通过右心室心室拖带刺激,以及测量SA-VA间期和PPI-TCL间期可以用来鉴别典型房室结折返性心动过速与间隔房室旁路。     

左心室起搏下标测并消融左侧旁路体会

射频消融房室旁路时，常规行右心室起搏，根据逆传心房波(A波)的激动顺序来判断旁路的位置和作为判断消融是否成功的依据。多数患者在一定频率起搏右心室时，冲动经旁路逆传并诱发室上性心动过速。但我们在标测左侧旁路时遇到5例患者。右心室起搏时，冲动只从房室结逆传或起搏频率极快时从旁路逆传，给消融带来不便。对此，我们采用消融电级导管1，2极标测，3，4极起搏，准确标测靶点消融成功。现总结如下。     

预激综合征合并室上性心动过速应怎样治疗?

预激综合征是指心房冲动提前激动心室的一部分或全体,或心室冲动提前激动心房的一部分或全体。发生激动的解剖学基础是,在房室传导组织以外,还存在着一些连接房室之间的肌束,称为房室旁路通道。1　预激综合征伴发心动过速的几种形式1.1　房室折返性心动过速　①正向传导型:此类较为常见,其折返环的前传支为房室结,逆传支为旁路。适时的期前收缩经房室结前向传导,经旁路逆向传导而构成折返激动并导致心动过速。心电图的ＱＲＳ波群通常是“窄”的。②逆传型:较少见,其折返环的前传支为旁路,逆传支为房室结,激动在折返环中沿旁路前传,沿房室结…     

房室旁道伪“冠状TⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF^”波的定位价值

射频导管消融 (RFCA)是根治房室旁道参与的室上性折返性心动过速的唯一手段 ,其关键在于准确地进行旁道定位。目前 ,通过食管和心内电生理检查明确房室旁道部位已不困难 ,但临床实践中体表心电图仍是最常用的手段。心电图旁道定位虽不能直接指导 RFCA,但可评估 RFCA疗效 ,为心腔内标测和消融途径的选择提供参考〔1〕。我们分析经RFCA治疗的 1 0 2例房室旁道患者心动过速时 ST T特点 ,探讨伪“冠状T 、 、a VF”波在房室旁道定位中的价值。1　病例与方法1 .1　病例 :RFCA的 1 0 2例房室旁道参与的顺向性房室折返性心动过速 (OAVR…     

前间隔心动过速源于主动脉无冠窦的射频消融

【目的]探讨经主动脉无冠窦途径导管射频消融治愈的前间隔房速、前间隔旁路患者的心电图特点及射频消融治疗情况。【方法】回顾性分析经无冠窦途径导管射频消融治愈的3例前间隔房速和2例前间隔旁路的体表心电图、心内电图以及消融成功时靶点电图等心电生理学特征。【结果】3例局灶性前间隔房速均能被心房刺激反复诱发和终止,其心电图特点：房速时P波间期明显窄于窦律时P波间期,I、aVL导联P渡正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联P呈负正双向,心房标测提示最早的心房激动在希氏柬区,但主动脉无冠窦内标测的心房激动较希氏束区的心房波提前,解剖定位希氏柬上后方,消融靶点无希氏束电位。2例前间隔旁路心电图示：窦性心律时呈窄ORS波形,未见预激波,心动过速呈窄QRS形,在主动脉无冠窦内记录到最早心房激动点,且无希氏柬电位。5例均在无冠窦消融成功。随访15．2±12．1（2～40）个月,无复发病例。【结论】源于无冠窦的前间隔房速和前间隔旁路具有其相对的心电生理学特征,常规心内膜途径消融困难时应考虑从无冠窭玲径标测消融策略．     

Long-Term Follow-Up in Patients with the Permanent Form of Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia Treated with Radiofrequency Ablation

This study sought to determine the long-term follow-up, safety, and efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation of patients with the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT). We assessed the reversibility of tachycardia induced LV dysfunction and we detailed the location and electrophysiological characteristics of these retrograde atrioventricular decremental pathways. PJRT is an infrequent form of reciprocating tachycardia, commonly incessant, and usually drug refractory. The ECG hallmarks include an RP interval > PR with inverted P waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V₃-V₆. During tachycardia, retrograde VA conduction occurs over an accessory pathway with slow and decremental conduction properties, located predominantly in the posteroseptal zone. It is known that long-lasting and incessant tachycardia may result in tachycardia induced severe ventricular dysfunction. We included 36 patients (13 men, 23 women, mean ± SD, aged 44 ± 22 years) with the diagnosis of PJRT. Seven patients had tachycardia induced left ventricular dysfunction. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at the site of earliest retrograde atrial activation during ventricular pacing or during reciprocating tachycardia. All patients were followed at the outpatient clinic and serial echocardiograms were performed in those who presented with depressed LV function. Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 36 decremental accessory pathways. Earliest retrograde atrial activation was righ t posteroseptal in 32 patients (88%), right mid-septal in 2 (6%), right posteroiateral in 1 (3%), and left anterolateral in 1 (3%). Thirty-five accessory pathways were successfully ablated with a mean of 5 ± 3 applications. A mid-septal accessory pathway could not be ablated. After a mean follow-up of 21 ± 16 months (range 1–64) 34 patients are asymptomatic. There were recurrences in 8 patients after the initial successful ablation (mean of 1.2 months), 5 were ablated in a second ablation procedure, 2 patients required a third procedure, and 1 patient required four ablation sessions. All patients with LV dysfunction experienced a remarkable improvement after ablation. Mean preablation LV ejection fraction in patients with tachycardiomyopathy was 28%± 6% and rose to 51%± 16% after ablation (P < 0.02). Our study supports the concept that radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with PJRT. Radiofrequency ablation should be the treatment of choice in these patients because this arrhythmia is usually drug refractory. The majority of accessory pathways are located in the posteroseptal zone. Cessation of the arrhythmia after successful ablation results in recovery of LV dysfunction.     

室上性心动过速射频消融疑难病例分析

目的：分析６例特殊疑难射频消融病例,探讨安全有效的消融策略。方法：３例为右侧旁道,其中１例为右侧显性旁道,术中导管机械刺激诱发心房颤动,采用单极标测消融成功．另２例为右侧隐匿性旁道,采用“窦－室－窦”标测法,于窦律下放电阻断旁道。２例左侧隐匿性旁道,其中１例为房室折返性心动过速伴终止时长时间窦性停搏,反复晕厥,即“快一慢”型室上性心律失常,射频消融后,其伴随症状也消失．另１例为左后间隔隐匿性慢传导旁道,测△ＨＡ为３２ｍｓ,得以确诊。１例为慢一快型房室结折返性心动过速,胸廓畸形,心血管严重移位．导管操作困难。结果：所有患者均消融成功。结论：特殊类型疑难病例消融成功的关键是,根据各自特殊的电生理和解剖特点,采取针对性消融策略。     

Successful radiofrequency ablation of a slow atrioventricular nodal pathway on the left posterior atrial septum

RF catheter ablation is highly effective in eliminating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia by targeting the slow pathway in the posteroinferior part of Koch's triangle in the right atrium. We report here a patient in whom "slow-fast" atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia was eliminated only by ablation of the slow pathway in the left atrial posteroseptal region at the level of the mitral annulus after unsuccessful attempts at the traditional site on the right side.     

Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic predictors of successful ablation site in patients with manifest posteroseptal accessory pathway

BACKGROUND: Prediction of accessory pathway (AP) location before radiofrequency ablation has become increasingly important for patients with AP; this is especially true for posteroseptal (PS) APs. OBJECTIVE: To identify electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic predictors of pathway location in patients with manifest posteroseptal AP. METHODS: A detailed electrocardiographic analysis, electrophysiologic study, and ablation were performed in 94 patients with single manifest posteroseptal AP (mean age 35.0 +/- 13.8 years; 56 males). RESULTS: Localization was right PS in 68 patients, left PS in 19 patients, and coronary sinus and its branches in seven patients. Common to all the patients with posteroseptal AP was a negative delta in at least two inferior leads. The most sensitive and specific parameter for differentiating left posteroseptal APs from right posteroseptal APs was an R/S ratio >or=1.0 in lead V1 (sensitivity 100% and specificity 100%). The R-wave amplitude in lead I (sensitivity 54%, specificity 67%), and delta ventricularatrial interval (sensitivity 75%, specificity 87%) had much lesser sensitivity and specificity in this regard. The epicardial posteroseptal APs were discriminated from endocardial variant by the positive delta in aVR (sensitivity 71% and specificity 99%) and negative delta in II (sensitivity 100% and specificity 20%). Delta wave polarity in V1 was not helpful for differentiating right-sided from left-sided posteroseptal APs. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that in patients with posteroseptal AP, successful ablation site could be predicted to be on the right or left endocardial surface using R/S ratio in lead V1. Necessity for Coronary sinus catheterization and angiography is predictable using delta wave polarities in leads aVR and II.     

Catheter Atrioventricular Junctional Ablation in Patients with Accessory Pathways

Seven patients with accessory pathway and symptomatic alrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia underwent catheter ablution of the atrioventricular junction (AVJ). Four patients had the Wolff-Park inson White syndrome, two had concealed left free-wall accessory pathways, and one patient had a nodoventriculor connection. All patients failed multiple antiarrhythmic drugs and one failed attempted surgical ablation of a posteroseptal accessory pathway. Chronic interruption of atrioventricular node-His conduction was achieved in all patients. Over a mean follow-up period of 21 ± 14 months, four patients remained asymptomatic without antiarrhythmic therapy. One patient developed atrial fibrillation after magnet application to her VVI pacemaker, another developed atrial gutter, and a third had nonparoxysmal sinus or atrial tachycardia. Two patients required chronic quinidine therapy. Two patients with concealed accessory pathways had pacemaker-mediated tachycardia which was controlled by pacemaker reprogramming. Atrioventricular junctional ablation in patients with accessory pathways proved elective in that all are currently controlled without need for surgical intervention. On follow-up, a relatively high incidence of atrial arrhythmias requiring antiarrhythmic therapy was found.     

显性房室旁道对心室除极波终末向量变化的影响

目的 探讨显性房室旁道对心室除极波终末向量的影响.方法选择经射频消融(RFCA)术证实的显性单房室旁道102例及隐匿性单房室旁道38例患者,经临床常规检查元器质性心脏病.将房室旁道分为后间隔(PS)、中间隔(MS)、前间隔(AS)、左后游离壁(LP)、左前游离壁(LA)、右后游离壁(RP)及右前游离壁(RA)房室旁路.结果102例显性房室旁道患者射频消融术后终末向量全部发生改变,38例隐匿性房室旁道中的4例射频消融术后终末向量发生改变,34例无变化.显性房室旁路与隐匿性房室旁路相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).不同部位间的显性旁路相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);终末向量的变化具有导联特异性.结论显性房室旁道可以改变心室除极终末向量,并且这种变化具有导联的特异性.     

Localization of Left Free-Wall and Posteroseptal Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways by Direct Recording of Accessory Pathway Activation

With the advent of catheter ablation techniques, precise localization of accessory AV pathways (AP) assumes greater importance. In an efort to define the course of AP fibers, we attempted to record activation of 56 left free-wall and 23 posteroseptal APs in 62 patients undergoing eiectrophysiological study. The coronary sinus (CS) and great cardiac vein (GCV) were mapped using orthogonal catheter electrodes, which provide a recording dipole perpendicular to the AV groove. The tricuspid annulus (TA) was mapped using a 2 mm spaced octapolar electrode catheter. Potentials were considered to represent AP activation only if they could be dissociated from both atrial and ventricular activation by programmed stimulation. Orthogonal catheter electrodes in the CS and GCV were advanced heyond the site of earliest retrograde atrial activation and/or earliest antegrade ventricular activation in 45 of the 56 left free-wall APs, and AP potentials were recorded from 42 (93%). An oblique course was identified in 36 APs, with the ventricular insertion being recorded 4–30 mm (median 15 mm) distal or anterior to the atrial insertion. In three patients, antegrade and retrograde conduction proceeded over different (but close) parallel fibers. AP potentials were recorded from 19 of 23 posteroseptal pathways. Ten pathways (left posteroseptal) were recorded from the CS, beginning 5–11 mm (median 9 mm) distal to the os, with potentials extending 8–18 mm (median 11 mm) distally. Four pathways (midseptal) were recorded along the TA, anterior to the CS ostium and posterior to the His bundle catheter. Five pathways (right posteroseptal) were recorded along the TA, directly opposite or immediately posterior to the CS ostium. One of the patients had both midseptal and left posteroseptal pathways and three patients had both right posteroseptal and left posteroseptal pathways. We conclude: 1) left free-wall APs transit the AV groove obliquely and may be comprised of multiple, closely spaced, parallel fihers; 2) the anatomical location of “posteroseptal” pathways is variable and the presence of fibers at multiple sites is common; and 3) direct recordings of AP activation facilitate tracking of the accessory pathway along its course from atrium to ventricle and help identify the presence of multiple fibers.     

Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of an Accessory Pathway in a Young Man with Dextroversion

We report an observation of a radiofrequency catheter ablation of an accessory pathway (AP) in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and dextroversion. Atrioventricular rings were mapped by the ablation catheter to locate the shortest local atrioventricular conduction time in sinus rhythm and ventriculoatrial conduction time during orthodromic tachycardia or ventricular pacing. Successful ablation confirmed a right posteroseptal AP localization. Thus, the electrocardiographic modifications due to an AP in this location in the presence of dextroversion were defined.     

Electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

BACKGROUND: The majority of cardiac arrhythmias in children are supraventricular tachycardia, which is mainly related to an accessory pathway (AP)-mediated reentry mechanism. The investigation for Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome in adults is numerous, but there is only limited information for children. This study was designed to evaluate the specific electrophysiologic characteristics and the outcome of radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in children with WPW syndrome. METHODS: From December 1989 to August 2005, a total of 142 children and 1,219 adults with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) who underwent ablation at our institution were included. We compared the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics between children and adults with WPW syndrome. RESULTS: The incidence of intermittent WPW syndrome was higher in children (7% vs 3%, P=0.025). There was a higher occurrence of rapid atrial pacing needed to induce tachycardia in children (67% vs 53%, P=0.02). However, atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred more commonly in adult patients (28% vs 16%, P=0.003). The pediatric patients had a higher incidence of multiple pathways (5% vs 1%, P<0.001).Both the onset and duration of symptoms were significantly shorter in the pediatric patients. The antegrade 1:1 AP conduction pacing cycle length (CL) and antegrade AP effective refractory period (ERP) in children were much shorter than those in adults with manifest WPW syndrome. Furthermore, the retrograde 1:1 AP conduction pacing CL and retrograde AP ERP in children were also shorter than those in adults. The antegrade 1:1 atrioventricular (AV) node conduction pacing CL, AV nodal ERP, and the CL of the tachycardia were all shorter in the pediatric patients. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the difference in the electrophysiologic characteristics of APs and the AV node between pediatric and adult patients. RF catheter ablation was a safe and effective method to manage children with WPW syndrome.