食品安全存在的问题及对策

人类的生存离不开食物,食物为人类提供了必须的营养素,然而如果食物受到细菌性、病毒性、寄生虫性及非传染性（化学毒物、天然毒素等）物质的污染,就可能给人的身体带来潜在的危害,从而导致食物中毒和食源性疾病。食物中毒和食源性疾病是全球性的问题,也是我国普遍存在的问题,每年全国各地发生多起群体性食物中毒和食源性疾病事件,造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。为了确保我国的食品安全,需要认清国际上宏观环境的变化,把握我国宏观环境和微观环境的变化对我国食品安全的影响。     

男医生：放浪形骸终于错失真爱

挺拔的身材,修长的手指,指甲修剪得干干净净,建成干净的气质让人会忽略他的长相,如果他穿上白大褂,应该是一个吸引人的男人。妻子的背叛让建成心中美满的婚姻轰然倒塌。离婚后的他颓废荒唐,变成了花花公子。他发现女患者盛琳琳爱上了他,他也逢场作戏,百般戏弄,最后,盛琳琳黯然离去,建成起先不以为意,然而终于有一天他才发现,他已经失去了一生中最爱的那个人……     

Measures and correlates of resilience

OBJECTIVE: We collected data on several aspects of resilience and related them to personal perceptions of breast cancer risk and worry about cancer. METHODS: As part of an ongoing series of studies to examine women's needs for and responses to breast cancer risk counseling, women with a family history of breast cancer (n = 357) completed questionnaires as part of their ongoing follow-up for counseling interventions. The questionnaire contained several measures of resilience: Optimism, the Life Attitude Profile-Revised, and single item scales measuring the worst to best possible life for past, present and future time periods. We also measured quality of life, social desirability, cancer worry, and personal perceived risk of breast cancer. We analyzed the relationships among resilience variables to determine the best measures of resilience from among the measures used. We then related resilience measures to breast cancer worry and risk. RESULTS: Overall, the relationships among the resilience variables varied considerably. The average worst to best possible life ratings increased from past to present to future, and only current and future estimates were highly correlated (r = .62; p < 0.01). Optimism was not correlated with any other resilience variable, suggesting that it is measur- ing some other construct. None of the resilience measures were highly correlated with social desirability, indicating that resilience is not simply a measure of self-promotion. Quality of life measures correlated most highly with present life ratings (r = .54; p < 0.01). Perceived cancer worry and risk were negatively correlated with future and present life ratings, but at very low levels (r' s = -.20 and -.21; p < 0.001 for both). Analyses predicting risk and worry using a subset of resilience variables are presented. CONCLUSION: These data will help to identify resilient women and how they view and manage their health risks.     

缩短平均住院日对策

本文分别从改善宏观医疗政策,加强医院内部管理,以及提高医疗技术水平3个方面,论述了缩短平均住院日关键策略,为我国医院缩短平均住院日的实施提供建议。     

Measures against air pollution

The Swiss Environmental Protection Law provides the legal basis for an efficient confinement of the air pollution. The concept of the Swiss air pollution control policy is based on two steps. In a first step, all emissions are limited providently. In a second step, the emissions have to be limited more severely, if it is certain or if it can be expected that the air pollution is harmful or annoying to human health or to the environment. The new ordinance on air pollution control is of great importance in abating air pollution. This ordinance will enter into force on March 1st, 1986. Is contains regulations for industrial sources and for heating systems, for instance emission limits for a number of pollutants, regulations for construction and operation of stationary installations, limits for the maximum content of pollutants in fuels. Moreover, stringent exhaust regulations for new passenger cars will enter into force on October 1st, 1987. Although important measures to reduce air pollution have already been taken in Switzerland, further efforts are necessary to guarantee a sufficient protection of human health and environment.     

Measures of agreement for vectorcardiography data

In this paper, nonparametric methods are proposed for quantifying agreement and disagreement between different measurement methods when the results of the measurements are rotation matrices. First, the expected squared distance between two matrices is used to quantify the measurement agreement. Two choices of such distance are considered—the Frobenius distance and geodesic distance. Second, the notion of ‘concordance correlation coefficient’, a commonly used measure of agreement, is extended to the space of rotation matrices. Such generalized concordance coefficient can be treated as a normalized expected squared distance. Since no two measurement systems can be expected to be in perfect agreement, it becomes necessary to define a notion of practical agreement. We define such a notion. Moreover, for both proposed methods, the percentile bootstrap procedure is implemented to provide a confidence interval to help make a decision concerning practical agreement/disagreement in real‐life applications. The methodology is illustrated using two data sets, one based on an application involving vectorcardiography data (Biometrika 1972; 59 :665–676) and the other based on a synthetic data set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重复观测资料的轮廓分析

对重复观测资料进行一元方差分析时，往往首先要考虑协方差阵的结构特征，而这类资料的轮廓分析则无需对协方差阵结构作出假定。本文在ＳＡＳ软件的基础上对轮廓分析的假设检验进行了讨论，并附应用实例。     

营利性医院的现状分析与对策

本文分析了营利性医疗机构在形成和发展过程中的问题，提出了解决问题的方法和对策，为政府对营利性医疗机构的监管提供决策和指导依据。     

抗菌药物管理措施及成效探讨

目的 加强抗菌药物管理,确保抗菌药物合理使用.方法 确立抗菌药物一品双规、分级使用、特殊使用、抗菌药物专家会诊与医嘱点评制度等.结果 抗菌药物种类减少,使用量下降,医务人员越级使用情况减少,不规范处方数量减少,医务人员抗菌药物知识水平提升.结论 通过加强抗菌药物管理,抗菌药物滥用现象得到遏制,一定程度上保证了抗菌药物合理使用.