生物防治技术在绿色中药材生产中的应用

药用植物在引种栽培过程中 ,遭受到各种病虫害的危害 ,直接影响其产量和质量。为防治药用植物病虫害 ,目前主要依靠化学农药。由于长期、过量施用化学农药 ,造成中药材中的农药残留问题、害虫的抗药性问题及造成流水、土壤等的环境污染问题 ,因此提出以生物防治为主的综合防治措施 ,为生产绿色中药材提供新技术。现已完成了以下几方面的研究 :①应用管氏肿腿蜂防治蛀茎性害虫 ;②研制木霉制剂 ,用于药用植物病害的防治 ;③应用农抗 1 2 0防治人参根疫病 ;④应用昆虫病原线虫防治枸杞负泥虫的研究等。     

北京地区枸杞害虫、天敌种类及发生规律调查

目的 :为枸杞害虫的科学防治提供依据。方法 :在枸杞生长季节调查枸杞害虫及其天敌种类 ,定期、定点调查害虫及天敌发生数量。结果 :北京地区枸杞害虫有 13种 ,枸杞害虫天敌有 17种 ,不同害虫发生数量和为害时期各不相同 ,天敌的种类和发生数量与害虫的发生密切相关。结论 :天敌昆虫可有效的控制枸杞蚜虫和枸杞木虱 ,对严重为害枸杞的枸杞负泥虫、枸杞小跳甲必须进行药剂防治 ,同时注意保护天敌资源。     

昆虫病原线虫对曲牙土天牛室内致死效应初步研究

目的:为探索昆虫病原线虫对化橘红主要蛀干害虫曲牙土天牛的防治效果。方法:采用生产上常用的昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae(All)、嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriphora(H06)、蝼蛄斯氏线虫Steinernema scapterisci(SS)3个品系进行曲牙土天牛幼虫室内侵染试验,分别以每头天牛幼虫0,5 000,10 000条线虫接种量接种。结果和结论:All,H06,SS 3个品系对曲牙土天牛幼虫都有很高的致病力,致死率与线虫接种量之间存在剂量效应,接种量越大,天牛死亡率越高,死亡越快,尤其H06品系,每头幼虫接种10 000条线虫,接种4 d后致死率达到100%。线虫不同品系对天牛幼虫致死速率特征不同,H06具有1个死亡峰,线虫接种后天牛幼虫迅速死亡,All和SS具有前后2个死亡峰,中间有1段死亡率低的平台期。昆虫病原线虫有望用于田间防治曲牙土天牛的危害。     

宁夏枸杞害虫及天敌种类的发生规律调查

目的：为枸杞害虫的防治及规范化种植提供科学依据。方法：在枸杞生长季节调查枸杞害虫及其天敌种类，定期、定点调查害虫及天敌发生数量。结果：宁夏枸杞害虫有38种，枸杞害虫天敌有23种，不同害虫发生数量和为害时期各不相同，天敌的种类和发生数量与害虫的发生密切相关。结论：枸杞木虱、枸杞瘿螨、枸杞蚜虫为宁夏枸杞的主要害虫，天敌昆虫对枸杞蚜虫和枸杞木虱有一定的控制作用。     

病原真菌与根结线虫对罗汉果的复合侵染研究

目的:探讨根结线虫与病原真菌复合侵染罗汉果植株,为防治提供依据。方法:通过组织分离与回接及形态鉴定的方法进行研究。结果:南方根结线虫为罗汉果根结线虫病的病原线虫;茄腐镰孢菌、尖孢镰孢菌、黑白轮枝孢菌是从发病部位分离到的主要菌体,这3种菌及它们的混合菌体均可侵染罗汉果植株,发病率分别为57.14%3、8.10%、47.62%、71.43%;回接试验表明南方根结线虫与这3种菌能复合侵染罗汉果,使植株病害发生更为严重。结论:南方根结线虫与病原真菌可复合侵染罗汉果植株,并提出病虫同治的防治建议。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫死虫状况调查

目的：调查人工饲养的贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫死虫状况，为防治提供依据。方法：饲养过程中随时记录出现的死虫数量；解剖死虫体观察和鉴定死虫的种类；计算各类死虫所占的比例。结果：真菌、细菌、线虫等均可造成幼虫死亡。其中绿僵病死虫数量最多，占死虫总数的61．3-81．6％。     

金银花尺蠖及棉铃虫的一种病原真菌鉴定

目的：明确金银花上的棉铃虫、金银花尺蠖2种害虫的病原真菌的分类地位,为寻找对药材鳞翅目害虫有高毒力的病原真菌提供材料。方法：通过分生孢子分离、培养,从受真菌侵染死亡的金银花鳞翅目害虫体表分离获得昆虫病原真菌,依据真菌的形态特征和ITS序列特征对其进行鉴定。结果：从12份受真菌感染死亡的幼虫体表分离到12株形态特征一致的真菌,依据形态特征和ITS序列特征将其鉴定为莱氏野村菌Nomurea rileyi。结论：莱氏野村菌为金银花尺蠖及棉铃虫两种金银花鳞翅目害虫的一种病原真菌,因其能够在某些鳞翅目害虫间形成流行病,对防治药材害虫具有应用潜力。     

宁夏枸杞主要害虫发生规律与防治策略

目的:明确枸杞主产区主要害虫为害特点、发生规律及防治关键点,指导枸杞害虫绿色防控。方法:结合作者2009、2013、2015年7~9月对我国宁夏、青海、甘肃、新疆、内蒙古枸杞主产区枸杞生产现状调研结果,以及2012—2015年连续4年4~10月份对宁夏中宁县枸杞害虫种群发生动态及田间不同防控措施的效果调查,对枸杞害虫发生规律及集成防控策略进行了分析探讨。结果与结论:枸杞不同产区各害虫的发生为害各有特点,不同害虫占据不同生态位,从时间和空间上各害虫避免了直接竞争。秋季和早春是防治越冬代害虫的关键期,生长季节根据害虫防治关键点实施相应防治措施可有效提高防控效果,降低农药使用量。不同产区之间同种害虫具有共性特点,该研究为指导生产实践提供了理论依据。     

植物源新制剂在枸杞害虫防治中的应用效果评价

目的:评价植物源新制剂在枸杞害虫防治中的应用效果。方法:通过对4个核心示范区主要害虫、天敌数据的采集,及核心示范区、企业防治区、统防统治区3种不同防治措施下农药使用情况跟踪,综合评价3种植物源新制剂在枸杞害虫防治中的应用效果。结果:在严格实施枸杞病虫害"五阶段"安全防治技术的基础上,在采果期应用3种植物源新制剂,可将枸杞主要害虫木虱卵、若虫、蓟马的危害显著控制在防治指标以下,枸杞瘿螨的螨害指数控制在较低水平,捕食性天敌草岭卵的数量亦明显增加。结论:示范区比统防统治区化学药剂使用量减少49.98%,比企业防治区化学药剂使用量减少26.50%。     

枸杞提取物对MPP+诱导的线虫和PC12细胞神经毒性的保护作用

目的:观察枸杞提取物对MPP+诱导的线虫和PC12细胞神经毒性的保护作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:以不同浓度枸杞提取物预处理MPP+诱导的线虫和PC12细胞多巴胺能神经损伤模型,计算线虫的存活率和选择性表达绿色荧光的多巴胺能退行性变神经元的数量,以MTT法和核形态检测PC12细胞的损伤,检测PC12细胞的胞内的氧自由基、线粒体膜电位、总GSH水平。结果:枸杞提取物明显提高了MPP+处理过的线虫的存活率和保护了多巴胺能神经元,对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞的具有明显的保护作用,作用呈量效关系。枸杞提取物通过减少MPP+诱导PC12细胞胞内ROS的过量积聚,减少线粒体损伤,恢复GSH水平而发挥其保护作用。结论:枸杞提取物主要通过抗氧化及恢复GSH水平而发挥其对MPP+诱导的线虫和PC12细胞神经毒性保护作用。     

新疆中药材仓储害虫调查报告

通过调查发现危害新疆全区的中药材仓储害虫有95种,隶属7目、29科,其中主要害虫有32种,并详细列出了害虫的名录、分布及危害中药的种类。本项可供进一步研究和防治参考。     

Efficacy of Myrsine africana, Albizia anthelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa herbal remedies against mixed natural sheep helminthosis in Samburu district, Kenya

Traditional livestock healers from Samburu and Turkana communities in Samburu District of Kenya were identified and recruited for participation in this study. Sheep with mixed gastrointestinal helminthosis were purchased from nomadic livestock owners in the area. Three herbal anthelmintic remedies, viz. Myrsine africana, Albizia anthelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa were administered in the traditional way by the healers and their efficacy determined using percent fecal egg count reduction (percent FECR) test. The results indicate that all the herbal remedies had some efficacy against both nematodes and Monezia species of helminths. The group effect against nematodes was significantly different (P=0.002). Compared to an untreated control group, the efficacy against nematodes was 77, 89.8 and 90% for Myrsine afriacana, Albizia antihelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa, respectively, while albendazole had 100% efficacy. The main nematodes encountered included Haemonchus spp., Trichostrogylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. With regard to Monezia species herbal remedies performed better than albendazole with an efficacy of 100% compared to 63% for albendazole. The group of sheep treated with Albizia anthelmintica showed a significant increase (P=0.003) in packed cell volume (PCV).     

中药致重症药疹并引发狼疮活动例析

对中药致重症药疹并引发狼疮活动作了分析。认为,有药物过敏史及自身免疫系统疾病者而产生中药的过敏反应,使用异体蛋白的虫类药物及光敏性的中药应更慎重。     

三七醇提物对秀丽隐杆线虫的降脂作用＊

目的 研究三七醇提物降低秀丽隐杆线虫脂肪沉积的作用以及可能的分子机制。方法 本研究采用秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物，三七醇提物以不同剂量给药后，观察对线虫的寿命、生殖和抗逆性的影响；采用油红O染色法，观察了线虫体内脂肪沉积的变化；同时,检测了线虫体内的甘油三酯含量和脂肪代谢相关的基因acs-2、pod-2、fat-5的表达水平。结果 与对照组比较：三七醇提物不同给药剂量组均能延长线虫的寿命，增强抗逆性，且高剂量组更为显著（P < 0.01）；对线虫生殖能力没有影响；油红O染色结果显示，三七醇提物可显著降低线虫肠道脂肪沉积（P < 0.01）；三七醇提物高剂量组还能显著降低甘油三酯的含量（P < 0.05），并影响与脂肪代谢相关基因表达水平，其中acs-2 mRNA被上调，pod-2、fat-5mRNA被下调（P < 0.05）。结论 三七醇提物在不影响线虫生命特征的前提下，可减少线虫体内脂肪沉积，对甘油三酯水平及脂肪代谢相关的基因表达水平有调控作用。     

不同时期放置宫内节育器避孕效果评价

我国推广使用宫内节育器已30多年,是一种相对安全、有效、简便、经济、可逆的节育方法,深受广大妇女欢迎,据统计,我国占世界使用宫内节育器避孕总人数的80％,是世界上使用宫内节育器最多的国家Ⅲ。本文对1041例放置宫内节育器妇女追踪观察12个月,随访率99．2％,评价不同时期放置宫内节育器避孕效果、续用率,现报道如下。     

Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F. flowers in sheep

The anthelmintic activity of Calotropis (C.) procera flowers in comparison with levamisole was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro studies revealed anthelmintic effects (P<0.05) of crude aqueous (CAE) and crude methanolic extracts (CME) of Calotropis procera flowers on live Haemonchus (H.) contortus as evident from their mortality or temporary paralysis. For in vivo studies, Calotropis procera flowers were administered as crude powder (CP), CAE and CME to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes. Egg count percent reduction (ECR) was recorded as 88.4 and 77.8% in sheep treated with CAE and CP at 3gkg(-1) body weight on day 7 and 10 post-treatment (PT), respectively. CME was least effective resulting in 20.9% reduction in ECR on day 7 PT. It was found that Calotropis procera flowers possess good anthelmintic activity against nematodes, yet it was lower than that exhibited by levamisole (97.8-100%). It is suggested that further research on large scale be carried out involving a large number of animals, doses higher than those used in the current study, identification of active principles, and standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development.     

Antibacterial activity and in vitro anti-tumor activity of the extract of the larvae of the housefly (Musca domestica)

One of the significant characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine is the use of insects, other terrestrial arthropods and their products as drugs. In the present work, the extract of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae was studied by an agar well diffusion assay and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination for detection of antimicrobial activity and by MTT assay method to test its in vitro anti-tumor activity. In our studies, the extract inhibited six tested bacterial pathogens and Escherichia coli Jm109, a gene-modified strain resistant to ampicillin with the MBCs ranging from 200 to 1600 microg/ml, while Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria. The extract showed high in vitro anti-tumor activity against human colon cancer cell line CT26 with the IRs ranging from 62 to 89%. The extract of housefly larvae inoculated with Shigella dysenteriae 51302 exhibited higher antibacterial activity and in vitro anti-tumor activity than that of native larvae, which may indicate the same principle involved in the use of Bombyx mori larvae infected with silk moth fungus Beauveria bassiana and Hepialis larvae infected with Cordiceps fungus in the traditional Chinese medicine. Both extracts did not show any coagulation activity and haemolysis activity against rabbit erythrocytes at 500 and 1000 microg/ml. The results support its use in the traditional Chinese medicine, and warrant the further identification of the active molecule in the housefly larvae.