甲磺酸培氟沙星注射液的抗菌作用研究

目的： 研究甲磺酸培氟沙星注射液的抗菌作用。方法： 体外试验采用双倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度（ ＭＩＣ） 和最小杀菌浓度（ ＭＢＣ） 。体内试验采用感染动物治疗实验测定半数有效量（ＥＤ５０） 。结果： 甲磺酸培氟沙星注射液对大肠杆菌ＡＴｃｃ ４４１１３ 、福氏痢疾杆菌、变形杆菌的ＭＩＣ 分别为１－２５ , ０－６３ , １－２５ ｍｇ／Ｌ, 对绿脓杆菌的ＭＩＣ 为２０ ｍｇ／Ｌ, 对脑膜炎双球菌２９０１９ 、肺炎双球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌ＡＴｃｃ ２５９２５ 的ＭＩＣ 分别为０－６３ , ２－５０ , ２－５０ ｍｇ／Ｌ。体内试验可见, 对肺炎双球菌感染小鼠的ＥＤ５０ 为４４－９５ ±０－３９ ｍｇ／ｋｇ , 对大肠杆菌感染小鼠的ＥＤ５０ 为２９－５８ ±２－１９ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 。     

Menadione reduced doxorubicin resistance in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro

目的：研究维生素Ｋ３（Ｍｅｎ）降低ＥＡＣ／Ｄｏｘ细胞对阿霉素（Ｄｏｘ）的抗药性．方法：测定谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ），细胞膜流动性及谷胱甘肽Ｓ转移酶（ＧＳＴ）活性．细胞存活力以甲基四唑蓝法测定．结果：ＥＡＣ／Ｄｏｘ细胞ＧＳＨ，ＧＳＴ及膜流动性均较ＥＡＣ细胞增加（Ｐ＜００１）．Ｄｏｘ对ＥＡＣ／Ｄｏｘ细胞ＩＣ５０为２２３（１５８－２８８）ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．Ｍｅｎ５或１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１可降低ＥＡＣ／Ｄｏｘ细胞ＧＳＨ（Ｐ＜００１），１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１对ＧＳＨ无影响（Ｐ＞００５），但可降低细胞膜流动性（Ｐ＜００５）．Ｍｅｎ１，５或１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１可使ＤｏｘＩＣ５０降低到９．６（７８－１１３），６０（２８－９２），或５３（３９－６７）ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（Ｐ＜００１）．结论：Ｍｅｎ在体外降低ＥＡＣ／Ｄｏｘ细胞对Ｄｏｘ抗药性与对ＧＳＨ的耗竭有关．     

头孢克罗颗粒剂的抗菌作用

头孢克罗是第二代口服头孢类抗生素．具有抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强等特点．本品的体外抗菌试验，对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌等的ＭＩＣ５０分别为：０．１，０．７８，１．５６ｍｇ／Ｌ；体内的保护试验，对接种的金黄色葡萄球菌（临１）口服给药的ＥＤ５０为０．１３１４ｍｇ／Ｌ，对接种大肠杆菌（临２）的ＥＤ５０为２．３３７０ｍｇ／Ｌ．     

国产盐酸洛美沙星体内外抗菌作用实验研究

盐酸洛美沙星对革兰阴性菌具有强的抗菌活性，其ＭＩＣ５０多数为０．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１；对金葡球菌ＭＩＣ５０为０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１；对绿脓假单胞菌ＭＩＣ５０为１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。盐酸洛美沙星体外抗菌活性与诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星相近而略逊于环丙沙星。盐酸洛美沙星对金葡球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓假单胞菌感染小鼠ｉｖ的ＥＤ５０分别是４．４７、１．６２和１７．１３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，体内抗菌作用较环丙沙星弱但强于诺氟沙星和／或氧氟沙星。     

Du6859a及其他新的氟喹诺酮类药物的体外抗菌活性

用琼脂稀释法测定Ｄｕ６８５９ａ对１２０６株临床分离菌的抗菌作用，并与其同类品种（司帕沙星、托舒沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、左氟沙星、环丙沙星）比较。Ｄｕ６８５ｑａ对金葡球菌不产酶株、ＭＳＳＡ、ＭＲＳＡ、ＭＲＳＥ，溶血性链球菌和肺炎球菌的ＭＩＣ＿（９０）均为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ；对肠球菌的ＭＩＣ＿（９０）为２ｍｇ／Ｌ，优于其同类品种。多数肠杆菌科细菌可为０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，铜绿假单胞菌可为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的本品所抑制，其抗菌活性与司帕沙星和托舒沙星相似。Ｄｕ６８５９ａ对各种厌氧菌亦具良好作用，多数菌株可为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的浓度抑制。因此认为本品具有良好的临床应用前景，值得进一步临床试验。     

国产克林霉素磷酸酯体外抗菌作用研究

国产、进口克林霉素磷酸酯与盐酸克林霉素对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌及厌氧菌具有相似的体外抗菌活性，克林霉素磷酸酯经碱性磷酸酯酶水解后，对金葡球菌、表葡球菌抗菌活性与红霉素及氯唑西林相似，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２和０．１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，低于盐酸林可霉素。对一些红霉素耐药的金葡球菌、表葡球菌也有一定抗菌活性，最低ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２和０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌具有较好的抗菌活性，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０３１和０．０６２ｍｇ／Ｌ，对革兰氏阳性、阴性厌氧菌具有较强的抗菌活性，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＭＩＣ＿（９０）为０．２５～４ｍｇ／Ｌ。结果表明，克林霉素磷酸酯对金葡球菌、表葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓链球菌ＭＢＣ＿（５０）较其ＭＩＣ＿（５０）高１～４倍，其它结果显示克林霉素磷酸酯不受ｐＨ或接种量影响。     

新脂肽类抗生素达托霉素的抗菌活性及临床研究进展

在体外抗菌活性研究中,达托霉素（ｄａｐｔｏｍｙｃｉｎ）对革兰氏阳性菌耐药突变株表现出杰出的活性,其中对甲氧西林耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的ＭＩＣ５０为０．１２５～２ｍｇ／Ｌ,对青霉素耐药性肺炎链球菌的ＭＩＣ５０＜０．０１～１ｍｇ／Ｌ,对万古霉素耐药性肠球菌（ＶＲＥ）的ＭＩＣ５０为０．５～２ｍｇ／Ｌ。一般而言,达托霉素的ＭＩＣ为万古霉素ＭＩＣ的１／２～１／４,并对ＭＲＳＡ和ＶＲＥ有杀菌活性。在各种革兰氏阳性菌中,对达托霉素的抗菌谱和药效学作了评价,达托霉素对所有测试菌的杀菌率都超过９９％,对…     

溴莫普林体内和体外抗菌活性研究

目的：本文对二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂溴莫普林（ＢＤＰ）的抗菌活性进行了研究。方法：ＢＤＰ的最小抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）检测采用试管肉汤稀释法，其半数有效量（ＥＤ５０）的检测通过对感染小鼠的试验性治疗来实现。结果：ＢＤＰ对６９０株临床分离株的ＭＩＣ５０为４ｍｇ·Ｌ－１，低于单次口服６００ｍｇＢＤＰ在血浆中可能达到的峰浓度。ＢＤＰ的ＭＩＣ与甲氧苄氨嘧啶（ＴＭＰ）相似，但ＥＤ５０仅为ＴＭＰ的１／２左右。结论：ＢＤＰ的体内药效明显优于ＴＭＰ。     

用兔血小板膜受体筛选血小板激活因子（TAF）拮抗剂

在兔血小板膜中，血小板激活因子（ＰＡＦ）结合部位显示高度亲合性（Ｋｄ＝０．１±０．００７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、饱和性、显著的药理学特异性，其最大结合容量为２．８９±０．３２ｐｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白。３Ｈ－ＰＡＦ饱和结合浓度为０．２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。等温线表明为单一结合位点。红曲霉（Ｍｏｎａｓｃｕｓｓｐ．Ｆ４００）代谢产物中的小成份Ｄ（２Ａ）和Ｃ（４Ａ）与ＰＡＦ竞争受体结合部位，它们是ＰＡＦ的拮抗剂。Ｄ２Ａ的ＩＣ５０为３．１６×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃ４Ａ的ＩＣ５０为３．０３×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者血清D—二聚体的变化及其意义

为探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者凝血及纤溶活性，采用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法测定了３５例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的血清Ｄ－二聚体，结果：ＮＩＤＤＭ患者血清Ｄ－二聚体水平为１．６３ｍｇ／Ｌ±０．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ），明显高于正常对照组（０．３３ｍｇ／Ｌ±０．０９ｍｇ／Ｌ）（Ｐ〈０．０５）；有血管病变组Ｄ－二聚体为２．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ±０．６８ｍｇ／Ｌ，高于无血管病变组（０．６９ｍｇ／Ｌ±０．６８ｍｇ／Ｌ），差     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.