非清髓性造血干细胞移植后并发移植物抗宿主病的相关因素分析

目的 探讨和分析非清髓性造血干细胞移植(NST)后并发移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的相关因素.方法 选择34例血液病患者,其中重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)15例,重型β-地中海贫血(TM)1例,肿瘤性血液病18例;进行无关供者脐带血造血干细胞移植(UCBT)11例,同胞供者骨髓联合外周血干细胞移植7例,外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)16例.移植前采用以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)或者氟达拉滨强效免疫抑制为基础的非清髓性预处理方案.GVHD的预防采用短程的甲氨蝶呤(MTX)联合环孢素A(CsA).观察非清髓性造血干细胞移植后的临床特点以及急、慢性移植物抗宿主病的发生情况;分析发生慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)的相关因素.结果 NST的植入率为91.2%.移植后7例肿瘤性血液病患者形成了供、受者造血细胞混合嵌合体(MC),给予供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)2～9次后,例由MC转变为供者造血细胞完全嵌合体(FDC).随访12(3～96)个月,共发生Ⅰ～Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)5例,GVHD 15例.经统计学分析,发现年龄大的肿瘤性血液病患者经以ATG为基础的NST后,再给予DLI,其cGVHD的发生率高,且合并感染,对治疗的反应差;而以氟达拉滨为基础的NST患者发生cGVHD后治疗反应较好.移植100 d前后患者分别死亡3例和5例,其中3例死于广泛性cGVHD.结论 患者的年龄大、有合并症、以ATG为基础的预处理方案、肿瘤性血液病是NST后患者并发cGVHD的危险因素.     

造血干细胞移植后并发感染121例的临床分析

目的探讨造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后并发感染的临床病原学特点和相关危险因素。方法共有121例造血系统疾病患者接受HSCT,其中51例行异基因外周造血干细胞移植,40例行异基因骨髓移植,4例行异基因外周血造血干细胞和骨髓混合移植,5例行脐带血移植,16例行自体造血干细胞移植,5例行自体CD34~+细胞移植。患者均采用化疗进行预处理。采用短程甲氨蝶呤联合环孢素A预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),部分病例加用达利珠单抗或抗淋巴细胞球蛋白。结果121例患者中,116例患者获得造血重建,3例移植失败,2例在移植物植活前因严重感染死亡。移植后60d内,83例(68．6%)共发生感染97次,64例(77．1%)发生感染时中性粒细胞＜0．5×10~9/L,患者均有不同程度的发热。口咽黏膜和呼吸道(上、下呼吸道)是最常见的感染部位,占64．9%。21例患者的23次感染中,共分离出20株细菌和7株真菌,65%为革兰氏阴性杆菌。10例患者并发巨细胞病毒感染。因感染死亡的患者共8例,均为异基因造血干细胞移植患者。发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD患者的感染发生率(88．9%,24/27)高于0～Ⅰ度急性GVHD患者(60．3%,44/73,P＜0．01)。结论造血干细胞移植后60d内的感染多发生于粒细胞缺乏期；口咽黏膜炎和呼吸道是常见感染部位,下呼吸道感染者的死亡率高,侵袭性真菌感染者的预后不佳；发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD者有较高的感染发生率。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病的临床分析

目的：探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）的临床特点、相关危险因素及治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析69例allo-HSCT患者的临床资料。根据供、受者的关系以及配型情况，将患者分为三组：A组为亲缘全相合异基因骨髓移植，22例；B组为亲缘全相合异基因外周血干细胞移植，37例；C组为非血缘移植和不全相合移植，10例。术前均采用化疗预处理，术后采用短程甲氨蝶呤联合环孢素A（CsA）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。局限性cGVHD患者多采用单一免疫抑制剂（CsA或糖皮质激素）治疗，病情进展者采用标准方案（CsA联合糖皮质激素）治疗；广泛性cGVHD患者则需用标准方案治疗（一线治疗方案）。一线治疗无效、病情进展者，对一线治疗依赖不能停药，或停药后病情反复者，需用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及硫唑嘌呤治疗（二线治疗方案）。结果：移植后随访6～120个月，中位时间为43个月，39例诊断为cGVHD，其中局限性cGVHD13例（33．3％，13／39），广泛性cGVHD26例（66．7％，26／39），7例死于cGVHD或与之相关的并发症。B组cGVHD发生率较A组显著升高（P〈0．05），B组和C组的广泛性cGVHD发生率显著高于A组（P〈O．05）。外周血干细胞移植和病程中发生2～4度急性GVHD是cGVHD发生的主要危险因素。局限性cGVHD患者采用一线方案治疗的有效率显著高于广泛性cGVHD患者（P〈0．05），标准危险度cGVHD者的治疗有效率显著优于高危险度cGVHD者（P〈0．05）。结论：eGVHD是allo-HSCT后常见并发症和致死原因；广泛性cGVHD多发生于异基因外周血干细胞移植、HLA配型不全相合移植和非血缘移植，且临床治疗效果不佳。     

慢性移植物抗宿主病动物模型的研究

造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)伴随着移植物抗白血病效应(GVL),能降低肿瘤复发,但由于cGVHD发生率高达25%～80%,并伴随严重的并发症,甚至导致受者死亡[1],降低了患者的生活质量,故cGVHD仍然是影响异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)效果的重要因素之一.     

慢性移植物抗宿主病的研究进展

异基因造血干细胞移植是目前治疗造血系统恶性肿瘤的重要手段，但移植后的相关并发症严重影响了其治疗效果。目前，在异基因造血干细胞移植后与慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）相关的死亡率约占非复发性死亡的54％。但对cGVHD发生的机制尚不明确。随着国内外学者研究的不断深入，关于cGVHD的发生机理正逐渐得到揭示，一些新的治疗措施也取得了较理想的效果，这给造血干细胞移植及cGVHD患者带来新的希望。     

肝移植术后并发以皮肤组织损伤为主的移植物抗宿主病一例

移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)主要发生于异基因造血干细胞移植后,肝移植术后发生GVHD较为罕见。我院1例患者肝移植术后出现GVHD的皮肤病理学改变,现报告如下。     

非亲缘脐血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例报道

目的观察非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床效果。方法 1例5岁非霍奇金淋巴瘤（Ⅳ期）患儿接受了高剂量放化疗联合非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植的治疗。结果静脉输注脐血后无异常反应。白细胞植入时间为移植后17d,血小板植入时间为移植后25d。移植后出现Ⅰ度急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）,分别于24d、40d采集患者外周血,经短串联重复序列GeneScan方法分析判定供者造血干细胞在患者体内存活。患儿移植后43d出院,随访至2010年6月,已无病存活67个月,至今状况良好,无复发、无并发症、无慢性GVHD发生。结论大剂量化疗联合非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤儿童患者的移植效果较好,并发症较少。     

脐带间充质干细胞治疗移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

目的总结18例异基因造血干细胞移植术后移植物抗宿主病患者进行脐带间充质干细胞治疗的护理经验。方法对18例异基因造血干细胞移植术后移植物抗宿主病患者进行脐带间充质干细胞治疗,脐带间充质干细胞细胞数量为107/U,患者每次均输入5U。结果 18例患者输注脐带间充质干细胞后+30d进行追踪观察疗效评价,完全缓解8例,部分缓解8例,无效2例(因Ⅳ度移植物抗宿主病合并肺部感染死亡)。结论细致的病情观察及执行规范的脐带间充质干细胞输注,是治疗异基因造血干细胞移植移植物抗宿主病患者的护理重点。     

间充质干细胞治疗激素耐药的重度急性移植物抗宿主病的Ⅱ期临床研究

重度移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植的致命性并发症,糖皮质激素是急性GVHD的一线治疗药物,但激素治疗的有效率仅为30%～50%,且激素耐药的重度急性GVHD患者预后极差.间充质干细胞(MSC)可以调节体内外的免疫反应,因此MSC可用于治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后急性GVHD.本研究旨在观察骨髓MSC治疗激素耐药的重度急性GVHD的疗效.     

他克莫司在造血干细胞移植中的应用进展

移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后的主要并发症之一,同时也是导致患者HSCT后死亡的主要原因.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.