HSP47在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠模型肾脏组织的表达及作用

目的:观察HSP47在单侧输尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)大鼠模型肾脏组织的表达情况,探讨HSP47在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为模型组(UUO组)和假手术组(Sham组),每组8只.采用单侧(左)输尿管结扎方法,建立梗阻性肾小管间质纤维化大鼠模型.术后第14天处死动物.观察两组间蛋白尿和血肌酐水平, 运用HE和Masson染色观察肾脏组织形态学改变,采用免疫组织化学方法检测HSP47、胶原Ⅳ(Collagen Ⅳ)的表达.结果:与Sham组比较,UUO组大鼠血肌酐水平升高,蛋白尿差异无统计学意义.光镜下UUO组大鼠肾组织出现不同程度的肾小管扩张、间质炎症细胞浸润,间质面积增宽、部分肾小管萎缩、肾小管上皮细胞空泡样变性.Masson染色结果显示UUO组大鼠肾组织胶原在肾小管周围、间质区显著增多.免疫组织化学结果显示UUO组大鼠肾组织HSP47表达显著增加,在肾小管周围、间质区表达增加最明显;Collagen Ⅳ表达显著增加,在肾小管基底膜、间质区表达增加最明显.结论:HSP47在UUO大鼠模型肾脏组织中表达上调,且与胶原表达部位一致,提示HSP47促进肾间质纤维化,且该作用与其促进胶原蛋白的合成有关.     

巨噬细胞特异表达共刺激分子VSIG4对实验性肾间质纤维化的影响

目的:探讨巨噬细胞特异表达共刺激分子VSIG4与实验性小鼠肾间质纤维化的关系。方法:SPF级雄性C57B6(VSIG4-/-及VSIG4+/+)小鼠共40只,其中VSIG4-/-肾小管间质性肾炎模型组(n=20)和VSIG4+/+肾小管间质性肾炎模型组(n=20),两个模型组下分别设术前7d及单侧输尿管梗阻后3d、7d、14d4个时相点,每个时相点各5只。模型组行左输尿管结扎。采用自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血肌酐、尿素氮水平。于术前7d、术后第3、7、14天观察肾小管损害及肾间质炎性细胞浸润程度,免疫组化技术观察病变肾组织TGF-β1和MMP-2的表达。结果:①血肌酐及尿素氮水平在两个模型组间无统计学意义。②与VSIG4+/+肾小管间质性肾炎模型组相比,VSIG4-/-肾小管间质性肾炎模型组肾间质炎性细胞浸润和肾小管损害程度明显加重(P0.05),肾组织TGF-β1表达明显升高(P0.05),MMP-2表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:VSIG4-/-的小鼠肾间质炎性细胞浸润、肾小管损害加重,病变肾组织TGF-β1的表达上升和MMP-2的表达下调。提示VSIG4在抑制肾小管间质损伤的病理进程中发挥作用。     

E-钙黏蛋白在单侧输尿管梗阻模型大鼠肾间质纤维化中的作用

背景：细胞黏附的丧失及E-钙黏蛋白表达下降在肾小管上皮细胞转分化导致肾间质纤维化疾病进展过程中发挥着的重要作用。 目的：观察单侧输尿管梗阻模型大鼠肾小管间质纤维化动态及该病理过程中E-钙黏蛋白、整合素连接激酶蛋白的表达,探讨E-钙黏蛋白在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用机制。 方法：72只SD大鼠随机摸球法均分为正常组、对照组和模型组。模型组建立单侧输尿管梗阻模型;对照组仅进行假手术;正常组不做任何处理。分别于造模后第1,3,7,14天分批处死大鼠,检测梗阻侧肾小管间质纤维化损伤程度并检测肾脏组织中E-钙黏蛋白、整合素连接激酶蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：与正常组及对照组比较,模型组梗阻时间越长,肾小管间质损害程度越重,纤维化越明显。造模后3 d大鼠肾脏组织E-钙黏蛋白mRNA及其蛋白表达水平即出现下调,第14天最低,整合素连接激酶蛋白表达则显著增加,与同期正常组、对照组相比,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。说明E-钙黏蛋白的表达减少促进了肾间质纤维化的发生、发展,而整合素连接激酶蛋白的表达增加在肾间质纤维化的进程中可能也发挥了重要作用。      

单侧输尿管梗阻的大鼠内质网应激相关蛋白表达上调

目的探究内质网应激(ERS)相关凋亡通路在单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾间质纤维化中的作用机制。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组及UUO模型组,UUO组行左侧输尿管结扎术,于术后3、7和14 d HE和Masson染色观察肾脏病理变化;眼底静脉丛取血,分离血清测定血尿素氮及肌酐;Western blot检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、内质网源性转录因子(CHOP)、凋亡相关蛋白半胱氨酸天门冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)及caspase-12蛋白表达。结果与假手术组相比,UUO模型组可见:1)肾小管扩张和肾间质纤维化程度随输尿管梗阻时间延长而渐进性加重;2)GRP78、CHOP、caspase-3及caspase-12蛋白表达在术后3 d均有上调,随着梗阻时间延长,上述蛋白表达更显著(P0.01)。结论内质网应激相关标志性蛋白在UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的早期即存在表达上调,可能促进了肾间质纤维化不断进展。     

单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏岩藻糖基转移酶8的表达变化

目的: 探讨岩藻糖基转移酶8(FUT8)在单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠模型肾脏中表达及意义。方法: 90只雄性Wistar 大鼠随机分为正常对照组(control组)、假手术组(sham组)和UUO组,分别在术后1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d和21 d处死,检测各组大鼠肾功能情况;PAS与Masson染色观察大鼠肾间质病理形态学改变;RT-PCR和Western blotting检测各组大鼠肾组织不同时点FUT8 mRNA及蛋白的表达;免疫荧光检测大鼠肾组织不同时点FUT8和活化素受体样激酶5(ALK5)的分布以及表达;免疫组化检测大鼠肾脏纤维连接蛋白(FN)、Ⅰ型胶原(Col I)和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达。结果: 与control组相比,UUO组大鼠血肌酐及尿素氮于术后3 d开始升高(P<0.05),第21 d升至最高(P<0.01);UUO3 d开始肾间质可见明显炎症细胞浸润,14 d出现明显肾小管萎缩,21 d可见明显肾间质纤维化。FUT8的mRNA表达与蛋白水平表达于术后3 d出现上升并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加(P<0.05),分别于14 d及21 d达到最高峰(P<0.01); ALK5在肾小管的表达与FUT8一致,呈正相关(r=0.87,P<0.05),且两者分布一致,共表达区域随着肾纤维化进展逐渐增加。FN、Col I和α-SMA表达于术后第3 d出现上升并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加(P<0.05),且与FUT8呈正相关(r=0.80,r=0.76,r=0.89,P<0.05)。结论: 在肾间质纤维化的进展中,FUT8与ALK5表达呈时空一致性升高,可能与肾间质纤维化程度密切相关。     

PAX2-siRNA在梗阻性肾病大鼠体内的作用研究

目的 通过RNA干扰和基因转染技术,研究沉默PAX2基因对UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响.方法 将PAX2-siRNA转染至UUO大鼠肾脏被膜下,将64只幼年雄性大鼠随机分为:阴性对照组(NC)32只;沉默组(RNAi) 32只,于转染后3、5、7、14天分为4组,每组8只,留取肾组织标本,应用Real-Time PCR及Western blot检测肾皮质PAX2 mRNA及其蛋白的沉默情况,HE染色和Masson染色方法在光镜下观察肾小管损伤情况和肾间质纤维化程度.结果 ①沉默组与对照组比较PAX2 mRNA和PAX2蛋白表达量降低,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),②HE和Masson染色观察到对照组随梗阻时间延长,肾小管损伤逐渐明显,肾间质中可见胶原蛋白逐渐增加.沉默组与对照组比较在7d以前无明显变化(P＞0.05);在梗阻14d沉默组与对照组比较肾小管损伤减轻、肾间质病变减低、胶原纤维沉积减少(P＜0.05).结论 在UUO大鼠模型中,梗阻早期沉默PAX2基因对肾间质纤维化进程无明显影响,梗阻晚期可减轻肾小管损伤及肾间质纤维化病变,对肾间质纤维化有明显治疗作用.     

骨形态形成蛋白-7及其受体在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠模型中表达的研究

目的：探讨单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠模 型不同时点肾脏中骨形态形成蛋白-7（BMP-7）及其受体BMPR-Ⅱ、ALK-2、ALK-3、ALK-6 mR NA表达水平的动态变化及意义。方法:60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常大鼠 组、假手术组和单侧输尿管梗阻组，分别于术后1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d处死，采用RT-PCR方 法检测肾组织BMP-7、BMPR-Ⅱ、ALK-2、ALK-3、ALK-6的mRNA表达水平，免疫组织化学方法 检测肾小管间质中BMP-7的蛋白定位和表达。结果:与对照组相比，输尿 管梗阻组肾组织BMP-7及其受体BMPR-Ⅱ、ALK-2、ALK-3的mRNA表达于术后第1 d即出现下降 并随梗阻时间延长递减，而ALK-6的mRNA表达水平变化不明显。免疫组化结果显示BMP－7蛋 白在对照组中高度表达，主要分布在肾小管及肾间质，肾小球内基本无表达。在梗阻组随梗阻时间延长、肾间质损害加重，BMP－7蛋白表达呈进行性下降。结论:在肾间质损害过程中BMP-7及其受体BMPR-Ⅱ、ALK-2、ALK-3于病变早期即出现表达下调，早于肾间质纤维化病理改变的出现，BMP-7及其受体表达下调可能参与介导肾小管间质纤维化的发生发展。     

卡维地洛减轻顺铂的肾损害

目的：研究顺铂肾损害中肾小管上皮细胞凋亡情况；以卡维地洛干预，探讨Bax、Bcl-2在其中的作用及机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为生理盐水（NS）对照组、卡维地洛对照组、顺铂组、卡维地洛治疗组。测定血清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（SCr）、肾组织中丙二醛（MDA）、抑制羟自由基能力(IHR)；过碘酸-希夫氏碱（PAS）染色观察肾脏病理改变；原位末端标记法（TUNEL）与DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察肾小管上皮细胞凋亡；免疫组化法检测肾组织Bax、Bcl-2的表达。结果:顺铂组大鼠血中BUN、SCr明显高于其它各组，肾脏病理改变明显加重。DNA电泳及TUNEL染色可见大量的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡； MDA含量增加，IHR降低；肾组织Bax表达增加，Bcl-2无明显变化。卡维地洛治疗组大鼠肾功能障碍、肾脏的病理变化减轻； MDA含量下降，IHR增加；肾小管上皮细胞凋亡减少，Bax表达减少，Bcl-2表达增加。结论:肾小管上皮细胞凋亡是顺铂肾毒性的重要原因。卡维地洛可通过减少活性氧族 (ROS)，减少Bax、增加Bcl-2的表达，使Bcl-2/Bax上调，阻止线粒体膜孔(MPT)的开放，抑制肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,减轻顺铂的肾损害。     

BMP-7与PDGF-B在肾纤维化中的作用机制研究

目的观察骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)及血小板源性生长因子(PDGF-B)在肾间质纤维化大鼠模型中的表达变化及意义。方法清洁级Wister雄性成年大鼠60只随机分为三组:正常对照组、假手术组、单侧输尿管梗阻组(UUO)。分别在术后1、3、7、14天,每组取5只大鼠处死,取左侧肾脏行免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织中BMP-7、PDGF-B的表达水平。结果免疫组化光镜下,正常对照组BMP-7呈高度表达,在UUO组术后随梗阻时间延长BMP-7表达逐渐减少,术后14天表达量最弱;正常对照组及假手术组PDGF-B仅有少量表达,UUO术后随梗阻时间延长肾间质内PDGF-B表达逐渐增多,但各时相点肾小球均无明显表达。结论 (1)在正常肾脏中有着丰富的BMP-7表达,主要表达在肾小管间质,随着梗阻时间的逐渐延长表达呈进行性的下降。(2)在正常肾脏中PDGF-B仅见微量的表达,且随梗阻时间逐渐延长表达呈进行性上调。     

肾康注射液通过TGF β1/Smad3信号通路抑制失血性休克大鼠肾损伤

目的探讨肾康注射液对失血性休克大鼠肾功能保护作用,初步探讨其作用机制。方法 SD大鼠45只,随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、失血性休克模型组(HS组)及肾康注射液治疗组(SK组),采用股动脉放血法建立失血性休克大鼠模型,HS组自体血液回输复苏,SK组予以腹腔注射肾康注射液,各组于HS发生后4h处死大鼠,观察各组大鼠血清中肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)浓度变化,HE、Masson染色观察肾脏组织病理学变化,Western blot检测各组大鼠肾脏组织中TGF-β1、smad3、p-smad3蛋白表达。结果 HS组大鼠肾功能损伤严重,血清中SCr、BUN浓度明显升高,病理学可见肾小球上皮细胞空泡变性,结构破坏严重,界线不清,大量炎性细胞浸润及胶原蛋白沉积,肾脏纤维化程度较高。经肾康注射液干预后,SK组肾功能明显减轻,血清中SCr、BUN浓度明显降低,病理学观察到肾小球上皮细胞结构完整,界线清楚,细胞排列基本有序,仅可见少量胶原蛋白沉积,纤维化程度较轻,同时,肾脏组织中TGF-β1、smad3、p-smad3蛋白表达明显受到抑制。结论肾康注射液改善失血性休克大鼠肾功能损伤,抑制肾脏纤维化,与其下调TGF-β1、smad3、p-smad3蛋白表达,调控TGFβ1/Smad3信号通路相关。     

CaO-MgO-P_2O_5-SiO_2-CaF_2系统自硬性玻璃的研究

为研究钙离子、镁离子在体内环境中对自硬性玻璃结晶行为的影响,为自硬性生物活性玻璃的临床应用提供依据,本文设计了CaO-P2O5-SiO2-CaF2(Ca-glass)和CaO-MgO-P2O5-SiO2-CaF2(CaMg-glass)系统玻璃并使用模拟体液(simulated body flu id,SBF)进行了研究。首先采用磷酸氢二氨[(NH4)2HPO4]/[NH4H2PO4]硬化液与Ca-glass、CaMg-glass制成硬化体,然后使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、失重、力学分析等方法,研究硬化体在SBF中的结晶性、降解性和力学性能。实验结果表明,玻璃粉末与磷酸铵缓冲溶液反应形成了磷酸铵钙[(NH4)2.Ca(HPO4)2.H2O]硬化体。硬化体经过SBF浸泡,Ca-glass系统硬化体中部分磷酸铵钙转化成羟基磷灰石,而CaMg-glass系统硬化体仍然为磷酸铵钙。Ca-glass与CaMg-glass硬化体在SBF中浸泡28天分别降解19.4%和31.3%,抗压强度分别为93.14MPa和64.52MPa。镁离子的歧化作用是导致Ca-glass、CaMg-glass硬化体结晶性能、降解性能以及力学性能差别的主要原因。     

An apparent KIR2DS2-negative KIR2DL2-positive genotype discloses the novel allele KIR2DS2*00104

KIR2DS2*00104 lacks a distinctive synonymous substitution of KIR2DS2 in nucleotide 418 that affects KIR genotyping.     

Corticosteroid-interleukin 2 interactions: inhibition of binding of interleukin 2 to interleukin 2 receptors.

PHA activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) were incubated with human interleukin 2 (IL-2) in the absence or in the presence of 10(-6)-10(-9) M hydrocortisone (HC). HC suppressed the proliferative response of the activated MNC to highly purified human leucocyte IL-2 in a dose dependent manner. This suppression was in full accordance with an inhibition of the IL-2 binding capacity, whereby the high affinity binding sites were reduced by 85%, while the low affinity sites were less affected. The mechanism by which HC inhibits the binding of IL-2 is still unknown. Evidence is presented that HC binds only weakly to IL-2. We conclude that HC interferes with the IL-2 binding by modulating the binding and/or signal processing function of the IL-2 receptor.     

NDRG2对肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的诱导作用

目的：探讨NDRG2对肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的诱导作用。方法：用RT-PCR获取NDRG2基因。测序判断正确后，将其克隆入含绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP中，并转染NDRG2表达阴性的HepG2细胞。用光镜观察转染细胞的形态变化；荧光显微镜观察NDRG2蛋白的定位；流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的改变；透射电镜进一步观察细胞超微结构的改变。结果：获得了NDRG2基因，成功地构建了pIRES2-EGFP-NDRG2真核表达载体。转染HepG2细胞后，细胞生长受抑，结构破坏并死亡。荧光显微镜观察到NDRG2在胞质中表达，流式细胞仪检测出现G1期阻滞和凋亡峰，透射电镜观察到典型的细胞凋亡特征。结论：NDRG2基因具有诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的作用，其机制有待进一步研究。     

2-Perbromomethyl-2-oxazoline: a novel trifunctional initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline

Polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was carried out using a trifunctional initiator, 2-perbromomethyl-2-oxazoline. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the resulting polymer was very close to the feed mole ratio of the monomer to initiator. The number-average molecular weight M?_n increased linearly with conversion, indicating the living nature of the propagating chain end. ¹H NMR and end-group analyses results are consistent with the proposal that the polymer possesses a star-shaped structure.     

Isolation of a novel KIR2DL3-specific mAb: comparative analysis of the surface distribution and function of KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DS2

In recent years an increasing number of sequences coding for new KIRs have been described. However, the limited availability of mAbs with unique KIR specificities has hindered an exhaustive assessment of their actual function, HLA-specificity, expression at the cell surface and distribution in different cell populations. In this study we report the generation of a novel mAb (ECM41) specific for KIR2DL3 molecules. By the use of cell transfectants expressing one or other KIR we show that this reagent allows discrimination of KIR2DL3 from other GL183 mAb-reactive molecules such as KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. Moreover we show that this novel mAb can be used to assess the surface expression and distribution of KIR2DL3 in different polyclonal NK populations and in NK cell clones. Along this line, we were able to analyze the HLA class I specificity of NK clones expressing either KIR2DL3 or KIR2DL2, two inhibitory receptors that were so far serologically undistinguishable. Finally, the combined use of GL183 and ECM41 mAbs in redirected killing assays allowed us to investigate the functional outcome of the simultaneous engagement of KIR2DL3 and KIR2DS2 in NK cell clones co-expressing KIRs that display opposite (inhibitory vs activating) function.     

13C NMR spectroscopy of 2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate and poly(2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate)

The synthesis and characterization of 2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate (FMPA) is reported. ¹³C NMR spectra of FMPA in CDCl₃, CD₃OD, DMSO-d₆, DMF-d₇, and D₂O exhibit two pairs of lines for all seven carbon atoms at room temperature; the ratio of the two conformers varies moderately with solvent (21 : 79 to 41 : 59). The conformers are believed to involve strong internal hydrogen bonding which is not completely broken even by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid to CDCl₃ (1/1, v/v). However, the pairs of lines coalesce in turn as the temperature is raised to 120°C in DMSO-d₆. FMPA was polymerized at 35°C in DMF and CHCl₃, using a free radical initiator and the polymer was characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

H2O2 induced hyperpolarization of pancreatic B-cells

Conventional electrophysiology and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique have been applied to elucidate the effects of H₂O₂ on pancreatic B-cells of the mouse. In these cells, addition of 15 mmol/l glucose leads to depolarization and oscillation of the cell membrane potential. Subsequent addition of H₂O₂ (1 mmol/l) in the presence of glucose was followed by a marked and rapid hyperpolarization of the cell membrane with suppression of the electrical activity. Accordingly, in slow whole-cell patch-clamp experiments (with nystatin in the pipette solution) H₂O₂ induced a marked increase of cell membrane conductance. Tolbutamide, a blocker of K⁺ _ATP channels, only partially blocked the effect of H₂O₂ even at high concentrations. The H₂O₂-induced, tolbutamide-insensitive current component, however, was largely abolished by a high concentration of TEA⁺ (80 mmol/l) or BaCl₂ (10 mmol/l). It is concluded that in B-cells H₂O₂ stimulates a K⁺ current and that this effect leads to marked hyperpolarization and reversal of glucose-induced oscillations of cell membrane potential.     

肌肽减轻H_2O_2诱导的N2a细胞损伤

目的探究肌肽对H2O2诱导的N2a细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法将N2a细胞分为对照组、损伤组(给予H2O2)和肌肽保护组(预先加入肌肽)。用相差显微镜观察了细胞形态,用免疫荧光染色和免疫印迹实验检测细胞AKT1和FAS-L的蛋白表达。结果肌肽显著增加了N2a细胞增殖能力(P0.05);与对照组比较,H2O2损伤组细胞形态发生明显改变,细胞皱缩,胞膜变厚并出现发泡现象;而肌肽保护组细胞形态较损伤组明显改善;免疫荧光染色和免疫印迹实验显示,损伤组AKT1的表达显著低于对照组,FAS-L的表达显著高于对照组。而肌肽保护组AKT1的表达显著高于对照组,FAS-L的表达显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论肌肽能够减轻N2a细胞对H2O2诱导的细胞损伤。     

EPR Identification of Zr(III) Complexes Formed upon Interaction of (2-PhInd)2ZrCl2 and rac-Me2Si(1-Ind)2ZrCl2 with MAO and MMAO

Reactions of 1 and 2 with MAO and MMAO were monitored by EPR. It was found that MMAO is a stronger reducing agent than MAO. 1 is more prone to reduction than 2 . The reduction of Zr^IV to Zr^III seems to be the essential pathway of some zirconocene catalysts' deactivation. Zr^III species with the following proposed structures can be identified in the 1 /MMAO system: (2-PhInd)₂Zr^III(ⁱBu), (2-PhInd)₂Zr^III(µ-Cl)₂AlⁱBu₂, (2-PhInd)₂Zr^III(µ-Cl)(ⁱBu)AlⁱBu₂, and [(2-PhInd)₂Zr^III]⁺[Me-MAO]⁻. The degree of reduction of Zr^IV species determined by EPR in the catalytic system 2 /MMAO can be masked by the formation of diamagnetic Zr^III/Zr^III dimers. Addition of monomers to the 2 /MAO system promotes reduction ot the zirconium species.