慢性肾功能衰竭合并肺结核的CT影像学误诊分析

目的探讨慢性肾功能衰竭合并肺结核的CT影像学表现,减少肺部影像学误诊率。方法 6例误诊为肺部其他感染的患者,均经临床证实为慢性肾功能衰竭合并肺结核,结合文献分析CT表现。结果 6例患者中,双肺弥漫性斑片影伴肺实变3例;肺内多叶多段形态不规则的结节影和团块影2例;双肺多发斑片影、磨玻璃影和结节影1例;伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大者5例、胸腔积液4例。误诊为细菌性肺炎5例,真菌性肺炎1例。结论慢性肾功能衰竭合并肺结核的胸部CT影像学表现多样,应结合临床表现和实验室检查作出正确诊断。     

肺非结核分支杆菌病的X线与CT影像分析

目的 探讨肺非结核分支杆菌病的胸部X线和CT影像学表现.方法 收集经确诊的28例肺非结核分支杆菌病的胸部数字化X线平片资料和其中22例的CT影像资料,回顾性比较、分析病变的影像学特点.结果 病变位于两肺多叶者19例,单叶者9例;上叶受累26例,其中24例右肺上叶受累;18例中叶受累;6例下叶受累.病变通常以多种形态混杂存在,其中斑片状浸润影见于全部28例,纤维条索影20例,结节影15例,空洞13例,钙化3例,胸膜粘连肥厚23例,胸腔积液1例.CT扫描见支气管扩张13例,肺气肿或肺大泡11例,纵隔内淋巴结肿大3例.结论 胸部X线平片是肺非结核分支杆菌病的首选检查方法.CT扫描对支气管扩张或纵隔内淋巴结肿大征象的显示更敏感.当影像学主要表现为两肺多叶多种病变形态混杂存在并且抗结核治疗无效时,应考虑本病可能.     

下叶肺结核的影像表现及鉴别诊断

目的:利用X线、CT影像分析下叶肺部病灶特征,结合临床症状实验室检查正确认识下叶肺结核,提高临床诊断水平,及早治疗。方法:下叶肺结核56例均摄正侧位胸部X线片及胸部螺旋CT扫描,病灶部位均行2~5 mm薄层重建或薄层扫描,分析其X线平片及CT表现。结果:X线平片及CT表现:斑点片状渗出影19例,肺叶、肺段实变阴影7例,球形肿块病灶5例,结节样9例,单个或合并空洞10例,合并其它病变6例。结论:正确应用螺旋CT扫描结合其影像学特征进行分析对下叶肺结核的诊断,有较高的诊断价值,对基层医院采用薄层重建或薄层扫描尤其重要。     

CT对肺结核诊断价值的回顾性分析

目的:探讨胸部CT用于肺结核诊断和鉴别诊断的意义。材料与方法:回顾性分析经胸部CT、胸部平片和痰涂片检查确诊652例肺结核病人。结果:肺结核病依然是胸部CT和X线检查发现的常见病和多发病。CT对肺大泡、肺气肿、支气管扩张、气胸纵隔淋巴结钙化及肿大和病灶内钙化的显示均优于X线,有统计学意义(P<0.05),对团块影、结节影及索条状阴影显示X线和CT差别不大,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。痰涂片细菌学检查阳性255例,阳性检出率39.1%。652例肺结核患者胸部CT的肺部病灶显示率100%,胸部X线的肺部病灶显示率87.9%。结论:胸部CT对肺结核的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

15例AIDS并发肺结核患者胸部CT表现

目的总结AIDS并肺结核患者的胸部CT影像特征。方法回顾性分析15例AIDS并肺结核患者的胸部CT影像资料。结果10例发生在肺结核非好发部位,5例发生在肺结核好发部位;CT表现为粟粒性肺结核者6例,大片融合实变影4例,斑片影3例,空洞样病变2例;并发纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大10例,胸腔积液5例,心包积液3例;7例伴有肺外结核,表现为颈部、腹膜后淋巴结肿大3例,腋窝淋巴结肿大3例,脾结核1例。结论AIDS并发肺结核患者病变部位多不典型、病灶多种形态共存、纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大多见,合并肺外结核为其常见表现。     

艾滋病并发肺隐球菌病的影像学诊断

目的 分析艾滋病(AIDS)并发肺隐球菌病(PC)的影像学表现.方法 回顾性分析5例经证实的AIDS并发PC的胸部X线与CT扫描资料,结合文献分析其影像学特点.结果 本组5例的影像学表现有:①结节或肿块型:共2例,1例为右肺中叶外侧段单发软组织密度结节,直径约2.7 cm,周围可见晕征、毛刺征及分叶征等;1例为两肺外周多发软组织密度结节或肿块,大小1.1～4.3 cm,结节内可见空洞但未见钙化;②斑片浸润型:共2例,分别位于右肺中叶、下叶及左肺上叶,实变内可见空气支气管征,经抗隐球菌治疗后病变吸收;③弥漫混合型:1例,呈两肺斑片影、结节影和粟粒影混杂存在.本组5例中2例同时合并隐球菌性脑膜炎征象,1例合并胸腔积液和纵隔淋巴结肿大.结论 AIDS并发PC的胸部影像学表现复杂,缺乏特异性.当AIDS合并肺部外周结节和(或)肿块、斑片状浸润或多形态混杂病变并除外肺癌或结核等其他感染时,应考虑本病可能.本病确诊有赖于多途径查找到隐球菌.     

HIV/AIDS肺部感染的影像学表现

目的 探讨HIV／AIDS合并肺部感染的X线及CT表现。方法 收集临床确证的HIV／AIDS病人中有胸部影像异常者10例,所有病例均有胸部X线及CT照片。结果 肺结核表现为肺内斑片、大片影,纵隔淋巴结肿大及肺外淋巴结肿大。军团菌肺炎为大片状影像,卡氏囊虫肺炎为弥漫性浸润及间质异常影像。结论 肺结核、卡氏肺囊虫及革兰阴性杆菌肺炎是HIV／AIDS的较常见的机会感染。HIV／AIDS病人肺内出现斑片、大片和弥漫病变,或有关淋巴结肿大时应考虑到这些疾病的可能。     

危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎的多层螺旋CT表现

目的：探讨危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎患者的多层螺旋CT的影像学特点。方法：回顾性分析21例确诊的危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的64层螺旋CT影像资料。结果：21例患者中,①所有病变均表现为双侧分布,且主要为弥漫性分布,多灶性病变以中下肺叶为主。其中累及右肺上叶9例,右肺中叶14例,右肺下叶19例,左肺上叶9例,左肺下叶19例。②病变形态表现为：支气管血管束增粗（21/21,100%）,小叶中心结节（12/21,57.1%）,小叶间隔增厚（9/21,42.9%）,网状结节（3/21,14.3%）,磨玻璃样密度影（14/21,66.7%）,斑片融合影（7/21,33.3%）,大片实变密度影（9/21,42.9%）,支气管气象（5/21,23.8%）。③胸膜腔积液（8/21,38.1%,其中5例单侧,3例双侧）;淋巴结肿大（9/21,42.9%,其中5例腋窝淋巴结肿大,3例纵隔淋巴结肿大,2例腋窝、纵隔均淋巴结肿大）;胸膜肥厚（12/21,57.1%）;心包积液（1/21,4.76%）。④9例复查危重症甲型H1N1流感患者中3例死亡者首诊MSCT见双肺中下叶斑片及实变密度影、磨玻璃密度影。复查见病变进展迅速,双肺实变明显,死于呼吸衰竭。6例好转者肺内病变明显吸收,仅遗留少许索条或小斑片状影。结论：危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎64层螺旋CT主要表现为双肺内弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度影及多灶性实变影,多同时累及肺实质及肺间质,可伴有胸膜腔积液、淋巴结肿大、胸膜肥厚等。病程进展以磨玻璃密度影及实变影范围扩大为主要标志。     

肺部孤立团块伴空洞的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 观察肺部孤立团块伴空洞(肺癌、肺结核、肺脓肿)的CT特征.方法 回顾分析经病理及临床证实的肺癌、肺结核及肺脓肿伴空洞各40例,分析记录病变及周围相关病变特点.结果 分叶:肺癌35例(87.50%),肺结核及肺脓肿仅分别2和3例.毛刺:肺癌29例(短毛刺占93.10%),肺结核23例,肺脓肿4例,均为长毛刺.内壁:肺癌空洞不光整29例,肺结核及肺脓肿分别2和6例.卫星灶:肺癌及脓肿周围以片絮为主,肺结核除片絮外,结节及分支线状影发生率100%.肺癌卫星灶于病变远端占87.50%,肺结核和肺脓肿卫星灶不限于远端;近端支气管壁:6例肺癌近端支气管壁不规则增厚及软组织密度影,肺结核及肺脓肿近端支气管壁均匀增厚,无软组织影;增强后扫描,肺癌及脓肿全部强化,肺结核仅3例环形包膜强化,其余无强化.以上征象差异均具有统计学意义.结论 肺癌、肺结核及肺脓肿伴空洞具有各自影像特征,CT(包括薄层及HRCT)扫描对其鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

X线在结核结节与肺内肿瘤结节鉴别诊断中的应用体会

选取我院2014年3月~2015年3月肺内肿瘤结节病人50例(结节50个)和结核结节病人50例(结核结节50个),对全部研究对象予以X线平片及胸部CT检查,评估X线检查和胸部CT检查的影像学特征。结果肺内肿瘤结节组的病灶部位主要集中于右肺下叶24例(48.0%),结核结节组的病灶部位主要集中于右肺上叶30例(60.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肺内肿瘤结节与结核结节组的结节钙化、形态不规则、无分叶、分叶状等结节形态比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对病人进行CT增强扫描后,结核结节病人的CT值为35~45之间,CT增加值范围为10~14HU,肺内肿瘤结节病人的CT值为55~75之间,二者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肺内肿瘤结节及结核结节可进行X线平片检查初步鉴别诊断,与胸部CT联合检查可提高其临床诊断准确性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.