原发性肝癌合并Budd-Chiari综合征的影像诊断与介入治疗

目的探讨原发性肝癌合并Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)的影像诊断与血管内介入治疗价值.方法对42例原发性肝癌合并BCS者进行回顾性分析,所有患者均行超声和CT检查,18例行MRI检查,17例行肝动脉造影,9例行下腔静脉造影.7例行下腔静脉内介入治疗.结果通过超声、CT、MRI和血管造影几种影像学检查相互印证而诊断为原发性肝癌合并BCS者42例,其中下腔静脉癌栓者36例,下腔静脉狭窄者6例.7例原发性肝癌合并BCS者成功地施行了下腔静脉内介入治疗,腔静脉压力阶差由术前的(2.5±1.2)kPa降为(0.8±0.2)kPa.术后患者症状明显缓解,无严重并发症发生.结论超声、CT、MRI和血管造影对原发性肝癌合并BCS有较高的诊断价值,其相互补充有助于本病的正确诊断.血管内介入治疗是原发性肝癌合并BCS的有效治疗方法.     

经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的护理

为探讨恶性胆管梗阻胆道内支架置入术前、术中、术后的护理措施,我们对87例恶性胆管梗阻患者,采用经皮肝穿途径胆道内支架置入术治疗。结果共置入4种类型金属内支架96枚,9例置入双向支架。术前血清总胆红素162.7～960.4μmol/L,术后83例降至18.3～53.6μmol/L。半年以上生存率77％(67/87),一年以上生存率47％(41/87)。总的技术操作成功率100％。因此经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻安全、有效,而采用正确的护理措施是保证手术成功和疗效的关键。     

Billroth-Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影的安全性分析

目的探讨胃Billroth-Ⅱ式术后经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)技术及其安全性。方法对2012年6月-2015年6月兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院收治的胃Billroth-Ⅱ式术后43例患者行ERCP。结果 43例行ERCP的患者中插管成功39例(90.7%),插管失败2例(4.7%),并发消化道穿孔2例(4.7%)。39例患者中经ERCP诊断为胆总管结石31例(79.5%),其中3例行乳头括约肌切开术、28例行内镜下乳头球囊扩张术取石;诊断为胆管末端良性狭窄6例(15.4%),其中4例行单纯乳头球囊扩张术、2例行胆道塑料支架置入术;诊断为壶腹部肿瘤、胃癌肝门部转移各1例(2.6%),分别置入胆道金属支架、塑料支架。术后急性胰腺炎1例(2.6%)。结论对胃Billroth-Ⅱ式术后患者进行ERCP检查及治疗是安全、有效的,可在临床推广应用。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术导丝辅助胆道活检与超声内镜引导下穿刺活检诊断恶性胆管狭窄的对比研究

目的比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)导丝辅助胆道活检与超声内镜引导下穿刺活检(endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration,EUS-FNA)诊断恶性胆管狭窄的差异性。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年8月于武汉大学人民医院就诊的恶性胆管梗阻患者128例,其中经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者63例,EUS-FNA检查患者65例。比较两组检查方法灵敏性的差异。结果经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者中36例获得组织学诊断,活检灵敏性为57.1%;行EUS-FNA检查65例患者中47例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为72.3%;所有病例均未发生严重并发症。其中肝门部胆管梗阻及胆总管中上段63例,ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者35例,其中23例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为65.7%;EUS-FNA检查患者28例,18例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为64.3%;胆总管远端胆管梗阻患者65例,ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者28例,13例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为46.4%;EUS-FNA检查患者37例,29例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为78.4%。结论经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检及EUS-FNA技术均是胆道恶性梗阻的安全、简便、易于掌握的获取组织的有效手段,EUS-FNA更适用于胆总管远端梗阻的诊断。     

胆道支架移位致十二指肠穿孔一例

患者女．64岁,因上腹痛伴皮肤黄染1个月人院。入院后行上腹部CT及MRCP等检查确诊为肝门部胆管癌伴肝内胆管扩张,遂行ERCP＋胆道支架置入术,术中顺利放置8．5F、12cm圣诞树形塑料胆道支架,     

介入放射在肝移植中的应用

目的评估介入放射在肝脏移植中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析总结22例原位肝移植病例资料。术前MRI和血管造影检出肝动脉变异2例,门静脉主干血栓2例,门腔静脉分流术后吻合闭锁1例,复杂的布一加氏综合征合并肝癌1例,原发性肝癌7例。术后经T管造影及MRCP诊断胆道并发症12例(55％),主要为肝内外各种类型胆管狭窄。术后经MRA和血管造影诊断血管并发症13例(59％),主要为肝动脉迂曲过长或肝脏静脉流出道梗阻。结果根据术前提供的血管信息选择实施了合理的动脉吻合方式及合理的肝移植术式。针对门静脉血栓于术中准确定位切开取出血栓。对肝癌患者实施了经肝动脉化疗。胆道并发症病例中11例接受了介入治疗,主要为经T管放置球囊导管扩张和支撑导管引流;经FTCD留置支撑导管引流,以及经CT引导穿刺治疗胆瘘及肝脓肿,其中9例完全康复。13例血管并发症患者中,7例流出道梗阻者接受了Z形血管支架置入和球囊导管扩张术。流出道梗阻完全解除,一周内总胆红素降至正常。结论介入放射在肝脏移植中具有重要价值。术前应用可以对手术适应症、移植前治疗、血管吻合方式及静脉取栓定位提供指导性信息。术后应用可以早期诊断胆道并发症和血管并发症,同时进行有效的介入治疗,避免再次手术的危险性。     

经皮经肝途径对接治疗内镜逆行胰胆管造影术失败的胆道梗阻

内镜下ERCP置入胆管支架治疗胆管梗阻、恢复胆汁引流,已成为治疗胰胆疾病的重要手段之一.我们对少数由于各种原因致使ERCP乳头插管不成功或虽然ERCP乳头插管成功但选择性胆管插管不成功的患者进行了经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogrephy,PTC)与ERCP对接术,取得了较好的效果,使这部分患者的胆道微创治疗成为了可能.现报道如下.     

内镜下胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻85例

目的探讨内镜下胆道支架对恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗效果和临床应用价值。方法选择85例无法手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,内镜下放置胆道支架。结果85例胆管恶性梗阻患者中,行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）操作115例次,胆道支架放置成功109例次,操作成功率为94．78％,消除黄疸总有效率为95．41％,并发症发生率为8．26％,平均存活期约为7．4个月。结论胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效确切,具有创伤小、并发症少、符合生理等特点,对无法手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,镜下放置胆道支架是最佳的首选治疗方法。     

恶性胆总管梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的内镜治疗价值分析

目的 探讨经内镜置入胆管及肠道支架联合治疗胆总管恶性梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的临床价值.方法 对17例同时存在胆管及胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的恶性肿瘤患者在完成胆管金属支架置入术后再行肠道金属支架置入.观察操作成功率、胆管及消化道梗阻缓解情况、并发症发生情况、支架再阻塞情况以及患者生存期.结果 17例患者经内镜下置入胆管支架和肠道支架,成功率100％;术后7天患者血清总胆红素[(263.4±62.5)μmol/L降至(157.6±25.1)μmol/L]、直接胆红素[(233.2±66.5)μmol/L降至(130.9±27.7) μmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶[(534.2±78.7)IU/L降至(216.3±23.3)IU/L]均明显下降(P＜0.O1),胃出口梗阻评分[(0.9±1.1)分升至(2.1±0.7)分]明显上升(P＜0.01).所有患者均未出现严重并发症,生存70～332 d,中位生存时间192 d.结论 联合双支架置入是治疗胆管合并胃出口-十二指肠恶性梗阻的安全有效的方法.     

内镜技术在肝外胆汁淤积性黄疸患者中的临床应用分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）胆管引流术对各种良恶性肝外胆汁淤积疾病的治疗效果。方法 139例肝外胆汁淤积患者先行ERCP检查,确定胆管狭窄梗阻病变部位和性质后,再选择以下治疗方法：内镜下乳头肌切开术（EST）、内镜下乳头括约肌气囊扩张术（EPBD）、内镜下鼻胆管引流（ENBD）、内镜下塑料胆道支架引流（ERBD）和内镜下金属胆道支架引流（EBMSD）。结果针对良性胆管狭窄行EST、EPBD、ENBD及ERBD共59例,主要见于胆总管结石、胆管炎、胆管乳头狭窄和肝移植术后胆道并发症;针对恶性胆管狭窄行ENBD 14例,ERBD 6例,行EBMSD 26例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门与肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后TB il及DB il等肝功能指标明显下降;术后两组分别有10、6例出现血淀粉酶一过性增高。结论经内镜下ERCP治疗技术在肝外胆汁淤积患者中的应用是安全有效的,对各种良恶性病变引起的胆管狭窄梗阻起了一定的治疗作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.