内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术对初诊为晚期胰腺癌患者的止痛作用

目的 回顾分析内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术（EUS—CPN）对初诊为晚期胰腺癌的止痛效果。方法对8例初诊为胰腺癌患者应用EUS—CPN,在腹腔干发出处上方临近的组织内用一针法无水乙醇注射或植入125I放射线粒子。于术前、术后1周、1月时VAS法作疼痛评分,评分减少I〉3和〈3分别定义为疼痛缓解和无缓解。记录并发症。结果8例患者均经EU下穿刺活检确诊为晚期胰腺癌。7例接受一针法无水乙醇注射,1例在腹腔干旁和胰腺肿瘤内分别植入2粒和18粒放射线粒子。术前疼痛评分中有6例为重度疼痛,2例为中度疼痛;术后I周评估,6例（75％）疼痛明显缓解;1月后评价,7例（875％）患者轻度疼痛,仅1例患者为中度疼痛。患者术前VAS疼痛评分为8．0±1．51,术后1周VAS疼痛评分为5．1±1．64,与术前相比差异显著（P〈0．01）,术后1个为2．9—1．13,与术前相比差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。结论EUS-CPN对初诊为晚期胰腺癌的患者有较好的止痛作用。     

超声内镜引导下碘125粒子植入联合化疗治疗腹腔实体肿瘤的前瞻性研究

目的评价内镜超声检查术(EUS)引导下肿瘤内植入放射性碘125(~125 I)粒子联合化疗治疗胰腺癌的疗效和安全性,并探讨该方法用于其他腹腔原发或继发实体肿瘤治疗的可行性。方法对28例不能手术切除的腹腔实体肿瘤患者进行了EUS引导~(125)Ⅰ粒子植入内照射治疗,术后1周内采用吉西他滨 氟脲嘧啶化疗方案。包括中晚期胰腺癌25例(胰头癌8例、胰体尾癌17例),胆管癌腹膜后转移、腹膜后腺癌和贲门癌术后腹腔转移各1例。所有病例术前均参照TPS系统估算期望植入粒子数量,比较术前及术后不同时期的肿瘤直径、生活质量评分以及疼痛VAS评分等项目。结果 28例患者均经EUS成功植入~(125)Ⅰ粒子,平均每次植入粒子数量的中位数为10颗(5～20颗),最多1例胰腺癌分3次共植入30颗粒子,平均单颗粒子的放射性活度为26.2MBq。术后平均随访4.8个月(0.3～14个月),Kaplan-Meier法评估的中位生存期为9.4个月(95%CI6.5～11.6个月)。术后1个月评估疗效,达到部分缓解3例(10.7%),疾病稳定12例(42.9%),进展恶化10例(35.7%,其中8例死亡),3例失访。粒子植入1周后疼痛VAS评分由5.07±2.63下降至1.73±1.91(ρ<0.01),1个月后仍低于术前评分(3.53±1.51,ρ<0.05)。有52.9%的患者于术后24h内出现发热,无其他并发症出现。结论 EUS引导下~(125)Ⅰ粒子组织间植入是治疗包括胰腺癌在内的腹腔实体肿瘤的新型介入技术,可明显延缓肿瘤进展,具有稳定的止痛疗效,安全性高,值得进一步探讨其临床应用价值。     

超声内镜引导下定向植入放射性125Ⅰ粒子治疗胰腺癌的临床研究

目的探讨超声内镜引导下定向植入放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌的临床可行性。方法在超声内镜引导下对10例手术无法切除的胰腺癌患者行125I粒子定向植入术,通过19G穿刺针植入粒子。首先,根据肿瘤大小确定植入粒子数量。其次,在超声内镜引导下植入粒子。术后1个月进行CT随访。结果每例患者植入的粒子数量4~12枚不等。植入术均安全完成,术后未发生严重并发症。9例疼痛患者3d内均感缓解。术后1个月时随访,4例为疼痛部分缓解,3例为疼痛轻度缓解;1例肿瘤部分缓解,7例患者肿瘤无明显进展。1例患者2个月后随访发现肝脏转移,另1例患者3个月后病情恶化死亡。结论超声内镜引导下定向植入放射性粒子安全、可靠,并发症少,值得推广。     

I125粒子植入在胰腺恶性肿瘤治疗中的疗效分析

目的:分析姑息性手术联合I125粒子植入和化疗对晚期胰腺癌患者的疗效.方法:回顾性分析我科2004.2008年收治的晚期胰腺癌患者149例,按治疗方法分为2组,姑息手术+I125粒子植入+化疗62例(A组),姑息手术+化疗87例(B组).比较2组患者客观有效率(OTR)、临床受益率(CBR)、中位生存期以及并发症发生率.结果:与B组相比,Am患者临床受益率,中位生存期差异有统计学差异(χ2=7.361,10.090,P<0.05),而客观有效率与并发症发生率差异无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论:姑息性手术联合I125粒子植入和术后化疗治疗晚期胰腺癌患者,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

125I粒子植入术联合GP化疗治疗中晚期胰腺癌临床效果

目的探讨125I粒子植入术联合GP化疗方案治疗中晚期胰腺癌患者临床效果。方法86例中晚期胰腺癌患者按治疗方案分组,各43例。对照组行125I粒子植入术治疗,观察组行125I粒子植入术联合GP化疗方案治疗。对比两组疗效、术后1年生存率、临床收益情况、生存质量。结果术后3个月观察组疾病控制率高于较对照组(P<0.05);1年生存率高于对照组(P<0.05);术后3个月体力、疼痛情况、镇痛药物用量临床收益情况均优于对照组(P<0.05);术后3个月观察组生存质量高于术前,且高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论125I粒子植入术联合GP化疗方案治疗能提高中晚期胰腺癌疾病控制率,改善患者疼痛、体力、镇痛药物用量,延长患者生存时间,提高生存质量。     

超声内镜引导125I粒子组织间植入治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效及粒子移位分析

目的分析胰腺癌超声内镜（EUS）引导下^125I粒子种植术治疗晚期胰腺癌的肿瘤变化及粒子移位，并评价其治疗效果。方法对17例不能手术切除的中晚期胰腺癌患者行EUS引导下放射性^125I粒子内照射治疗。所有患者治疗前均参照治疗设计系统估算期望植入粒子数量。治疗后每月复查，观察治疗前、后肿瘤变化及粒子移位、脱落等情况。结果17例患者均经EUS植入^125I粒子成功。治疗前肿瘤最大长径平均值为5．4cm（3．7～9．0cm），平均植入粒子数量为27颗，平均每次植入粒子中位数为14（7～24）颗，平均植入2次。平均单颗粒子的放射性活度为（0.689±0．016）mCi。治疗后平均随访4．8个月（2～14个月）。治疗后3个月评估疗效，部分缓解5例（29．4％），疾病稳定7例（41．2％），进展恶化5例（29．4％）。治疗后腹部平片示5例（29．4％）出现粒子丢失移位。1例脾区移位，1例肝脏移位，3例肠腔移位。治疗后粒子丢失4例。1例出现脾脏及左膈下囊肿。结论EUS引导下^125I粒子内照射治疗晚期胰腺癌，可使粒子照射区域内病灶明显萎缩。但需注意放射性粒子对周围脏器的损害及粒子脱落移位等并发症的发生。     

125I粒子植入联合吉西他滨化疗治疗胰腺癌临床受益疗效评价

目的 评价EUS引导下125I粒子植入联合吉西他滨化疗治疗胰腺癌的临床收益疗效.方法 41例不能手术切除的胰腺癌患者按完全随机法分为放射性125I粒子植入联合吉西他滨化疗组(21例)和单纯吉西他滨化疗组(20例).吉西他滨化疗方案为1 000 mg/m2,1次/周,静脉滴注,连用3周,休息1周;联合组在125I粒子植入后1周行化疗.评价临床受益疗效(CBR).结果 125I粒子联合吉西他滨化疗组临床受益率为57.1%,达到CBR的中位时间为1周,临床受益疗效持续的中位时间为21周;单纯化疗组分别为25%、4周和15周,两组前2项相差非常显著(P<0.05),而临床受益疗效持续的中位时间无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 EUS引导下125I粒子组织间植入联合吉西他滨化疗治疗不能手术切除的胰腺癌的CBR明显优于单纯吉西他滨化疗组.     

超声内镜引导下腹腔神经节阻滞术治疗癌性疼痛的临床研究

目的 评价超声内镜引导下腹腔神经节阻滞(EUS-CPN)术治疗胰腺癌以及腹腔转移肿瘤引起顽固性疼痛的效果及安全性.方法 胰腺癌及腹腔转移肿瘤患者33例,15例术前行全身化学治疗.术前采用国际通用的疼痛数字分级法(NSR)对所有患者的疼痛程度进行评分,然后在超声内镜引导下腹腔神经节注射布比卡因和无水乙醇.术后12、24、72 h和1周时分别对疼痛进行评分,观察穿刺成功率、并发症发生率以及疼痛缓解情况.结果 操作成功率100%.术后未发生急性胰腺炎、胰瘘、出血、穿孔及腹腔感染等严重并发症.术后12 h疼痛评分显著降低,疼痛缓解率100%;术后24 h疼痛缓解率98%,术后72 h疼痛缓解率90%,术后1周疼痛缓解率88%.按术前有无进行全身化学治疗分成两组,化学治疗组术后12、24、72 h和1周的疼痛缓解率分别为100%、100%、98%和98%,未化学治疗组分别为100%、98%、95%和90%.化学治疗组术后72 h和1周的疼痛缓解率与未化学治疗组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术前化学治疗组疼痛完全缓解率为75%(12/15),未化学治疗组为56%(10/18),两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 EUS-CPN操作简便、安全性高、创伤小、并发症发生率低,可有效缓解胰腺癌及腹腔转移肿瘤引起的顽固性疼痛,提高患者生存质量.术前进行全身化学治疗可提高EUS-CPN的疼痛缓解率.     

内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗胰腺癌所致癌性腹痛的临床研究

目的前瞻性评价内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术缓解胰腺癌所致癌性腹痛的有效性及安全性。方法手术无法切除胰腺癌患者接受1至2次内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术,收集分析患者年龄、性别、术前腹痛病程、阿片类药物使用情况、肿瘤部位、治疗前后疼痛评分、治疗次数、术后疼痛缓解时间及生存时间。结果27例晚期胰腺癌患者纳入研究。术后疼痛评分低于术前,差异有统计学意义,81．5％患者术后疼痛缓解,中位镇痛持续时间56．0d[95％CI（17．1～94．9）],可信区间与中位生存时间97．0d[95％C1（82．7～111．3）]重叠。术前腹痛病程、术前疼痛评分、治疗次数、阿片类药物使用情况、肿瘤部位对于镇痛持续时间长短均无显著影响（X^2=6．757,P=0．239）。1例患者术后出现一过性腹泻、发热,无严重并发症发生。结论内镜超声引导下腹腔神经丛阻滞术可安全有效地缓解晚期胰腺癌所致癌性腹痛,并未发现腹痛病程、术前疼痛评分、治疗次数、阿片类药物使用情况、肿瘤部位等临床因子影响镇痛效果及其维持时间。     

家猪EUS引导下125Ⅰ放射性粒子腹腔神经节照射的损伤效果评价

目的 观察EUS引导下125Ⅰ放射性粒子腹腔神经节照射对神经元的影响.方法 12只家猪随机分成A、B、C 3组,在静脉麻醉后行EUS引导下粒子双侧植入.A组种植空粒子;B组种植放射活度为0.4 mCi(1.48×107Bq)的125Ⅰ粒子;C组种植放射活度为0.8 mCi(2.96×107Bq)的125Ⅰ粒子,术后预防性使用抗生素并行CT增强扫描及血管三维重建,分别观察14 d和60 d后取腹腔神经节行TUNEL染色观察神经元坏死凋亡情况.结果 10只家猪一次性种植成功,另外2只种植失败,隔日再行种植均成功.与对照组相比,125Ⅰ组可见神经元凋亡增加,并随照射剂量及照射时间呈正相关.结论 内照射可诱导腹腔神经节细胞坏死凋亡,为该新方法 的临床应用提供了理论依据.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.