中国莱姆病螺旋体宿主动物的初步调查研究

为对中国莱姆病螺旋体的宿主动物有所了解,于１９８７～１９９７年间,作者在中国１６个省（市、区）的山林地区,采用血清流行病学和病原学研究方法,对牛、羊、狗、野兔和野鼠进行了莱姆病的调查研究。结果显示在我国至少有牛、羊、狗、野鼠、野兔等５种动物中有莱姆病的感染存在。牛、羊和狗的感染率分别为１８．１８％～３２．６１％、１７．１２％～６１．２１％和３８．５０％～６０．００％。狗作为我国北方林区莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介全沟硬蜱成虫的主要供血者之一,可能是较重要的宿主动物。从黑线姬鼠、棕背、花鼠、白腹鼠、社鼠、褐家鼠、针毛鼠、白腹巨鼠和华南兔等动物分离出２０株莱姆病螺旋体,尤其是从黑线姬鼠和白腹巨鼠的胎鼠分离到莱姆鼠病螺旋体,证实莱姆病螺旋体可通过胎盘垂直传播,这对莱姆病自然疫源地的维持和扩大有重要意义。野鼠的感染率在４１．１８％～８６．０５％间。血清学和病原学调查结果证实黑线姬鼠和棕背是中国莱姆病螺旋体的重要储存宿主。     

全沟硬蜱是我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的主要传播媒介

研究我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的生物媒介—蜱的种类、带菌状况及在传播莱姆病中的作用。用布旗法和动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱，分类鉴定，直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率，ＢＳＫ培养基分离病原体，单克隆抗体鉴定菌株。调查蜱叮咬率与人群莱姆病感染率、患病率以及蜱的季节消长与莱姆病慢性游走性红斑（ＥＣＭ）病例发生的季节性关系。在北方１０省（市、区）共采集到１００００多只蜱，分属为２科７属１１种，以全沟硬蜱为优势种，占８０％～９５％。４种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体，全沟硬蜱的带菌率高达２０．００％～４５．００％。从４种蜱分离到９８株莱姆病螺旋体，其中９０％以上是从全沟硬蜱分离的。全沟硬蜱叮咬率高的人群，莱姆病的感染率和患病率也高。全沟硬蜱的季节消长与ＥＣＭ发生的季节性相一致。证实我国北方地区至少有４种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体，莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱。     

黑龙江中俄边境地区莱姆病螺旋体的主要动物宿主及媒介生物调查

目的调查中俄边境地区鼠及蜱的种类、分布,鼠体幼、若蜱寄生情况,蜱携带莱姆病螺旋体的情况,为莱姆病的防控提供科学依据。方法鼠夹法捕鼠,布旗法捕蜱,直接免疫荧光法检测蜱中肠带菌率。结果黑龙江中俄边境口岸莱姆病主要贮存宿主鼠的种类为1目3科8属10种,姬鼠属为优势属．黑线姬鼠为优势种。不同鼠体幼、若蜱寄生情况不同,其中大林姬鼠和黑线姬鼠幼、若蜱寄生率较高,分别为41．8％和40．8％。幼、若蜱寄生指数以花鼠最高,黑线姬鼠次之,分别为8．4和4.3。黑龙江中俄边境地区蜱的种类为1科3属4种。不同生态环境蜱的分布不同,各口岸蜱的优势种不同,全沟硬蜱带莱姆病螺旋体率较高,平均为21．7％。森林硬蜱和嗜群血蜱的带菌率较低,平均为2．4％和3．3％,日本血蜱中没有检出阳性者。结论中俄边境地区有5种鼠,即黑线姬鼠、大林姬鼠、棕背鼠平、褐家鼠、小家鼠为中国莱姆病螺旋体的动物宿主。中俄边境地区莱姆病的主要传播媒介是全沟硬蜱。为莱姆病的防控提供了科学依据。     

中国莱姆病螺旋体主要生物媒介的调查研究

为研究中国莱姆病螺旋体的生物媒介———蜱的种类、带菌状况及在传播莱姆病中的作用 ,采用布旗法和动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱 ,进行分类鉴定 ,应用直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率 ,BSK培养基分离病原体 ,单克隆抗体鉴定菌株。调查蜱叮咬率与人群莱姆病感染率、患病率以及蜱的季节消长与莱姆病慢性游走性红斑 (ECM )病例发生的季节性关系。在全国 2 0个省 (市、区 )共采集到170 0 0多只蜱 ,分属为 2科 8属 2 3种 ,蜱类分布的地区差异较大 ,北方林区以全沟硬蜱为优势种 ,南方则以二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为优势种。 9种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体 ,其带菌率以全沟硬蜱、二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为高 ,分别为 2 0 .0 0 %～ 4 5.0 0 %、16.0 0 %～ 4 0 .0 0 %和 2 4 .0 0 %。从 8种蜱分离出 10 8株莱姆病螺旋体 ,其单克隆抗体反应与美国B31菌株有明显的差异 ,绝大多数中国菌株对H6831呈阴性反应。蜱叮咬率高的人群 ,莱姆病的感染率和患病率也高。全沟硬蜱的季节消长与ECM发生的季节性相一致。证实多种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体 ;我国北方林区莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱 ,南方林区二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱是重要的生物媒介。     

黑龙江省小兴安岭地区莱姆病调查研究

目的：探讨小兴安岭林区莱姆病流行情况，方法：间接免疫荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡ），宿主调查，病原分离，结果：林区人群普遍易感，平均感染率１１．７３％，确诊４８例莱姆病患者，临床症状以慢性游走性红斑（３３．３３％）关节炎（２７．０９％）和神经系统损害（２７．０９％）为主。全沟硬蜱是莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介，属野鼠是重要动物宿主，从神经麻痹和游走性红斑病人，全沟硬蜱，棕背，花鼠分离出６株病原体，结论：首次     

从粒形硬蜱和社鼠分离出4株莱姆病病原体

从福建省北部莱姆病感染率较高的林区捕获一批野鼠,从鼠体收集到部分粒形硬蜱,取蜱类中肠和社鼠肾脏接种BSKII培养基,结果分离出4株莱姆病病原体—伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)。从粒形硬蜱和社鼠分离出莱姆病病原体,在国内外属首次报告。     

福建省蜱类和鼠类的莱姆病调查及首次分离出4株莱姆病螺旋体

从福建省北部莱姆病感染率较高及已发现病人的林区捕获一批家、野鼠类,从鼠体收集到一批蜱类(硬蜱、血蜱),取蜱中肠和鼠肾脏分别接种BSKII培养基,结果共分离出4株莱姆病螺旋体——伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)。从粒形硬蜱和社鼠分离出莱姆病螺旋体在国内外属首次报告。     

用聚合酶链方法对北京林区莱姆病疫源地及莱姆病病原体基因型的探索性研究

目的：进一步明确北京林区是否存在莱姆病的自然疫源地及其分布，方法基于莱姆病螺旋体外膜蛋白A基因建立半巢式聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reactio,PCR)方法，对从北京6个林区采集的蜱和鼠进行检测和基因分型，选择阳性标准本进行克隆和序列测定，与已知序进行同源性比较，间接免疫荧光法检测抗莱姆病螺旋体IgG抗体，从长角血蜱中分离莱姆病螺旋体。结果：从门头沟区东灵山采集的标本中检测到莱姆病螺旋体DNA片段，3只游离全沟硬蜱1只检测阳性，57只寄全沟硬蜱若蜱中1只检测阳性；119只野鼠中9只检测阳性，其中8只，B.garinii阳性，1只B.afzelii阳性。50份野鼠血清有5份莱姆病螺旋体IgG抗体阳性，采集采的160只长角血蜱（20只／组）。未分离到莱姆病螺旋体菌株。结论：北京门头沟区东灵山可能存在莱姆病的自然疫源地，包括两个基因型，全沟硬蜱可能是莱姆病的传播媒体，野鼠可能是贮存宿主。     

福建莱姆病蜱媒及其宿主调查研究

１９９０～１９９５年，对福建莱姆病疫区的蜱媒及其宿主进行调查，查出蜱类１９种，宿主包括家野鼠类、野猪、野兔、獾、山羊等野生动物和狗、牛等家畜。从粒形硬蜱、台湾角血蜱和社鼠、褐家鼠分离出莱姆病病原体，粒形硬蜱可能是福建莱姆病的主要蜱媒。     

黑龙江省小兴安岭林区莱姆病调查研究

目的：探讨小兴安岭林区莱姆病流行情况。方法：间接免疫荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡ）、宿主调查、病原分离。结果：林区人群普遍易感，平均感染率１１７３％。确诊４８例莱姆病患者，临床症状以慢性游走性红斑（３３３３％）、关节炎（２７０９％）和神经系统损害（２７０９％）为主。全沟硬蜱是莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介，属野鼠是重要动物宿主。从神经麻痹和游走性红斑病人、全沟硬蜱、棕背、花鼠分离出６株病原体。结论：首次确证该地区为莱姆病自然疫源地     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.