The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers treated with cimetidine or antacid

Aims  To evaluate the effects of cimetidine and Maalox^® (aluminium hydroxide 1.35 g and magnesium hydroxide 1.2 g) on the pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone.
Methods   Eleven healthy young subjects aged 18–45 years were given single oral doses of ziprasidone 40 mg on three occasions at least 7 days apart. On one occasion ziprasidone was administered alone, on another occasion ziprasidone was co‐administered with oral cimetidine 800 mg and on a third occasion ziprasidone was co‐administered with oral Maalox^®.
Results   The administration of cimetidine increased the ziprasidone AUC(0,∞) by 6% but there were no statistically significant differences in C _max, t _max or λ_z between the ziprasidone+cimetidine group and the ziprasidone group. The administration of Maalox^® did not produce any statistically significant differences in AUC(0,∞), C _max, t _max or λ_z between the ziprasidone+Maalox^® group and the ziprasidone group.
Conclusions   The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone are not affected by concurrent administration of cimetidine or Maalox^®. This suggests that other nonspecific inhibitors of cytochrome P450 and antacids are unlikely to alter the pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone.     

橙黄决明素在正常大鼠体内的药动学

目的:建立高效液相色谱测定大鼠血浆中橙黄决明素含量的方法,研究橙黄决明素在大鼠体内的药动学过程。方法:橙黄决明素灌胃给药7.2 mg·kg^-1后于5,10,20,30 min及1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,16,24 h断尾取血,液-液萃取法处理血浆样品,HPLC测定血浆中橙黄决明素浓度,以3P97软件拟合药动学参数。结果:血浆中橙黄决明素在0.12~7.62 μg·ml^-1线性良好,相关系数为0.999 5(n=5),低、中、高浓度萃取回收率均> 95%,日内、日间RSD均< 10%,符合要求。灌胃给药后,大鼠血浆中其药动学过程符合二室模型。主要药动学参数(拟合值):C_max为3.96±0.51 mg·L^-1,T_max为16.31±2.85 min,t_1/2β为5.16±0.77 h,CL为0.21±0.03 L·h^-1·kg^-1,AUC为7.91±1.02 mg·min^-1·L^-1,MRT为2.26±0.97 min。结论:本实验建立的血浆处理法及HPLC法适用于大鼠体内橙黄决明素的含量测定和药动学研究,灌胃给药后橙黄决明素吸收迅速,具有较好的应用前景。     

田蓟苷微乳在大鼠体内的药动学及生物利用度

目的:研究田蓟苷微乳在大鼠体内的药动学过程并考察生物利用度。方法:建立检测大鼠血浆中田蓟苷的HPLC方法,考察大鼠经灌胃和静脉途径给予田蓟苷单体及田蓟苷微乳后田蓟苷的药动学过程,DAS 2.0软件拟合药动学参数并计算生物利用度。结果:田蓟苷在0.027~43.200 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),田蓟苷微乳在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合二室模型,当灌胃剂量由25 mg·kg^-1增至50 mg·kg^-1时,t_1/2β显著降低,而K、AUC_(0-t)和C_max显著增加;大鼠灌胃25 mg·kg^-1和50 mg·kg^-1田蓟苷微乳后田蓟苷的绝对生物利用度分别为3.4%和3.2%,相对于等剂量田蓟苷单体的相对生物利用度分别为147.2%和168.2%。结论:微乳给药系统作为田蓟苷的载体显著增加了田蓟苷的生物利用度。     

替格瑞洛在中国健康男性志愿者中的药动学及药效学研究

目的：研究替格瑞洛在中国健康志愿者中药动学及药效学,为其临床合理使用提供依据。方法：选14名健康男性志愿者,分别单次口服替格瑞洛180 mg,在不同时间点采集血样分别用于药动力学及药效学研究,其中药动学采样时间点为给药前、给药后0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,5,6,8,12,16,24,36,48 h,药效学采样时间点为给药前他和给药后1,2,4,12,24,48 h,药动学血浆样品采用蛋白沉淀法处理,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法测定原药、活性代谢产物浓度;药效学采用四通道血小板聚集仪测定ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,以血小板聚集抑制的变化程度作为替格瑞洛的药效学指标。用WinNonlin软件处理所得数据。结果：14例健康受试者口服180 mg替格瑞洛后,替格瑞洛原药、活性代谢产物AR-C124910XX在人体内平均t_max分别为（1.9±0.6）h和（2.1±0.6）h,平均t_1/2分别为（8.3±1.1）h和（9.7±2.5）h,平均C_max分别为（1 447.0±532.2）ng·mL^-1和（384.5±90.2）ng·mL^-1,平均AUC_0-last为（9 023.0±3 285.4）ng·mL^-1·h和（3 445.0±723.2）ng·mL^-1·h,平均AUC_0-∞为（9 208.7±3 437.6）ng·mL^-1·h和（3 594.4±827.0）ng·mL^-1·h。替格瑞洛对血小板抑制的达峰时间为4 h,对血小板抑制的最大效应E_max为（75.9±11.9%）。替格瑞洛的抗血小板效应随替格瑞洛及AR-C124910XX降低而减弱。结论：本研究系统考察了14例健康志愿者服用替格瑞洛后的药动学及药效学,为临床使用替格瑞洛剂量调整、优化治疗方案提供了理论依据。     

不同剂量薯蓣皂苷元的大鼠体内药动学研究

目的： 研究不同剂量薯蓣皂苷元的大鼠体内药物动力学特征,为阿尔茨海默病的临床前研究提供理论依据。方法： 大鼠灌胃低（17.5 mg·kg^-1）、中（35 mg·kg^-1）、高剂量（70 mg·kg^-1）薯蓣皂苷元后,于不同时间眼眶取血,以延龄草苷作为内标,血浆样品经液-液萃取后采用LC-MS/MS进行测定。利用DAS 2.0计算药动学参数。色谱、质谱条件：采用Sun Fire C₁₈（150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,以甲醇-乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵（86∶11∶3）为流动相,流速为0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃。采用电喷雾离子源（ESI源）,以选择反应监测（MRM）方式并在正离子模式下进行检测,用于定量的离子对分别为m/z 415.5→271.5（薯蓣皂苷元）和m/z 577.5→271.5（内标延龄草苷）。结果： 薯蓣皂苷元血药浓度在1~2 000 ng·mL^-1内线性关系良好,方法回收率在81.7%~83.9%之间,定量下限（LLOQ）为1 ng·mL^-1,日内、日间精密度RSD小于10%。药动学结果表明不同剂量薯蓣皂苷元药-时曲线符合二室模型,主要药动学参数为AUC_0-t分别为1 872,3 144,6 625 ng·min·mL^-1;C_max分别为136,276,470 ng·mL^-1;t_1/2分别为5.73,5.31,6.42 h。结论： 薯蓣皂苷元在17.5~70.0 mg·kg^-1范围内其药动学行为呈线性相关,无动力学行为差异。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定人血浆中的头孢克洛及药动学研究

目的:建立快速、灵敏的测定人血浆中头孢克洛的含量分析方法并进行健康人体内的药动学研究。方法:选择头孢拉定为内标,血浆样品经5%三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白处理后,以乙腈-1‰甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式进行定量分析。结果:头孢克洛质量浓度在0.2～25.6μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.2μg·mL-1,日内、日间精密度分别小于6.28%和7.44%,基质效应影响较小,相对回收率为93.76%～104.29%。口服头孢克洛胶囊后达峰浓度(Cmax)和达峰时间(tmax)分别为(18.05±3.46)μg·mL-1和(0.89±0.15)h。结论:所建方法专属、灵敏、快速、准确,适用于头孢克洛药代动力学的研究。     

Influence of CYP2C9*2 genetic polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174 on the background of CYP3A4 wild genotype in healthy Chinese Hui subjects

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the influence of CYP2C9*2 genetic polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174 on the background of CYP3A4 wild genotype in healthy Chinese Hui subjects. Blood samples were collected from subjects for CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 genotyping using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. A pharmacokinetic study was then carried out in two groups with CYP2C9*1/*1 (n = 8) andCYP2C9*1/*2 (n = 6) genotypes at the same time, and all the 14 subjects were CYP3A4 wildgenotype. Plasma levels of losartan and E-3174 were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (HPLC-FLD) method before and after a single oral dose of 50-mg dose of losartan in tablet form. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.0 software and analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the curve from 0 h to the last measured point 24 h (AUC_0–24), area under the curve from 0 h to infinite time (AUC_0–∞), peak plasma concentration (C_max), time to reach C_max (t_max), oral clearance (CL), oral volume of distribution (V_d) and elimination half-life (t_1/2), were determined. Compared with the CYP2C9*1/*2 group, the AUC_0–24, AUC_0–∞ and C_max of E-3174 in CYP2C9*1/*1 group of Hui subjects were respectively 1.36, 1.32 and 1.64 times more, and the statistic differences were significant (P<0.05). The CYP2C9*2 mutant allele played an important role in the pharmacokinetics of losartan after oral administration, and itmight decrease the generationof E-3174. However, large-sample clinical trials are required to validate whether the dose adjustment according to CYP2C9 genotype is necessary.     

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of alantolactone from Inula helenium in rats following intravenous and oral administrations

Alantolactone, as the principal constituent of Inula Helenium L, has been shown various pharmacologic activities, such as anti-inflammatory and deworming. In the present study, we developed a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of alantolactone in rat plasma, and pharmacokinetics of alantolactone was investigated after intravenous and oral administrations to Wistar rats. Separation was achieved on C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5.0 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol–water (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelength of the ultraviolet detector was set at 239 nm. The excellent linearity was found over a concentration range of 0.08–10 μg/mL (R² = 0.9998).The intra- and inter-day precisions were good, and the RSD was lower than 2.27%. The mean absolute recovery of alantolactone in plasma ranged from 88.09% to 95.57%. After intravenous administration, alantolactone showed rapid systemic clearance (CL (0.11±0.014) L/h/kg) and small volume of distribution (Vd (0.71±0.14) L/kg). The biological half life (t_1/2) was 56.24 min. After oral administration, alantolactone showed rapid oral absorption in rats, with a short T_max of(45.02±0.88) and (45.13±0.39) min for 14 and 28 mg/kg, respectively.The bioavailability of alantolactone in rats was 50.88%, indicating that alantolactone was orally available.     

The effect of repeated-dose activated charcoal on the Pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in healthy volunteers

Aims We investigated the effects of repeated-dose charcoal administered several hours after sodium valproate on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of the drug in healthy volunteers.
Methods The pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate were studied in seven healthy volunteers after administration of a syrup (300 mg) on two occasions, one of which was followed by administration of repeated doses of oral charcoal starting 4 h after the drug up to 32 h (total dose 80 g).
Results Valproate was rapidly absorbed with maximum concentrations 1 h after administration. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve to 48 h (AUC (0,48 h)) was 408 ± 114.5 (s.d.)mgl⁻¹ h in the control phase and 398 ± 108.6 mgl⁻¹ h after charcoal and the t _1/2 elimination was 20 ± 6.8 h in the control phase, and 22 ± 9.2 h after charcoal (NS).
Conclusions Repeated-dose activated charcoal does not appear to enhance the rate of elimination of sodium valproate after therapeutic doses of the drug and any beneficial effect of charcoal in overdose may be to prevent absorption of valproate still present in the gut.     

岩黄连总碱胶囊在健康受试者体内的药动学研究

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中脱氢卡维丁的浓度,研究不同剂量岩黄连总碱胶囊在中国健康受试者多次给药后的药动学.方法:采用随机、开放、多剂量给药设计的方法.16名健康志愿者随机分为2个剂量组(2 400 mg和3 200 mg),男女各半,每组8例,分别多次口服岩黄连总碱胶囊,每日1次,连续7 d,第7天在给药...     

The effects of ketoconazole on ziprasidone pharmacokinetics —a placebo‐controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers

Aims   To assess the effects of multiple oral doses of ketoconazole on the single‐dose pharmacokinetics of oral ziprasidone HCl.
Methods   This was a 14‐day, open‐label, randomized, crossover study in 14 healthy subjects aged 18–31 years. Group 1 received oral ketoconazole 400 mg once daily for 6 days, followed by a 2 day wash‐out period and 6 days of placebo administration. Group 2 received placebo followed by ketoconazole. Single oral doses of ziprasidone HCl 40 mg were administered on days 5 and 13 in both groups. Ziprasidone pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between placebo and ketoconazole administration periods.
Results   Co‐administration of ziprasidone with ketoconazole was associated with a modest increase in ziprasidone exposure; mean ziprasidone AUC(0,∞) increased by 33%, from 899 ng ml^{− 1} h with placebo to 1199 ng ml^{− 1} h with ketoconazole. Mean C _max increased by 34%, from 89 ng ml^{− 1} to 119 ng ml^{− 1}, respectively. The treatment effect on both of these parameters was statistically significant ( P < 0.02). Most adverse events were of mild intensity. There were no serious adverse events, laboratory abnormalities, abnormal ECGs, or clinically significant alterations in vital signs throughout the study.
Conclusions   The concurrent administration of ketoconazole and ziprasidone led to modest, statistically significant increases in ziprasidone exposure, although the changes seen were not considered clinically relevant. This suggests that other inhibitors of CYP3A4 are unlikely to significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone.     

反式白藜芦醇葡萄糖苷在犬体内的药动学研究

目的：建立Beagle犬血浆中反式白藜芦醇葡萄糖苷（TRG）的测定方法并进行药动学研究。方法：Beagle犬分别灌胃和静脉给予TRG后测定不同时间的血药浓度,运用Topfit 2.0药动学软件计算非房室模型药动学参数。结果：Beagle犬以25,50,100 mg·kg^-13个剂量灌胃给予TRG,TRG血浆峰浓度（C_max）分别为（0.92±0.44）,（1.93±0.46）,（4.02±1.22）mg·L^-1;达峰时间（t_max）分别为（0.83±0.18）,（1.19±0.36）,（0.78±0.17）h;半衰期（t_1/2）分别为（0.93±0.16）,（1.18±0.19）,（1.18±0.29）h;药-时曲线下面积（AUC_0-t）分别为（1.73±0.77）,（4.14±0.52）,（8.67±2.95）mg·h·L^-1。Beagle犬静脉注射TRG 25 mg·kg^-1后,TRG的t_1/2为（1.72±0.41）h,AUC_0-t为（48.9±6.41）mg·h·L^-1,TRG的绝对生物利用度为3.53%。结论：TRG在25~100 mg·kg^-1剂量范围内C_max和AUC_0-t呈线性动力学特征,TRG在Beagle犬体内的绝对生物利用度较低。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利胃漂浮缓释微丸在大鼠体内的口服生物利用度研究

目的：建立大鼠血浆中莫沙必利药物浓度的HPLC-MS/MS测定方法,研究枸橼酸莫沙必利胃漂浮缓释微丸在大鼠体内的口服相对生物利用度。方法：12只大鼠按照随机数字表法分为2组,分别灌胃给药给予枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片粉末或胃漂浮缓释微丸,测定莫沙必利的血浆药物浓度,评价枸橼酸莫沙必利胃漂浮缓释微丸给药后的相对生物利用度。结果：本方法大鼠血浆中莫沙必利浓度的线性范围为0.2~40 ng·mL^-1 （r²=0.998 8）;日内及日间精密度RSD均小于15%。单剂量口服灌胃给药给予枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片粉末或胃漂浮缓释微丸0.2 mg （以枸橼酸莫沙必利计算）后,血浆中莫沙必利的C_max分别为（8.00±0.91）,（6.85±0.68）ng·mL^-1;AUC_0→t分别为（7.01±0.73）,（47.32±7.97）ng·h·mL^-1,AUC_0→∞分别为（7.59±0.90）,（51.83±10.13）ng·h·mL^-1。以AUC_0→t和AUC_0→∞计算,枸橼酸莫沙必利胃漂浮缓释微丸的相对生物利用度分别为675%和683%。结论：将枸橼酸莫沙必利制成胃漂浮缓释微丸后,可显著提高其口服生物利用度。     

Tissue disposition and excretion of 14C-labelled aflatoxin B1 after oral administration in channel catfish.

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of ¹⁴C-labelled aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) were examined after oral administration (250 μg/kg body weight) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Plasma concentrations of parent AFB₁ were best described by a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, in which peak plasma concentration (503 ppb) occurred at 4.1 hr after dosing. The absorption and elimination half-lives were 1.5 and 3.7 hr, respectively. AFB₁ was highly bound (95%) to plasma proteins. Concentrations of ¹⁴C (in AFB₁ equivalents) measured in the tissues were highest at 4 hr, ranging from 596 ppb in the plasma to 40 ppb in the muscle. AFB₁ residues were rapidly depleted; at 24 hr the concentrations in the plasma and muscle were 32 and <5 ppb, respectively. Concentrations in the bile exceeded 2000 ppb (at 24 hr), whereas the highest concentration in the urine was 51 ppb (4–6-hr collection interval). Renal and biliary excretion accounted for <5% of the administered dose, indicating incomplete absorption. Pharmacokinetic modelling and tissue data demonstrate a very low potential for the accumulation of AFB₁ and its metabolites in the edible flesh of channel catfish through the consumption of AFB₁-contaminated feed.     

布渣叶总黄酮中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷在家兔体内的药动学

目的：建立了家兔灌胃布渣叶总黄酮提取物后血浆中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的HPLC/MS方法,并研究其药动学。方法：家兔灌胃给于布渣叶总黄酮提取物后于不同时间点取血,采用HPLC/MS测定兔血浆中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的血药浓度,并计算药动学参数。色谱柱：Hypersil Gold C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-1%乙酸水溶液（V/V）,梯度洗脱,柱温20℃,质谱检测采用ESI离子源,同时测定血浆样品中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的浓度,采用非房室模型估算药动学参数。结果：牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷均在0.2~20 mg·L^-1内线性关系良好（r>0.999）,提取回收率、精密度和稳定性均良好。家兔口服布渣叶总黄酮提取物后牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的主要药动学参数如下：AUC_0-t分别是10.13,8.92,15.12 mg·L^-1·h,C_max分别是3.04,2.62,3.51 mg·L^-1,t_max分别是0.75,0.75,1.00 h,t_1/2分别是2.96,3.20,3.93 h,MRT_0-∞分别是5.01,5.58,6.33 h。结论：该方法可特异、准确、灵敏地同时测定家兔血浆中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的血药浓度,家兔口服布渣叶总黄酮提取物后牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷可迅速吸收入体内,其药时曲线存在双峰现象。     

微透析联合高效液相色谱法研究延胡索乙素在清醒大鼠脑局部的药动学

目的：研究延胡索乙素（THP）灌胃给药在清醒大鼠脑局部的药动学特性。方法：采用微透析采样技术,以清醒大鼠为实验模型,连续收集给药（40 mg·kg^-1）后大鼠脑纹状体透析液,高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定THP浓度,经回收率校正后,用PK Solver 2.0药动学软件按非房室模型计算主要药动学参数。结果： THP在清醒大鼠脑局部的药动学参数t_1/2为（2.0±0.46） h;t_max为（1.18±0.19） h;C_max为（4 090.73±151.45） ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-inf为（15.05±1.02） ng·mL^-1·h^-1;MRT_0-inf为（3.72±0.21） h。结论：所采用的微透析技术能实现活体连续取样,所建立的HPLC分析方法经方法学考察表明该方法精密度、准确度高,重现性好;微透析-HPLC法适用于延胡索乙素在大鼠脑局部的药动学研究,为其脑部靶向制剂的开发与临床应用提供实验依据。     

Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb1 in rat plasma by HPLC and its application to pharmacokinetic study of SHENMAI injection

In the present study, we developed a sensitive and efficient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of three ginsenosides (Rg₁, Re, Rb₁) in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C₁₈ (150 mm×4.6 mm) column utilizing gradient elution profile and a mobile phase consisting of (A) water and (B) acetonitrile. The calibration curve, with a great correlation coefficient greater than 0.998, was linear over the range of 1.0–30.0 μg/mL for ginsenoside Rg₁, 0.5–15.0 μg/mL for ginsenoside Re, and 0.5–200.0 μg/mL for ginsenoside Rb₁. The intra- and inter-day precisions for three ginsenosides (Rg₁, Re, Rb₁) were all less than 6.0%, and average recovery, examined at three concentration levels, ranged from 96.1% to 118.6%. The samples was stable within 24 h at 4 ºC storage, and 30 d at –20 ºC storage with three freeze-thaw-assay cycles. The low limits of quantification (LOQ) were 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/mL for Rg₁,Re and Rb₁, respectively. Taken together, the newly developed method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg₁, Re and Rb₁ in rat plasma after intravenous administration of SHENMAI injection (SMI).     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of cyclosporin A O/W-emulsion and microsphere formulations in rabbits

O/W-emulsion and microspheres containing cyclosporin A (CSA) were prepared to investigate the feasibility of developing new formulations. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these preparations were evaluated in rabbits and compared to two commercial products, Sandimmun Neoral^® for oral administration and CIPOL Inj.^® for intravenous administration. After oral or intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) to male rabbits, CSA concentration and lymphocyte population in whole blood were measured by TDxFLx^® and Coulter STKS^®, respectively. Total clearance (CL_t) was increased after intravenous administration of CSA O/W-emulsion compared with intravenous administration of CIPOL Inj^®. In case of oral administration, AUC and bioavailability of CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of Sandimmun Neoral^®, however, MRT and T_max of CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion were significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the area between the baseline and effect curves (ABEC) among these formulations (P>0.05), but the pharmacodynamic availability (F_PD) of CSA O/W-emulsion was 5.51-fold higher than that of CIPOL Inj.^® and was significantly greater than that of Sandimmun Neoral^® (P<0.05). These results suggest that CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion have sustained release characteristics and may be used as such formulations for oral or intravenous administration of CSA.     

微透析技术结合液质联用的不同黄芪剂量的补阳还五汤在脑缺血损伤大鼠血药动学研究

目的：探讨不同黄芪剂量的补阳还五汤益气组与活血组有效成分在MCAO大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法：复制大鼠脑缺血再灌注动物模型，建立补阳还五汤微透析样品的液质联用检测方法，研究补阳还五汤益气组低、中、高剂量（3.09，6.17，12.34 g·kg^-1），活血组注射液给药剂量为2.32 g·kg^-1，股静脉给药后脑缺血再灌注损失大鼠中有效成分的药动学特征。结果：补阳还五汤不同给药组中芒柄花素和芍药苷血液药动学过程符合一房室模型，低剂量益气组和活血组中芒柄花素和芍药苷的半衰期（t_1/2）分别为（46.89±1.77），（25.47±1.43）min，平均滞留时间（MRT）分别为（67.66±2.55），（36.74±2.07）min，药-时曲线下面积（AUC_0-t）分别为（39 325.21±7 411.43），（225 496.40±24 990.38）ng·mL^-1·min；中剂量益气组和活血组中芒柄花素和芍药苷的t_1/2分别为（43.73±0.47），（26.24±1.10）min，MRT分别为（63.09±0.68，37.85±1.59）min，AUC_0-t（67 556.41±7 043.40），（242 206.10±19 296.12）ng·mL^-1·min；高剂量益气组和活血组中芒柄花素和芍药苷的t_1/2分别为（43.34±5.70），（29.37±2.23）min，MRT分别为（62.54±8.22），（42.37±3.22）min，AUC_0-t分别为（145 611.50±24 607.85），（259 667.70±27 544.71）ng·mL^-1·min。结论：不同黄芪剂量组中芒柄花素的MRT及t_1/2均无明显差异。高剂量益气组能延长芍药苷t_1/2、MRT，能延缓芍药苷在体内被代谢，有利于芍药苷在体内维持更持久的作用时间。     

Decreased oral availability of cyclosporin A at second administration in humans

Aims The objective of this study was to determine the extent of period effect on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A (CsA) during consecutive dosing.
Methods Sandimmune Neoral^® and Neoplanta^® capsules were administered to twenty-four healthy Korean male subjects at a single CsA dose of 175  mg in a 2×2 crossover investigation with a 2-week wash-out phase. Concentrations of CsA in blood were measured by a r.i.a. method for a period of 48  h.
Results The two formulations were found bioequivalent, but analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that there is a significant ( P <0.01) period effect in AUC(0,last) (area under the blood concentration-time curve above the assay limit) and C _max (maximum blood concentration) between the administrations. A 6 and 9% decrease in the AUC(0,last) and C _max , respectively was seen at the second administration.
Conclusions This period effect on the pharmacokinetics of CsA may be relevant for the patients who need consecutive administration of the drug.