全层修复三角韧带与下胫腓联合内固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-03—2018-03手术治疗的31例Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,先取仰卧位内侧入路探查三角韧带并评估损伤程度,在三角韧带深层止点预置锚钉,再取侧卧位后外侧入路复位腓骨、后踝固定或不固定,再取仰卧位前外侧小切口探查清理下胫腓联合并行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,最后依次修复三角韧带深层、浅层。结果 31例均获得随访,随访时间平均31(18~48)个月。骨折完全愈合时间为12~48周,无骨折延迟愈合、下胫腓螺钉断裂发生。末次随访时踝-后足AOFAS评分平均91(72~97)分,优27例,良3例,可1例。结论全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉内固定治疗合并下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤的Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可降低踝关节复位不良发生率,恢复踝关节稳定性,有利于患者进行早期功能锻练,达到快速康复的目的。     

踝关节骨折伴三角韧带断裂的手术治疗

目的:评价踝关节骨折伴三角韧带断裂的手术治疗效果。方法:对14例踝关节骨折伴三角韧带断裂的患者,采用踝关节骨折切开复位内固定并同时修复三角韧带的方法治疗,观察术后踝关节功能情况,评估临床疗效。结果:切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无内固定物松动及骨折不愈合等并发症;随访时间12~18个月,平均14.6个月;骨折愈合时间12~16周,平均13.8周;采用美国骨科足踝协会足踝评分系统评价末次随访时踝关节功能,优7例,良5例,可1例,差1例,优良率85.7%。结论:骨折切开复位内固定同时修复三角韧带治疗踝关节骨折伴三角韧带断裂,可获得良好疗效。     

Lauge-Hansen分型指导下手术治疗踝关节骨折

目的探讨Lauge-Hansen分型指导下手术治疗踝关节骨折的方法与疗效。方法 60例踝关节骨折在Lauge-Hansen分型指导下均行切开复位钢板、螺钉内固定治疗。结果 60例均获随访6~24个月,平均16个月。骨折愈合时间6～12周,平均10周。末次随访时根据Baird-Jackson评分系统进行疗效评定:优39例,良13例,可8例,优良率86.7%。结论骨折良好的复位、稳定的内固定及对韧带损伤的重视,可使踝关节骨折患者恢复良好的踝关节功能。     

中空螺钉固定加带线铆钉修复治疗第5跖骨基底部骨折合并踝关节外侧副韧带Ⅲ度损伤

目的:观察第5跖骨基底部骨折合并踝关节外侧副韧带Ⅲ度损伤手术治疗的临床疗效。方法:自2008年1月至2011年12月,对32例第5跖骨基底部骨折合并踝关节外侧副韧带Ⅲ度损伤的患者进行手术治疗,其中第5跖骨基底部骨折采用切开复位中空螺钉固定,外侧副韧带损伤采用带线铆钉在韧带附着点予以固定修补治疗,术后均予石膏托固定踝关节于90°背伸轻度外翻位,2周拆线并扶双拐带石膏托下地不负重行走,6周后去除石膏,支具保护下部分负重行走2周,8周后完全负重。术后参照美国足与踝关节协会(AOFAS)踝与后足的功能评分标准进行疗效评定。结果:32例均获随访,时间8～18个月,平均12个月,全部病例跖骨骨折获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间12.5周(8～24周)。参照AOFAS踝与后足的功能评分标准进行评定,优18例,良14例。结论:利用中空螺钉固定加带线铆钉修复能获得较好的功能恢复,是一种较为理想的治疗第5跖骨基底部骨折合并踝关节外侧副韧带Ⅲ度损伤的方法。     

手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的临床对照研究

目的:评价手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的疗效。方法:将52例旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折其中内踝骨质完整的患者按就诊顺序分为三角韧带手术治疗组(治疗组)和术后内翻位石膏固定组(对照组)各23例,均行外踝骨折切开复位钢板螺丝钉内固定,下胫腓关节以螺钉固定8周;治疗组同时行三角韧带修补,对照组术后行内翻位石膏固定治疗;随访11~34个月,按美国足踝外科协会踝与后足功能评分标准评估疗效。结果:52例患者均获随访,治疗组和对照组优良率分别为84.6%和65.4%,治疗组优于对照组。结论:旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折中三角韧带损伤,有必要同时进行修补。     

可吸收锚钉修复三角韧带损伤在踝关节骨折术中的应用

目的观察踝关节骨折术中采用可吸收锚钉修复三角韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2017-05—2019-01采用钢板螺钉内固定治疗的36例合并内侧三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折,术中采用可吸收锚钉修复三角韧带损伤。结果 36例均获得随访,随访时间平均16.4(5.1～26.2)个月。所有患者均未出现组织感染、排斥反应、关节再脱位、骨折不愈合等并发症。骨折愈合时间9.1～17.3周,平均12.5周。末次随访时AOFAS评分:优25例,良9例,可2例,优良率94.4%。1例踝关节活动范围减小,行走后疼痛,无静息痛,口服药物缓解。结论对于合并内侧三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折,踝关节骨折复位固定后采用可吸收锚钉重建内侧三角韧带可获得更好的踝关节稳定性,减少并发症发生。     

手术治疗踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨手术治疗踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤的疗效。方法 2010年1月-2013年1月,收治11例踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤患者。其中男7例,女4例;年龄18~72岁,平均38.2岁。受伤至手术时间为6 h~7 d,平均4 d。踝关节骨折根据Lauge-Hansen分型标准:旋前-外旋型5例,旋后-外旋型4例,旋前-外展型2例。踝关节彩色多普勒超声及MRI检查证实三角韧带断裂。麻醉后行外翻应力试验、距骨外翻倾斜试验和前抽屉试验均为阳性。踝关节骨折行切开复位内固定,探查并修复三角韧带。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等手术相关并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均13.3个月。X线片复查示,骨折均解剖复位,内固定物位置满意,踝关节各骨对应关系无异常,下胫腓联合关系正常;骨折均愈合,愈合时间6~8周,平均7.6周。术后3~6个月复查踝关节MRI示三角韧带形态正常。按美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分:获优6例,良3例,可1例,差1例,优良率81.8%。结论对于踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤,切开复位内固定骨折同时修补三角韧带,可最大程度恢复踝关节内侧稳定结构。     

手术治疗Maisonneuve骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨手术治疗Maisonneuve骨折的方法及近期疗效。方法 2010年1月-2013年2月,收治23例Maisonneuve骨折患者。男14例,女9例;年龄30~68岁,平均40.3岁。致伤原因:摔伤11例,运动伤5例,交通事故伤4例,高处坠落伤3例。受伤至手术时间7~10 d,平均8.5 d。均为闭合性损伤。其中3例伴三角韧带损伤。手术复位固定内踝及后髁骨折,锚钉缝合修复三角韧带,探查修复或复位固定下胫腓联合。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无手术相关并发症发生。21例患者获随访,随访时间24~36个月,平均26.5个月。患者踝关节均无疼痛、压痛及明显肿胀。X线片复查示,术后3~6个月(平均4.6个月)腓骨及踝部骨折均骨性愈合,踝穴正常,腓骨长度恢复,内固定牢固,无创伤性关节炎发生。术后1年,踝关节背伸、跖屈活动度均达30~40°,平均34.5°。末次随访时,根据Baird-Jackson踝关节功能评价标准评分为85~100分,平均94分;其中优16例、良4例、可1例,优良率为95.2%。结论根据Maisonneuve骨折受伤机制,通过固定内踝、后踝,修复三角韧带,固定下胫腓联合,可获得良好疗效。     

带线锚钉治疗踝关节三角韧带损伤的疗效分析

目的:探讨应用带线锚钉治疗踝关节三角韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法:2008年4月～2012年4月治疗伴有三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折23例,男性14例,女性9例,年龄24～69岁,平均42.8岁,均采用切开复位和坚强内固定,并修复重建三角韧带,恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。结果:随访2～36个月,术后踝关节内侧间隙宽度较术前明显改善(P<0.01),优良率为87.0%。结论:带线锚钉治疗踝关节三角韧带损伤,较采用钢丝或丝线的传统方法具有创伤小、操作简单、固定可靠的特点,带线锚钉是治疗三角韧带损伤良好的内固定材料。     

手术治疗三角韧带完全断裂的旋前外旋型踝关节骨折

目的探讨三角韧带完全断裂的旋前外旋型踝关节骨折手术治疗方法和临床疗效。方法对30例三角韧带完全断裂的旋前外旋型踝关节骨折患者在骨折复位固定的同时修复三角韧带,其中男16例,女14例,年龄18~64岁。交通伤15例,扭伤12例,重物压伤3例。损伤均为旋前外旋型,按照Lauge-Hansen分类,Ⅲ度12例,Ⅳ度18例。采用美国足踝外科学会(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)踝-后足评分和视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)对临床结果进行评估。结果 30例患者均获随访,时间12~18个月,平均13.5个月。骨折均愈合,愈合时间10~16周,平均12.8周。末次随访时AOFAS踝-后足评分为84~99分(平均94.6分),VAS评分为0~6分,平均1.3分,无踝关节不稳定表现。结论对旋前外旋型踝关节骨折合并三角韧带完全断裂的患者,需要合理临床评估后选择治疗方案,根据断裂部位选择适当的手术缝合方法,可以取得较满意的效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.