应用腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复会阴部软组织缺损

目的提供一种修复会阴前区软组织缺损的方法。方法采用腹壁下动静脉为血管蒂,保持腹直肌的完整性,形成腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣,带蒂移位,修复会阴前区皮肤肿瘤切除或放疗所致的大面积创面。结果本组6例患者,皮瓣切取面积6.0cm×12.0cm~10.0cm×28.0cm。皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区无腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发症发生。结论腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣血运丰富,不损伤腹直肌,是修复会阴部大面积缺损的一种较好的方法。     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复会阴部软组织缺损

目的提供一种修复会阴前区软组织缺损的方法.方法采用腹壁下动静脉为血管蒂,保持腹直肌的完整性,形成腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣,带蒂移位,修复会阴前区皮肤肿瘤切除或放疗所致的大面积创面.结果本组6例患者,皮瓣切取面积6.0 cm×12.0 cm～10.0 cm×28.0 cm.皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区无腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发症发生.结论腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣血运丰富,不损伤腹直肌,是修复会阴部大面积缺损的一种较好的方法.     

脐旁岛状分叉皮瓣转移修复会阴部瘢痕挛缩畸形1例

脐旁皮瓣在临床上有较为广泛的应用，游离移植可用于修复头面部的软组织缺损及畸形，也可制成脐旁岛状皮瓣进行阴道再造等，均取得良好效果。1999年12月我科应用脐旁岛状分叉皮瓣转移修复会阴部手术后形成的复杂性瘢痕挛缩畸形1例，获得满意效果，报道如下。 1　临床资料　 　　某女，33岁。因1998年5月在外院行小阴唇近阴蒂处黑痣切除术，术后切片诊断为恶性黑色素瘤，2周后行扩大切除淋巴结清扫术，术后外阴形态破坏并形成瘢痕挛缩，会阴部形成瘢痕环状挛缩畸形，尿道口被覆盖，排尿受阻，双腿外展功能受限，行走时痛苦异常，性生活丧失(图1)。经过充分术前准备，住院第5天在全麻下行会阴部瘢痕挛缩松解右侧腹部脐旁岛状分叉皮瓣修复术。术前设计：沿腹壁下动脉走行，经腹直肌切口切开皮肤及皮下组织，暴露并切开腹直肌前鞘，在腹直肌后方钝性分离出腹壁下的动静脉主干，沿血管主干上行，延长腹壁切口抵达皮瓣的下缘，约在脐下3.5cm处旁开2cm分离出腹壁下动脉脐旁皮瓣血管蒂，在分离至血管蒂部时，形成一约5cm长的腹直肌肌袖以避免血管分支受损。然后按皮瓣设计线自上而下掀起，形成以腹壁下动脉为蒂的脐旁岛状皮瓣(25cm×12cm)，将皮瓣及其血管蒂通过皮下隧道转移至会阴部，彻底松解会阴部挛缩瘢痕，使尿道口、阴道口及肛门恢复到解剖位置，并使双腿外展达150°。再沿术前设计线纵形劈开岛状皮瓣的远端，形成脐旁岛状分叉皮瓣，与会阴部瘢痕松解后的创缘缝合，皮瓣下常规放置负压引流，术毕。术后常规补液，抗感染治疗，7天拆线，2周后病人痊愈出院(图1)。 　　脐旁皮瓣有恒定的血液供应，血管蒂长，转位角度灵活，抗感染能力强，临床上应用较为灵活，在会阴部缺损的修复及器官再造方面有着比其它皮瓣难以比拟的优势。本例会阴部术后复杂性瘢痕挛缩畸形，成功的应用了脐旁岛状分叉皮瓣来进行修复，术后外形功能改善明显，效果满意，值得借鉴。     

颈浅动脉岛状皮瓣在修复颌面颈部烧伤瘢痕中的应用

目的　探讨颈浅动脉岛状皮瓣的切取方法,观察用其修复颌面颈部瘢痕的临床效果。方法　解剖观测10例成年人体标本的颈浅动脉起源、走行、分支和分布,将颈浅动脉分为斜方肌肌前段、肌内段和肌后段3段。14例颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩患者行瘢痕切除后应用颈浅动脉岛状皮瓣修复,观察术后皮瓣成活及患者颈部活动恢复等情况。　结果　颈浅动脉肌前段长度为(5. 1±0. 4)cm,肌内段为(2. 1±0. 5)cm,肌后段为(4. 7±0. 7)cm.内侧肌皮穿支位于第7颈椎旁开(7. 3±0. 6)cm、肩胛冈上(3. 9±0. 7)cm处。本组患者修复皮瓣大小为(16. 0cm×7. 0cm)~(35. 0cm×12. 0cm),除1例皮瓣远端有约3. 0cm×1. 5cm的坏死外, 13例患者皮瓣完全成活。随访4个月—3年,效果满意。　结论　颈浅动脉岛状皮瓣切取方法简便,不需要行断蒂手术,是修复颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的较好选择。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复四肢软组织缺损

目的 总结应用游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损并肌腱、骨外露的手术方法及临床应用效果.方法 对四肢软组织缺损创面应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植进行修复9例,切取皮瓣面积21 cm×10cm～17 cm×8 cm.结果 皮瓣全部成活,没有并发症发生.术后随访6～20个月,皮瓣外形良好,供区均无腹壁薄弱及腹壁疝的发生.结论 腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣不带腹直肌及前鞘,只含有皮肤、皮下脂肪和血管蒂,避免了供区腹部并发症的发生.供区隐蔽,手术操作方便,是修复四肢软组织缺损的理想皮瓣之一.     

岛状肌瓣促进骨修复能力的实验研究

目的:利用一种动物岛状肌瓣的模型,探讨肌瓣在四肢骨折修复中促进骨修复的能力。方法:切除家兔的股四头肌和其下前半侧骨膜,暴露股骨干,用电踞切下一块1.5cm×0.4cm大小的皮质骨,半小时后骨块回植原位。以腹壁下动脉为蒂的腹直肌肌瓣和以腹壁浅动脉为蒂的下腹部皮瓣,转位修复兔大腿创面。4周后运用r计数方法测量游离骨块的代谢情况,以确定局部成骨能力。结果:肌瓣组4周后游离骨块的r计数值明显高于岛状皮瓣组,成骨能力强于岛状皮瓣。结论:肌瓣在四肢开放性粉碎性骨折的修复中具有很强的促进骨修复的能力,在四肢骨折伴软组织缺损的修复中是一种良好的选择。     

带蒂腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣修复大腿肿瘤术后创面

目的 探讨腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣修复大腿肿瘤切除术后创面的效果.方法 自2002年1月至2009年1月,采用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣修复大腿肿瘤切除术后创面15例,皮瓣面积13 cm×10 cm～40 cm×10 cm,血管蒂长11～16 cm.根据缺损区皮肤松弛程度决定采用直接缝合或皮瓣移植修复.结果 术后14例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣远端坏死约4 cm×1 cm,经换药创面痊愈.10例获随访1个月至2年,皮瓣色泽、质地与外形良好,患者行走及下蹲功能很好.结论 带蒂腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣能修复大腿肿瘤切除术后创面,皮瓣范围大、供区隐蔽,效果理想.     

带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植重建胸壁巨大缺损的手术策略

目的探讨应用带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植重建局部晚期乳腺癌术后胸壁巨大缺损的手术策略。方法2007年8月至2018年10月,共收治病灶切除后继发缺损需行下腹部皮瓣移植修复的局部晚期乳腺癌女性患者89例,继发软组织缺损面积为25.0 cm×12.0 cm~31.0 cm×16.0 cm,全部采用带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣面积为26.0 cm×12.0 cm~35.0cm×15.0 cm。本组患者均为乳腺癌扩大根治术后遗留的单纯大面积软组织缺损。联合皮瓣的具体形式分为两种:①对侧带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合同侧游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣;②同侧带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合对侧游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣。游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植的受区血管选择包括胸廓内血管、胸外侧动静脉、胸肩峰血管、胸背血管、胸背血管前锯肌支和颈横动静脉。采用第二种皮瓣形式时不能选择胸廓内血管作为受区血管。结果采用第一种联合皮瓣形式57例,其中4例腹直肌带蒂皮瓣一侧术后发生边缘部分坏死;采用第二种联合皮瓣形式32例,其中2例在切取过程中发现带蒂腹直肌皮瓣完全没有血供,改为游离腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植,3例腹直肌带蒂皮瓣一侧术后发生边缘部分坏死,清创后再采用局部推进皮瓣修复。其余患者伤口均一期愈合,皮瓣完全成活。所有患者顺利完成后期治疗,术后随访12~96个月,平均(29.5±0.3)个月,11例患者失访,完成随访的78例患者中有4例患者局部肿瘤复发(5.1%),4例患者发生脑部转移(5.1%),3例患者发生肝转移(3.8%),6例患者发生肺部转移(7.7%),其余患者恢复良好,皮瓣外观、功能恢复满意,患者生活质量明显提高。结论联合下腹部皮瓣移植安全性高,有助于控制局部晚期乳腺癌病灶,明显提高患者生存质量。其中第一种联合皮瓣形式移植血管吻合选择更加灵活,皮瓣血运更加可靠;第二种联合皮瓣形式手术时间短。两种术式具体选择需要根据患者实际情况而定。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。方法　切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm×l2cm)— (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

三叶状下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建

目的用改善血供的下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAMF)重建乳房。方法在通常以上部腹直肌为蒂的 TRAMF 的肌蒂表面附加一块脐旁三角形皮瓣,使共同组成三叶状,藉以增加肌皮穿支动脉的血供及肌皮瓣提供的组织量,便于乳房塑形和腋部瘢痕挛缩的充分松解修复,以及胸壁的放射性烧伤创面的修复。结果乳癌术后单侧乳房缺失伴胸壁放射性溃疡及腋部瘢痕挛缩6例,肌皮瓣完全成活者4倒,皮瓣最远端少量坏死及脂肪液化者2例。重建乳房外形良好,胸壁放射性烧伤创面修复及腋部瘢痕挛缩修复。结论本术式最适用于单侧乳房缺失伴放疗后有胸壁烧伤溃疡及腋窝瘢痕挛缩的病例。     

Buttock reconstruction using a pedicled deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

Although deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps are mainly used for breast reconstruction as free flaps, they are also useful as pedicled island flaps. However, DIEP flaps have seldom been used for reconstructions in the lateral hip region. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no report has been issued on the use of this flap for buttock reconstruction. The authors describe the successful use of a pedicled oblique DIEP flap for the reconstruction of a severe scar contracture in the buttock. The pedicled DIEP flap can be a useful option for the reconstruction of large buttock defects, and if a transverse DIEP flap is unavailable, an oblique DIEP flap should be considered an alternative.     

A pedicled split extended vertical deep inferior epigastric (s-vDIEP) flap and an adipo-dermal thigh local flap for the reconstruction of the medial thigh compartment after sarcoma resection: A case report

Large upper medial thigh defects in prior irradiated tissue require challenging reconstructions. Several techniques have been reported to reconstruct this region and according to the literature, pedicled perforator flaps are the first reconstructive option. The anterolateral thigh flap is considered the gold standard, while surprisingly the pedicle deep inferior epigastric (DIEP) flap in vertical fashion has not been frequently employed, if compared with its muscular counterpart, the pedicle vertical rectus abdomins flap (vRAM). We report a case of a multilayered flaps reconstruction of the left medial thigh after an excision of a sarcoma involving the whole adductors compartment. A 75-year-old male patient underwent a free margins resection of the sarcoma. After the resection, a soft tissue defect of 24 cm × 14 cm × 14 cm spreading from the groin to the medial tuberosity of the tibia, was left. We performed a reconstructive technique based on a pedicled split extended vertical deep inferior epigastric (s-vDIEP) flap and an adipo-dermal thigh local flap in order to fill and cover the thigh defect. The s-vDIEP had 2 islands: a cranial de-epithelialized island to fill the dead space and a caudal for the skin closure. The postoperative follow-up was complicated by seroma formation and it was managed by sclerotherapy and at the 6 months follow-up the patient showed good cosmetic and functional outcomes with no sign of tumor relapse. Our result suggests that the proposed multilayered reconstruction may be employed for the restoration of large and deep upper medial thigh defects.     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。　方法切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。　结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm× 12cm )～ (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。　结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

Breast reconstruction with superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) free flap: Report of two cases

The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction. When the DIEP pedicle is damaged, alternative perforator flaps are harvested from sites with less donor tissue, such as the thigh. Pedicled superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flaps have been recently described for reconstruction of inferior partial breast defects. The purpose of this report is to show the surgical technique of the free SEAP flap for reconstruction of the entire breast in two patients. The authors describe two patients where the DIEP pedicle was unavailable. The first patient was 53 years old, with body mass index (BMI) 22.7, while the second patient was 60 with BMI 32.4. The donor site was marked as for a DIEP, and two lateral row perforators were selected in each case. Flaps were designed to cross the midline, with adequate perfusion confirmed via indocyanine green angiography. Both flaps were rotated 90° counterclockwise for inset into the chest. Flap size and weight for the two patients were: 24 × 15 cm and 350 g; and 25 × 15 cm and 400 g. Both patients had a routine postoperative course without complications. Length of follow-up was 155 and 158 days, respectively. We believe that the free SEAP flap is a promising technique in select patients who require an alternative to the DIEP for autologous breast reconstruction.     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造阴道

目的探讨应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造阴道的优缺点。方法2004年1月~2005年5月,采用腹壁下动脉穿支(deepinferiorepigastricperforator,DIEP)皮瓣再造阴道5例,年龄19~40岁。先天性无阴道4例,阴道肿瘤1例。术前常规用超声多普勒检测DIEP,设计10cm×9cm~12cm×11cm的菱形皮瓣,将穿支点包括在皮瓣内。皮瓣切取后作内翻缝合成皮筒状,于腹股沟韧带与耻骨之间沿耻骨结节及耻骨上支内侧面,形成皮筒通过的隧道。将阴道皮筒经隧道移位至人工阴道腔隙或阴道肿瘤切除后的创面中再造阴道。结果5例阴道再造均获得成功,1例患者术后2周出现阴道后壁血肿,经清除血肿后愈合。腹壁供区无任何并发症发生。术后随访1~6个月,再造阴道质地柔软,宽敞,3例有性生活,患者感觉满意。结论应用DIEP皮瓣再造阴道是一种较理想的术式,对广泛的阴道肿瘤切除,由于需填充较多组织,仍是较好选择。     

小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损的可行性,报道其临床应用的初步效果. 方法 收治交通事故致伤的小儿足踝部软组织缺损合并肌腱、骨关节外露5例,软组织缺损面积最小11 cm×6 em,最大17 cm×6 cm;全部采用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复,其中腹壁下动、静脉与胫前动、静脉吻合2例,腹壁下动、静脉与足背动、静脉吻合1例,腹壁下动、静脉与胫后动、静脉吻合2例.移植皮瓣面积最小12 cm×7 cm.最大18 cm×7 cm.腹部皮瓣供区直接缝合. 结果 皮瓣术后顺利成活,皮瓣受区与供区创口愈合良好.术后随访1～5个月(平均3个月),皮瓣颜色、质地好,外形不臃肿,4例恢复保护性感觉.足踝功能恢复良好,腹部外形恢复较好,腹壁功能无明显影响. 结论 腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植不携带深筋膜与腹直肌,对腹部外形和功能影响小,皮瓣薄,修复足踝部创面不需二期修薄整形,是修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损的理想方法.     

改良腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(deep inferior epigastric perforator flap,DIEP皮瓣)切取方式的改进,扩大DIEP皮瓣的临床应用范围.方法 采用双腹壁下血管蒂仅带肌袖的DIEP皮瓣(并可通过筋膜蒂携带髂骨或肋骨)修复四肢大面积软组织缺损,其中前臂缺损5例,手腕部缺损6例,创面面积为10.0 cm×5.0 cm～45.0cm×20.0 cm,均为急诊修复.结果 术后11例皮瓣中全部存活10例,大部分存活1例.随访时间3～61个月,皮瓣愈合良好,手功能恢复满意.所有供区均未发生腹壁疝.结论 改良DIEP皮瓣是修复大面积皮肤缺损的首选皮瓣之一.     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房

目的对应用腹壁下动脉穿支(deepinferiorepigastricperforator,DIEP)皮瓣进行乳房再造进结。方法2000年3月~2005年3月,收治18例患者,其中因乳腺癌导致乳房缺损17例,术前行放射治疗者7例放射治疗者10例;先天性Poland’s综合征1例。胸壁缺损范围12cm×8cm~25cm×20cm。应用DIEP皮瓣游离进行乳房再造,皮瓣切取范围12cm×8cm~35cm×22cm。15例乳房再造患者使用的受区血管是胸廓内血管,其中腹壁下动、静脉分别与切断后的胸廓内动、静脉近、远心端行吻合者13例;仅切取一侧腹壁下血管,与胸廓内动、静心端行吻合者2例。3例行即刻乳房再造者使用的受区血管分别是胸背动、静脉和胸背动、静脉加旋肩胛动、静脉。18例患者中16例术后皮瓣全部成活,2例术后出现皮瓣坏死。其中行放射治疗1例,未行放射治疗1例。Poland合征患者术后皮瓣远端约1/3面积坏死。术后半年行乳头再造和乳房修整者2例。2例术后2周出现腹部供瓣区正口部分裂开,行创面清创后,分别应用直接缝合和植皮的方法进行修复。结论DIEP皮瓣在保留了传统下腹部横直肌皮瓣乳房再造所具有的优点同时,可最大限度保留腹直肌的功能,从而避免术后出现腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发目前较理想的乳房再造方式。     

Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for foot reconstruction using an external pedicle

When it is necessary to apply free flaps for foot reconstruction, the choices are limited. Conventionally, split-thickness skin-grafted muscle flaps and fasciocutaneous flaps from the back or thigh have been two major options, but these methods take substantial time to wearing normal shoes. As an alternative, the authors use the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap with an external pedicle. After elevation and thinning of the flap, the vascular pedicle is anastomosed at a site distant from the skin defect of the foot. About 20 days after that, the pedicle is severed, and the skin island is trimmed and sutured. This method provides thin and wide coverage within a limited time, and donor-site morbidity is minimal both functionally and aesthetically.     

Contralateral unaffected breast augmentation using zone IV as a SIEA flap during unilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction

BackgroundContralateral breast augmentation during unilateral breast reconstruction is a good option for women with small breasts. In patients with adequate lower abdominal tissues, the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is often the first choice for unilateral autologous breast reconstruction. We use Zone IV, which is usually excised owing to its insufficient blood circulation, as a superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap for contralateral breast augmentation.MethodsBetween October 2004 and January 2016, 32 patients underwent unilateral breast reconstruction using a DIEP flap and an attempted simultaneous contralateral breast augmentation with an SIEA flap. The unilateral DIEP flap attached to the contralateral SIEA flap was split into two separate flaps after indocyanine green angiography. In all patients, ipsilateral internal mammary vessels were used as recipient vessels for DIEP flap breast reconstruction. The SIEA flap pedicle was anastomosed to several branches of the deep inferior epigastric vessels. The SIEA flap was inset beneath the contralateral breast through the midline.ResultsOf 32 patients, 27 underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction and simultaneous unaffected breast augmentation using 25 SIEA or 2 superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flaps. All DIEP flaps survived, and total necrosis occurred in one SIEA flap. The mean weight of the final inset for DIEP flap reconstruction and SIEA or SCIP flap augmentation was 416 g and 112 g, respectively.ConclusionsUnilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction and contralateral SIEA flap breast augmentation may be safely performed with satisfactory results.