经鼻内镜筛窦纸板进路眶内手术

目的 探讨经鼻内镜筛窦纸板进路手术治疗眶内各种疾病的可行性并确立临床处理的基本原则。方法 经鼻内镜进路眶内手术10例：眶内异物取出术4例，球后海绵状血管瘤切除术1例，眶内侵犯或转移的恶性肿瘤切除术5例。结果 眶内异物取出术3例,1例失败；球后海绵状血管瘤1例完整切除；鼻咽癌眶内转移1例手术切除＋放射治疗后随访4年无复发，视力恢复至0．6；其他眶内恶性肿瘤4例，手术后随访1－4年健在。10例手术后1例视力损伤，9例均保留原有视力，其中3例失明病例中2例视力有一定程度的恢复。结论 位于神经内侧的某些占位性病变可以经鼻内镜筛窦纸板进路完成。当代先进的放射治疗技术对眶内恶性肿瘤的保守性手术创造了条件。     

鼻内镜下经筛窦眶纸板入路眶内占位病变切除术

目的 探讨鼻内镜下经筛窦眶纸板入路切除眶内占位病变的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月～2006年8月以突眼为主要症状的9例眶内占位(2例脂肪瘤、2例海绵状血管瘤、2例炎性假瘤和3例血肿)和1例眶内异物患者.除1例海绵状血管瘤外,均在鼻内镜下经筛窦眶纸板进入眼眶,清除眶内病变.结果 眶内异物一次性取出;1例海绵状血管瘤经眶外切开入路切除;突眼和复视症状均完全消除;术前手动视力提高到0.3,光感视力提高到0.1,伤后14天就诊者视力未恢复.随访3个月至2年,炎性假瘤1例治愈,1例复发,再次手术后切除,现随访中;其余8例均一次性治愈,临床症状消失,无复发.结论 鼻内镜下筛窦眶纸板入路眶内占位性病变切除术,具有术野清楚、损伤小、恢复快及面部无瘢痕等优点,可以完整切除占位病变,方法切实可行.     

鼻内镜下额筛窦骨瘤切除术

目的：评价额筛窦骨瘤鼻内镜径路切除术的效果。方法：18例额筛窦骨瘤患者中,位于额窦者8例,筛窦者6例,起源于筛窦突入额窦者4例,骨瘤大小为1cm×1cm×1cm～1．5cm×3．0cm×4．0cm,单纯采用鼻内镜径路切除17例,鼻内镜联合鼻外径路切除1例。结果：全部患者均完整切除肿瘤,无脑脊液鼻漏和眶筋膜损伤等并发症。术后随访6个月～3年,术前症状消失,未见复发。结论：对于额筛窦骨瘤,通过鼻内镜必要时结合眉弓切口外径路手术能够完整切除,并能够保护颅底、额窦后壁以及眶纸板等重要结构免受损伤。     

经鼻填充鼻中隔软骨修复眶内侧壁骨折

目的：探讨应用鼻内镜填充鼻中隔软骨,修复眶内侧壁骨折,经鼻做眼部手术的可能性。方法：选取眶内侧壁骨折患者11例（11眼）,术前检查均有不同程度的眼球内陷、复视、视力减退症状,行眼眶CT诊有眶内容物疝入筛窦并伴积液,其中6例内直肌肿胀。手术开始在内镜直视指引下,经鼻腔开放筛窦,摘除筛房,暴露骨折的纸板,将疝入物回纳眶内,鼻中隔软骨覆盖骨折区。结果：患者手术后全部治愈。双眼突出度相差≤1mm,平均0.11mm。视力较术前不改变或者略有改善。鼻内镜检查见筛窦术腔上皮化,填充的鼻中隔软骨无移动,无感染及排斥现象。结论：经鼻填充鼻中隔软骨修复眶内侧壁骨折方法简便,成功率高。自体鼻中隔软骨无排斥反应。     

经鼻内镜蝶窦进路岩尖胆脂瘤切除

目的 探讨经鼻内镜蝶窦进路岩尖部胆脂瘤囊内切除术的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001-2006年经鼻内镜蝶窦进路切除鞍旁、岩尖部胆脂瘤患者3例的临床资料.3例患者均在全麻下经鼻内镜全筛窦、蝶窦开放,于蝶窦外侧壁、颈内动脉前方磨开颅底骨板进入岩尖部,切开并扩大胆脂瘤囊壁后,采用吸引、刮除和冲洗的方法将胆脂瘤进行囊内清除.结果 3例岩尖胆脂瘤经囊内切除手术,均一次清除干净,手术前伴有头痛和眶尖综合征的2例患者于术后当天即有症状改善,术后1～4周症状完全恢复,全部患者未发生手术并发症.术后随访3～7年,全部患者症状未再发,影像学检查胆脂瘤无复发.结论 靠近鞍旁区域的岩尖胆脂瘤可以采用经鼻内镜蝶窦进路行囊内切除手术,远期疗效可靠.     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔软骨移植修复眶内壁缺损

随着鼻眼相关外科学的不断发展,我们从1996年起开展了经鼻内镜筛窦进路利用自体鼻中隔软骨修复因外伤而致的眶内壁缺损手术54例,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料。1996年5月～2008年6月我院因爆裂性眶内壁骨折而行鼻内镜筛窦进路利用自体鼻中隔软骨修复眶内壁缺损手术54例,男45例,女9例     

上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的影像学诊断与治疗

目的探讨上颌窦海绵状血管瘤影像学检查的诊断价值，总结鼻内镜下切除上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的可行性。方法回顾性分析经病理确诊的11例海绵状血管瘤患者的影像学资料，对上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的内镜手术疗效进行随访并复习相关文献。结果影像学检查示CT主要表现为受累鼻窦膨大，骨质不同程度吸收。MRI检查9例患者T1WI呈中等信号，10例患者T2WI呈高信号；其中8例动态增强扫描均呈渐进性强化及蜂窝状或斑驳状表现。结合临床均能提示上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的诊断。11例上颌窦海绵状血管瘤均在鼻内镜下顺利完整切除，随访1年无复发。结论影像学检查对上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的术前诊断有特征性意义，绝大多数病例在不进行颌内动脉栓塞或颈外动脉血管结扎的情况下，可在鼻内镜下完格切除肿瘤。     

影像导航引导鼻内镜下前颅底骨化纤维瘤切除术

目的 探讨影像导航系统在经鼻内镜切除前颅底骨化纤维瘤手术中的作用。方法 选择影像导航引导下经鼻内镜手术切除累积眶纸板、颅底骨质的筛窦骨化纤维瘤12例男性患者,初次手术9例,复发病例3例。术前行鼻窦CT连续扫描,骨算法,层厚1mm。结果 CT显示所有病例筛骨水平板、眶纸板受累。4例前界至额隐窝前缘（鼻骨后）;6例累及眶尖与蝶窦外侧壁交界处：1例广泛累及上颔骨、蝶骨大翼、蝶鞍和斜坡。11例彻底切除病灶,1例（病变广泛者）切除大部分肿瘤。平均手术时间3．2小时,影像导航配准过程平均25分钟。1例术中并发脑脊液漏,术中鼻内镜下修补成功;3例术中损伤眶纸板,无手术及术后并发症。术后随访5个月～4年,姑息手术病例肿瘤生长缓慢,其余病例无复发,症状明显改善。结论 借助影像导航引导,经鼻内镜手术切除累及眶纸板、前颅底骨质的骨化纤维瘤,具有一定优势,但病灶不应广泛侵及额隐窝、蝶骨及斜坡。     

鼻内镜术致失明的预防和处理（附3例报告）

目的：探讨鼻内镜术致失明的预防和处理。方法：报告3例慢性鼻窦炎和鼻息肉患者于鼻内镜手术中损伤眼部结构和碘仿凡士林纱条填塞后并发的失明及其处理方法。结果：3例中2例因鼻内镜手术时损伤同侧眶内壁纸板和眶内组织结构,术中1例眼球变形、失明,立即行眶内视神经探查和眼内肌修复;1例出现眶周肿胀、眼睑淤血和睑结膜水肿,术后2d失明,清除眶内血肿及行视神经减压术。另1例术中筛窦填塞立即失明,抽出填塞物视力恢复。术后3例患者静脉用大剂量抗生素、糖皮质激素和神经生长因子治疗4周。随访6个月1例视力正常;1例失明,眼球萎缩;1例光感。结论：鼻内镜手术损伤眶内容物和出血,是失明的原因;术前CT检查示后筛窦呈过度气化者,术中应注意视神经骨管是否缺损;确认眶纸板损伤者一般不宜行鼻腔填塞;术后视力下降明显者应立即行视神经减压。     

眶纸板畸形与手术损伤一例

在鼻内镜手术中要时刻警惕避免眶纸板损伤。眶纸板畸形时，眶纸板及眶内容物突入筛窦，筛窦手术时极易发生眶纸板损伤。对无外伤史的患者，要特别注意是否有该畸形的存在，现报道一例双侧纸板畸形的典型CT片改变和手术中遇到的问题。     

内窥镜辅助的颅底手术

目的探讨鼻内窥镜在颅底手术中应用的可行性和临床意义。方法对鼻内窥镜下颅底区域手术44例进行回顾性分析,其中鼻内进路颅底手术25例,传统进路的颅底手术19例。结果44例颅底手术中,1例紧嵌于斜坡内金属异物未能取出;1例垂体瘤患者鞍底开窗后穿刺均为血性,仅做鞍底扩大开窗和穿刺活组织检查,术后视力有所改善;1例复发性颅咽管瘤并发梗阻性脑积水,术后颅高压未完全改善;1例蝶窦腺癌侵犯鞍底及鞍旁,仅行部分切除术加激光治疗,随访2年半无复发,其余病例均一次手术治愈。并发症脑脊液鼻漏2例,尿崩症1例,均经保守治疗短期内治愈,鼻中隔穿孔1例,未做特殊处理。结论①经鼻内窥镜颅底区域的手术是可行的,只要病例选择适当,可充分体现该手术进路直接、创伤小、无颜面切口等优点;②和手术显微镜结合使用,可弥补手术显微镜只能观察物镜直线正前方结构,不能窥视弯曲的通道或较深隐窝的局限性,以达到彻底清除病变又能最大限度的保留功能的目的。     

Surgery of the skull base assisted by sinus endoscope]

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and clinical value of the endoscopic operations around the skull base. METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 44 cases treated by endoscopic operations. Twenty-five cases underwent intranasal endoscopic operations. RESULTS: Forty of 44 cases were cured by one-stage surgery. One case of cartridge foreign body clamped in clivus was not successfully removed; only window operation and puncture biopsy were done in another case of pituitary adenoma; high cranial pressure has not been completely reduced after operation in the third case with relapsing craniopharyngioma a companied with obstructive hydrocephalus. One case of sphenoidal malignant adenoma involving saddle based and extended laterally was partly resected. Complications were follows: cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in 2 cases, diabetes insipidus in 1 case, all of them were cured by conservative treatment; nasal septum perforation in 1 case, without any treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic skull base surgery by intranasal approach is feasibility. Intranasal approach has direct path, slight wound and no wound in face. Combined with operation microscope, sinus endoscope can make up for its limits.     

Exploration of transnasal endoscopic cranialbase approach]

OBJECTIVE: To study feasibility and indication of cranialbase surgery by transnasal endoscopic approach. METHODS: Nine cases treated by transnasal were analysed. Those cases included foreign body, olfactory neuroblastoma, meningoma and inverted papilloma in anterior cranial fossa, sinuses sphenoidalis macrosis cyst invading middle cranial fossa, primary cholesteatoma and space occupying lesion in middle cranial fossa. RESULT: The complications were not occurred in all cases. Follow-up survey 1-7 years, no-relapse was occurred. CONCLUSION: It is probability that surgery lesion be close skull base by transnasal endoscopic approach, but indication must be exactitude selected. The operator should be have firm anatomic, skilled operation and richness experience. The malignancy lesion should be compositive treatment after surgery.     

Transnasal endoscopic surgery for benign orbital tumors

Two cases of orbital tumor are presented, and the surgical technique by means of an endoscopic transnasal approach is discussed. In Case 1, a non-vascular, benign tumor was located inside the orbit, and it was able to be completely removed, without any complications. The tumor in Case 2 was also located inside the orbit, but it was determined to be a hemangioma based on the intraoperative pathology. To avoid eye complications arising from performance of the surgery in the presence of bleeding, it was decided to widely open the orbital lamina papyracea and periosteum, and perform only orbital decompression. The eye symptoms disappeared in both patients. Endoscopic transnasal surgery is indicated for benign orbital tumors that are medially located in the orbit. It can be thought that the eye symptoms can be alleviated by avoiding orbital pressure, regardless of whether-based on the intraoperative pathology-the tumor is completely removed or not.     

鼻内镜鼻窦手术眼部并发症及其处理对策

目的 探讨鼻内镜鼻窦手术的眼部并发症可能的原因及处理经验,以期引起鼻内镜外科医生的重视.方法 收集作者收治的具有比较典型特征的鼻窦手术眼部并发症者22例8类.损伤类型分别为:纸样板损伤、眶内感染、额筛阻塞性囊肿、泪道损伤、眼外肌损伤、眶内出血、视神经损伤、眼底动脉栓塞等,并给予了相应处理.结果 单纯纸样板损伤9例中8例经保守治疗痊愈,眶纸样板损伤伴眶骨膜下感染1例和泪道损伤、额筛阻塞性囊肿各1例经鼻内镜手术痊愈.眼外肌损伤2例中1例经眼肌矫正术后除向健侧有轻微复视外,其他眼位无明显复视;另1例经眼肌矫正后仍有轻度复视.眶纸样板损伤致眶内出血1例痊愈,另1例眶内出血和1例眼底动脉栓塞导致的视力丧失无改善.视神经损伤6例(7侧)中1例(1侧)经视神经减压+眶尖减压视力恢复正常,另1侧及其余5例(5侧)无改善.结论 鼻内镜手术导致视神经损伤、眶内出血和眼底动脉栓塞导致的失明,治疗困难,预后极差;如果有残存视力,预后较好.     

鼻内镜下手术治疗前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨鼻内镜外科技术在前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤治疗中的方法及作用。 方法2004年11月至2008年6月对16例侵犯前颅底与蝶鞍区的肿瘤行鼻内镜手术,其中1例采用眶内容物剜除术加鼻内镜联合入路,所有手术均于全麻下进行,病理类型包括垂体腺瘤6例,内翻性乳头状瘤5例,中分化鳞癌1例,脊索瘤1例,原始神经外胚层瘤1例,嗅母细胞瘤1例,骨化纤维瘤1例。术后随访3个月～4年。结果经术中镜下、术后内镜或者影像学检查证实 15例肿瘤均被全部切除,1例脊索瘤为大部切除,1例垂体腺瘤患者术后出现脑脊液鼻漏, 经二次手术修补及规范治疗后痊愈。无颅内出血、感染及死亡病例。结论内镜经鼻入路能够充分显露和切除前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤, 可以更好地辨认深部结构, 视觉效果好,是一种较好的手术入路。但要求术者熟练掌握解剖学知识,具备娴熟的手术技巧,先进的仪器设备以及必要的综合处理的经验。     

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea revealing an unusual ethmoido-sphenoidal foreign body

Introduction: Foreign bodies in the transnasal ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus are uncommon. We present a case of unilateral rhinorrhoea caused by a foreign body which had been lodged in the ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus for 38 years. Case report: A 40-year-old woman presented with unilateral rhinorrhoea. Computed tomography showed a foreign body located in the right ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus, with a defect of the lamina papyracea and the ethmoid roof. The endonasal approach did not permit extraction of the foreign body. A combined approach allowed the extraction of a pen cap, and the defect of the ethmoid roof was rebuilt. Conclusion: Despite its limitations, the endonasal approach remains the treatment of first choice for osteo-meningeal defects, because of its minimal invasiveness and high success rate. However, in the presented case a combined approach was needed.     

Cuerpo extraño nasosinusal inusual: presentación de 3 casos

Sinonasal foreign bodies are rare clinical entities. Their presence in the sinuses can originate complications, so their removal is always indicated. We present 3 cases of sinonasal foreign body, indicating their symptoms, imaging findings and surgical removal. Each patient was assessed with computerized tomography of the sinuses, rigid endoscopy, and then surgical removal. We confirmed the presence of the foreign bodies in all 3 cases and then performed a successful surgical removal by transnasal endoscopy.Sinonasal foreign bodies are infrequent entities that require surgical removal to prevent complications, with transnasal endoscopic surgery being the most commonly used surgical approach.