再生铅冶炼地区环境铅污染及儿童血铅水平调查

目的 了解皖北再生铅冶炼地区铅污染水平以及儿童血铅水平,为进行环境治理及儿童健康干预提供依据.方法 对皖北某县再生铅冶炼地区环境中铅含量进行监测,同时选择污染区2所小学261名5～12岁的学生和清洁对照区的109名学生进行血铅测定.结果 污染区环境铅污染相当严重,最高空气铅含量达到5.74 μg/m3,超过国家标准3.83倍.土壤铅最大超标倍数达2.04倍.主要农作物小麦铅平均含量为2.84 mg/kg,最大超标倍数达42.5倍.污染区儿童血铅水平为98.3～441 μg/L,平均为(258.2±97.8)μg/L,明显高于对照组儿童.结论 再生铅冶炼地区环境铅及儿童体内铅含量均严重超标.     

宁夏农村土壤重金属镉和铅含量调查与分析

摘要:目的　评价宁夏农村土壤重金属镉、铅污染状况,为镉铅污染土壤的合理利用提供依据。方法　按照宁夏行政区域划分,5个地级市每市随机选取1个县（区）作为调查点,每个县（区）随机选择5个乡镇,每个乡镇随机选择8个行政村作为采样点,采集5～20 cm深表层土壤200份,对土壤镉铅含量状况进行分析,采用单项指数法和综合指数法评价农村土壤镉、铅的污染程度。结果　宁夏农村土壤镉、铅含量平均值分别为0.187 mg/kg和20.76 mg/kg;宁夏农村土壤中镉超标率为3.0%,铅含量未超标;宁夏土壤镉、铅单项污染指数分别为0.625和0.069,综合污染指数1.08。结论　重金属镉、铅污染评价分级结果表明,宁夏农村土壤质量整体尚好,但部分地区镉污染值得关注。     

公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征

目的研究公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征及稻谷加工中镉铅的去除。方法用原子吸收光谱法测定319国道某路段旁水稻田 (污染区 )土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量 ,并与对照区做比较。结果镉[(1.89±0.45)mg/kg]、铅[(116.15±23.71)mg/kg]主要富集于表层土壤 ,污染区显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。污染区水稻颖壳、糙米、粗米糠和粗精米中镉含量分别为0.195 ,0.254,0.248 ,0.239mg/kg,铅含量分别为1.32 ,0.722,1.99 ,0.635mg/kg,均显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。稻谷镉含量分布 :粗米糠>糙米>粗精米>颖壳 ,稻谷铅含量分布 :粗米糠>颖壳>糙米>粗精米。土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量分别呈正相关 (r=0.942～0.994,P<0.001) ,稻谷加工过程中镉铅去除率分别为22.13 %和47.30%。结论公路旁土壤和稻谷受镉铅污染严重 ,土壤镉铅污染程度影响稻谷中镉铅含量。     

安徽某乡镇企业土法炼铅对环境影响的研究

目的研究安徽省某镇回收蓄电池土法炼铅所造成的环境污染,为铅污染防治提供依据。方法用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定融铅炉污染区环境(空气、小麦、土壤)的铅含量,并与对照区进行比较。结果污染区空气样品的铅含量为0.028±0.265mg/m3,超过国家标准10倍;小麦样品铅含量为2.84±11.287mg/kg,超过国家标准7倍;土壤样品铅含量为0.0670±1.72%,超过国家标准2~3倍。对照组空气样品的的铅含量为0.0650±0.0527mg/m3;小麦样品的铅含量为0.335±0.114mg/kg;土壤样品的铅含量为0.067%±0.00505%。结论污染区空气、小麦和土壤中铅含量都显著高于对照组,土法炼铅严重污染了环境。     

2011-2012年攀枝花市仁和区农田土壤中铅镉监测结果

目的 了解攀枝花市仁和区农田土壤中铅、镉污染现状,并为治理污染提供科学依据.方法 按照“四川省农村环境卫生监测项目技术方案”的要求,2011-2012年共对辖区内10个乡镇40个行政村的40份农田土壤进行了检测,并依据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)进行评价.结果 铅含量均合格.2011年20份土壤中镉含量均超标,平均值为4.12 mg/kg,最高超标7.7倍;2012年仅有1份土壤超标,10份超过自然背景值,9份比自然背景值低.结论 该区农田土壤中镉污染范围较宽、程度重,矿产资源开发可能是导致污染的关键因素,应加强监测与综合治理,尽快消除危害.     

土壤不同形态镉铅污染现状及对农作物的影响

目的 探讨土壤中不同形态镉、铅污染现状及对农作物的影响.方法 以定点采样方法选取河南省新乡市的农田土壤及其当地的农作物,参照GB/T 5009-2003标准方法中原子吸收光谱法对重金属镉、铅进行测定,用连续提取法获得不同形态镉、铅溶液.结果 土壤中不同形态镉含量以水溶态最高,为0.281 6 mg/kg,占26.1％.土壤中不同形态铅含量以铁锰氧化物结合态最高,为1.498 8 mg/kg,占46.9％.土壤样品中总镉的含量均超标,总铅的含量明显低于标准规定的限值.土壤中残渣态镉与非叶菜镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.05),交换态的铅与叶菜中的镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.01);残渣态的铅含量与非叶菜中镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 耕层土壤中Cd的形态具有较高的生物活性,土壤中Pb的形态以人为活动对环境的污染为主,土壤中镉、铅形态影响蔬菜中镉的富集.     

长泰县农田土壤中铅、镉含量监测分析

目的了解长泰县农田土壤中铅、镉含量,为保护环境,制定防止污染对策提供依据。方法按《全国农村环境卫生监测项目技术方案》要求,监测土壤中铅、镉含量,据GB 15618-1995进行判定。结果 2011—2013年共监测土壤60份,铅含量超标率3.3%,含量范围17.1~403.3mg/kg,平均79.59mg/kg;镉含量超标率10.0%,含量范围0.010~2.34mg/kg,平均0.197mg/kg。结论长泰县农田土壤总体镉含量正常,但铅含量较高,应采取必要措施加以控制。     

2011-2014年宝鸡市农田土壤铅、镉污染检测

目的了解宝鸡市农村土壤环境重金属铅、镉的污染状况,为当地土壤污染状况的评价及治理提供科学依据。方法 2012-2014年,根据地貌和方位,随机选取宝鸡市3个县50个镇(街道)的农田土壤进行采样,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法检测铅、镉含量,并分析评价其污染状况。结果采集检测农田土壤样品200份,铅平均含量(20.33±12.26)mg/kg、镉平均含量(0.33±0.54)mg/kg。不同年度土壤铅、镉含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),铅含量2014年最高(24.26±5.77 mg/kg)、2012年最低(11.88±6.83 mg/kg),2012年显著低于其它各年(P<0.05);镉含量2011年最高(0.59±1.11 mg/kg)、2012年最低(0.16±0.11 mg/kg),2011年显著高于其它各年(P<0.05)。不同县土壤铅、镉含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。铅含量达到一级土壤标准195份(97.5%)、二级5份(2.5%),镉含量达到一级土壤标准94份(47.0%)、二级48份(24.0%)、三级48份(24.0%)、超三级10份(5%)。不同年度、不同县的土壤铅污染分级构成差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),镉污染分级构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宝鸡市农田土壤总体已受到重金属污染,污染程度低于全国平均水平。应根据污染状况采取综合防控措施,降低土壤重金属污染。     

乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅的影响

目的：分析某乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅水平的影响,为治理环境、防止儿童中毒提供科学依据。方法：采用整群抽样方法,从高污染区、中污染区和相对清洁区分别选取5－9岁在校生进行血铅测定,并对其生活环境中空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅的含量进行检测。结果：高污染区的空气、土壤和小麦铅污染最严重（均值分别为0．0163mg/m^3、1．1614mg/kg、7．9050mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量虽低于国家卫生标准,但明显高于相对清洁区;中污染区的空气、土壤和小麦也受到一定程度铅污染（均值分别为0．0094mg/m^3、0.2910mg/kg、2．4275mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量低于国家卫生标准（均值为0．0048mg/L）;相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染（均值分别为0．00047mg/m^3、0．0534mg/kg、0．0032mg/L、0．3650mg/kg）。3组儿童血铅均值分别为532μg/L、452μg/L、126μg/L,3组间存在显性差异（P＜0．05）,且环境铅含量越高,儿童血铅水平越高。结论：该镇废旧蓄电池回收行业已造成区域性严重铅污染,致使儿童血铅明显升高,社会干预刻不容缓。     

南昌市市区幼儿园及周围环境铅负荷调查

目的　了解南昌市市区幼儿园及周围环境铅负荷水平 ,考察该市使用无铅汽油后的环境质量。方法　在南昌市中心商业区及生活区各选择 1个大中型幼儿园 ,用原子吸收分光光度法对园内及周围交通干道空气和尘土中的铅含量进行测定。结果　商业区幼儿园内空气铅含量为 ( 0 5 61± 0 3 3 6) μg/m3 ,尘土铅含量为 ( 64 90 7± 46 0 5 7)mg/kg。交通干道空气铅含量为 ( 0 666± 0 3 2 7) μg/m3 ,尘土铅含量为 ( 4 1 3 41± 15 883 )mg/kg。生活区空气铅含量为 ( 0 44 1± 0 170 ) μg/m3 ,尘土铅含量为 ( 13 9 681± 14 1 662 )mg/kg。经统计学分析交通干道空气铅负荷与生活区幼儿园比较差异存在非常显著性(P <0 .0 1)。各地段土壤铅含量差异无统计学意义。空气铅负荷低于国家最高容许浓度 (空气 1 5 μg/m3 )。结论　南昌市市区幼儿园及周围环境铅负荷水平低于我国现行规定的环境最高容许浓度。     

某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的　比较某冶炼厂 15年前后环境铅污染影响的变化 ,并为评价该厂扩建投产后污染变化提供依据。方法　选取 1980～ 1982年曾调查的污染区和对照区 ,于 1995～ 1997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、饮水铅含量以及 7～ 14岁学龄儿童 (污染区 10 4名 ,对照区 6 8名 )的血铅及 δ- AL AD酶活力 ,并做比较分析。结果　米铅 (干重 )、菜铅 (湿重 )、学生血铅和 δ- AL AD酶活力的几何均值 :污染区分别为 2 6 .7± 1.6 5 mg/ kg、6 0 .4± 2 .6 7mg/ kg,2 0 6± 1.7μg/ L和 98± 1.3IU/ L;对照区分别为 13.2± 1.85 mg/ kg、44 .9± 2 .84mg/ kg、2 2 9± 1.3μg/ L和 2 2 5± 1.4IU/ L。污染区米铅显著上升而δ- AL AD酶活力显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,污染区 2 2人 (占 2 1.2 % )血铅水平超过对照区最高值 (312 .9μg/ L) ,其中 8人高达 45 0～ 76 2 μg/ L;与 1980～ 1982年相比 ,污染区的稻米和蔬菜铅含量显著增加 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有逐渐加重的趋势     

杭州市郊菜园土壤锌、铜、铅污染状况的调查

「目的」探讨菜园土壤重污染状况。「方法」测定了６０份土壤样品中锌、铜、锌污染水平。「结果」黄松土的全ＺＳｎ、全Ｃｕ、全Ｐb含量在９７．５～２８６．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、 ７．３～２０５．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、３８．８～９８．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间,江涂土在７５．５～３．２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、４．３～１４．３．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１３．９～９７．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间。粉泥土在８９．５～１５０．３ｇｍ／ｋｇ、１５．５～４３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、     

Environmental Geochemistry of Abandoned Flotation Tailing Reservior from the Tonglvshan Fe-Cu Sulfide Mine in Daye,Central China

This study investigated metals of tailings from Tonglvshan mine in Daye and assessed the effect of metal contamination in water and sediment near the tailing reservoir. The concentration of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel was measured in deposit samples taken from a profile in an abandoned flotation tailing reservoir, as well as in water and sediment samples near the reservoir. The results of this study indicate that copper concentration ranges from 780 to 4390 mg/kg, 2–10 times higher than the limit values in soil, while the contents of other metals are below the limit values. Metal levels in water and sediments are high and varied widely in different sampling sites. The mean concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel in waters are 27.76, 2.28, 8.20, 0.12, 5.30 and 3.04 mg/L, while those in sediments are 557.65, 96.95, 285.20, 0.92, 94.30 and 4.75 mg/kg, respectively. All of the results indicate that the environment near the tailing reservoir is polluted to some extent by some kinds of metals, especially by copper, lead, zinc and cadmium, which may be caused not only by some discharge sources of metals, but also by life garbage and sewage.     

公路边农作物铅污染水平与相关因素研究

目的：研究公路边农作物铅污染水平及相关因素。方法：污染区以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段两侧的农作物为研究对象，在不同条件下检测其含铅量，并与对照区样品比较分析，铅测定采用原子吸收光谱法。结果：污染区28种农作物含铅量在0．07－5．30mg/kg，是对照区的1．6－40．8倍，75％的农作物含铅量超过国家限量标准，农作物含铅量与路边距离呈负相关，与极周土含铅量呈正相关，同种农作物的不同部位其含铅量不尽相同，叶面对铅尘具有一定的吸附作用。28种农作物对铅的浓缩比有很大差异，平均浓缩比范围为0．0007－0．0395。结论：公路两侧350m范围内的农作物均受到不同程度的铅污染，污染程度取决于路边距离，根周土含铅量，农作物本身中的浓缩比以及叶面对铅尘的吸附率，污染区选种低浓缩比农作物，取食农作物前充分洗涤叶面和去皮处理，对减少铅的摄入量，减轻铅的危害具有重要意义。     

2000至2006年全国皮蛋中铅污染水平的连续动态监测研究

目的 调查我国皮蛋中铅的污染水平及其动态变化趋势,评估其对健康的危害.方法 通过全国食品污染物监测网络,在严格的分析质量控制下,本研究采用GB/T 5009.12-2003国家标准方法连续7年监测全国14个省市的皮蛋中铅的含量.结果 7年监测工作共收集1358个数据,皮蛋中铅平均值为1.782 mg/kg.最大值为334.0 mg/kg,P90值为3.50 mg/kg,P95值为7.397 mg/kg,P97.5值为12.01 mg/kg,都超过了2 mg/kg的国家限量标准,超标率大于10.0%.从时间上分析,铅含量的平均值从2.994 mg/kg到1.138 mg/kg,呈逐年下降趋势.结论 我国皮蛋中铅污染比较严重,需要继续加强监测预警工作.     

公路沿线动物源产品铅镉污染水平检测

目的 研究公路沿线动物源产品铅镉污染状况与相关因素.方法 选择福建省龙岩市境内319国道沿线的动物源产品为研究对象,依据国标方法检测铅镉含量.结果 污染区7种动物源产品的铅镉含量分别为0.002 5～0.068 6和0.000 05～0.005 22 mg/kg,总平均含量分别为0.022 70和0.001 37 mg/kg,分别是对照区的3.15和5.48倍;不同品种的鸭肉铅镉含量不同,依次为红脸鸭肉>水鸭肉>土番鸭肉;铅镉在动物体内不同组织的分布不均衡,鸡骨、鸭骨、兔骨的铅含量分别是鸡肉、鸭肉、兔肉的130.28,353.48,139.68倍;鸭骨、兔肾的镉含量分别是鸭肉、兔肉的17.40和2 641.06倍;不同饲养方式、饲养场所与公路边不同距离与动物的铅镉含量无明显关系.结论 公路沿线动物源产品已受到不同程度的铅镉污染,其含量与禽畜的品种和部位密切相关.     

Effects of Lead-Contaminated Sediment on Rana sphenocephala Tadpoles

We exposed larval southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) to lead-contaminated sediments to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of this metal. Tadpoles were laboratory-raised from early free-swimming stage through metamorphosis at lead concentrations of 45, 75, 180, 540, 2360, 3940, 5520, and 7580 mg/kg dry weight in sediment. Corresponding pore water lead concentrations were 123, 227, 589, 1833, 8121, 13,579, 19,038, and 24,427 μg/L. Tadpoles exposed to lead concentrations in sediment of 3940 mg/kg or higher died within 2 to 5 days of exposure. At lower concentrations, mortality through metamorphosis ranged from 3.5% at 45 mg/kg lead to 37% at 2360 mg/kg lead in sediment. The LC₅₀ value for lead in sediment was 3728 mg/kg (95% CI=1315 to 72,847 mg/kg), which corresponded to 12,539 μg/L lead in pore water (95% CI= 4000 to 35,200 μg/L). Early growth and development were depressed at 2,360 mg/kg lead in sediment (8100 μg/L in pore water) but differences were not evident by the time of metamorphosis. The most obvious effect of lead was its pronounced influence on skeletal development. Whereas tadpoles at 45 mg/kg lead in sediment did not display permanent abnormalities, skeletal malformations increased in frequency and severity at all higher lead concentrations. By 2360 mg/kg, 100% of surviving metamorphs displayed severe spinal problems, reduced femur and humerus lengths, deformed digits, and other bone malformations. Lead concentrations in tissues correlated positively with sediment and pore water concentrations. Mention of a commercial source does not signify endorsement by the federal government.     

职业性铅接触工人血铅及肝功能指标的变化

[目的]研究职业性铅接触对工人的肝脏毒性,探讨血铅浓度变化和肝脏损害效应指标之间的关系,寻找铅对肝毒性的早期敏感指标。[方法]以蓄电池制造企业108名铅作业工人作为接触组,以同一企业非铅接触的76名工人和行政人员作为对照组。车间空气中铅烟、铅尘的短时接触浓度采用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测。选择丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和总胆红素（TBIL）作为肝毒性的效应指标,分析不同血铅水平和肝损害效应指标的变化。[结果]①车间空气中铅烟和铅尘的短时接触浓度分别为0.89mg/m3和0.25mg/m3,超标率分别为50.00%和60.00%。②随着环境铅接触水平的增加,ALT和TBIL的异常率增加无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两者平均浓度变化也无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。③超职业限值组存在血铅超标现象,异常率为31.03%。超职业限值组和职业限值组血铅平均浓度明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）。④随着铅作业工龄的增加,血铅、ALT和TBIL的异常率无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。⑤血铅水平的变化和ALT、TBIL异常率的变化不存在相关关系。[结论]职业性铅接触引起血铅明显升高,肝功能效应指标ALT和TBIL不能敏感的反映铅对肝脏的毒性。     

Lead Concentrations in Sediments and Blue-Winged Teals (Anas discors) From El Palmar State Reserve, Yucatan, Mexico

Reserve regulations at El Palmar State Reserve, Yucatan, Mexico, prohibit the use of lead (Pb) shot, but hunters continue to use it, and no enforcement is implemented. Pb was quantified in sediments and in blue-winged teal Anas discors. No shot pellets were found in the sediment samples, nor were differences in sediment Pb concentrations observed within the reserve between popular hunting sites and those no longer used for hunting. However, there were differences between the hunting sites and sediments from an adjacent area where hunting is prohibited. Average Pb concentrations were highest at hunting entrances (15.69 ± 18.69 mg/kg) and lowest at decoy locations (5.24 ± 4.84 mg/kg). These averages are lower than the lowest effects level (31 mg/kg), although 10 samples exceeded this level. Pb-shot prevalence in gizzards was 4.88 % (n = 41). Pb levels exceeded 5.0 mg/kg dry weight in one or more of the tested tissues (liver, gizzard, and bone) in 14 (34.14 %; 7 female, 7 male; 11 adult, 3 juvenile) of the total birds. Bird weight, sex, and age had no effect on Pb concentration. Hunting using Pb shot in the reserve clearly affects Pb levels in sediments and in A. discors that winter there.     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.