胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻对老年患者术后认知功能和血清MMP-9、ADP的影响

目的探讨胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻对老年开胸手术患者术后认知功能和血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、脂联素(ADP)的影响。方法选择在本院行开胸手术老年患者80例,男52例,女28例,年龄65~80岁,BMI 18.6~26.6kg/m2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用简单随机抽样法分为两组:胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻组(PG组)和单纯全麻组(GA组),每组40例。PG组采用连续胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻,GA组采用单纯全身麻醉。记录两组患者麻醉前即刻(T0)、诱导插管后(T1)、切皮后15min(T2)、拔管前即刻(T3)的HR和MAP。采用酶联免疫吸附法于麻醉前即刻,切皮后15min、术后1和7d分别采集静脉血样检测血清MMP-9、ADP浓度。采用MMSE于术前1d和术后7d对两组患者认知功能进行评估并记录。记录两组患者术后7dPOCD情况。结果与T0时比较,T2-T4时GA组HR明显增快、MAP明显升高(P0.05)。与GA组比较,T2-T4时PG组HR明显减慢、MAP明显降低(P0.05)。与麻醉前即刻比较,切皮后15min、术后1和7d两组血清MMP-9浓度明显升高(P0.05),ADP浓度明显降低(P0.05)。与GA组比较,切皮后15min、术后1和7dPG组血清MMP-9浓度明显降低(P0.05),ADP浓度明显升高(P0.05)。术后7dPG组发生POCD 4例(10.8%),明显低于GA组8例(22.2%)(P0.05)。结论胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻能改善老年开胸手术患者早期术后认知功能,该麻醉方式同时也可抑制MMP-9和促进ADP表达。     

甲基强的松龙对肺叶切除术患者单肺通气时肺功能和炎症反应的影响

目的探讨甲基强的松龙(甲强龙)对肺叶切除术患者单肺通气时肺功能和炎症反应的影响。方法选择择期拟行肺叶切除术患者60例,男46例,女14例,年龄18~60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组:甲强龙组(M组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。M组于麻醉诱导前30min静脉注射甲强龙2mg/kg,C组于相同时点静脉注射等量生理盐水。分别记录单肺通气前(T_0)、单肺通气30min(T_1)、单肺通气1h(T_2)、恢复双肺通气10min(T_3)及术毕(T_4)时的MAP、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)及动态肺顺应性(Cdyn),并于上述时间点抽取桡动脉血行血气分析,检测PaO_2和PaCO_2,计算氧合指数(OI)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO_2)及呼吸指数(RI)。分别于T_0、T_4、术后6h(T_5)及术后24h(T_6)采集中心静脉血样,采用ELISA法检测血清TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10的浓度。记录术后72h肺部并发症的发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1、T_2时两组MAP、Cdyn明显降低,Ppeak、Pplat明显升高(P0.05);T_1~T_4时OI明显降低,A-aO_2、RI明显升高(P0.05);T_4~T_6时血清TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05)。与C组比较,T_1、T_2时M组Ppeak、Pplat明显降低,Cdyn明显升高(P0.05);T_4~T_6时M组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度明显降低,IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05)。两组患者术后72h肺部并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论甲强龙可有效改善肺叶切除术患者单肺通气时动态肺顺应性,优化呼吸动力学,减轻机体炎症反应,但对肺氧合及换气功能无明显影响。     

依达拉奉对老年患者人工髋关节置换术后血清脂联素及术后认知功能的影响

目的评价依达拉奉对老年患者人工髋关节置换术后血清脂联素(adiponectin,ADP)、S-100β蛋白及术后认知功能的影响。方法选择90例65~93岁接受人工髋关节置换术患者,采用随机双盲均分为依达拉奉组(E组)和对照组(C组)。E组于术前30min静脉注射依达拉奉60mg(溶于100ml生理盐水,输注速度200ml/h),C组给予等量生理盐水。分别于手术前24h及术后6、24、48、72h用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评估患者的认知功能,并采集空腹静脉血标本测定血清ADP及S-100β蛋白浓度。结果术后6~48h,E组MMSE评分明显高于C组(P0.05)。与术前24h比较,术后6~72h两组血清S-100β蛋白浓度明显升高(P0.05),血清ADP浓度明显降低(P0.05)。术后6~72h,E组血清S-100β蛋白浓度明显低于C组(P0.05),血清ADP浓度明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论依达拉奉减轻老年患者人工髋关节置换术后早期认知功能损害及降低术后血清S-100β蛋白浓度可能与上调血清ADP水平有关。     

胸椎旁程控间歇脉冲注药对胸腔镜肺叶切除患者术后急性疼痛和早期恢复质量的影响

目的探讨胸椎旁程控间歇脉冲注药对胸腔镜肺叶切除患者术后镇痛效果和早期恢复质量的影响。方法选择拟在本院行胸腔镜下肺叶切除患者46例,男23例,女23例,年龄45～70岁,BMI 18.5～30.0 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:胸椎旁程控间歇注药组(P组)和持续静脉自控镇痛组(V组),每组25例。麻醉诱导前,P组超声引导下T_(4-5)椎旁间隙穿刺置管后注入局麻药混合溶液20 ml(0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml+2%利多卡因5 ml),术后椎旁镇痛泵给予0.2%罗哌卡因;V组不予穿刺置管,术后静脉镇痛泵给予羟考酮0.8 mg/kg。记录术后1 h(T_2)、4 h(T_3)、24 h(T_4)和48 h(T_5)静息、咳嗽时NRS评分和Ramsay镇静评分;记录术后48 h内补救镇痛情况;记录术前(T_0)、术后24 h(T_4)、48 h(T_5)的15项恢复质量评分量表(QoR-15)评分;记录术中舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚用量;术前(T_0)、单肺通气结束时(T_1)和术后24 h(T_4)采集桡动脉血,采用AimPlex多因子流式检测技术检测血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ浓度;记录术后48 h内爆发痛、恶心呕吐、心动过速、头晕等发生情况。结果与V组比较,T_2、T_4、T_5时P组静息时NRS评分明显降低,T_2—T_5时P组咳嗽时NRS评分明显降低,T_2、T_3时P组Ramsay镇静评分明显降低,T_4、T_5时P组QoR-15评分明显增高,P组术中瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼用量明显减少,T_4时P组血清IL-6浓度明显降低,P组术后心动过速和头晕发生率明显降低(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_1时两组血清IL-6浓度、P组血清IL-10浓度明显升高,T_4时两组血清IL-6、IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_4时两组血清IL-6、IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05)。两组补救镇痛率差异无统计学意义。结论胸椎旁程控间歇脉冲注药可为胸腔镜肺叶切除患者提供满意的镇痛和镇静效果,提高患者早期恢复质量,减少术后不良反应的发生。     

乌司他丁对老年患者髋部骨折术后谵妄的影响

目的评价围术期静脉输注乌司他丁对老年患者髋部骨折术后谵妄(POD)的影响。方法选择择期行髋部骨折手术的老年患者96例,男38例,女58例,年龄70~93岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组:乌司他丁组(U组)和对照组(C组),每组48例。麻醉方式均采用腰-硬联合麻醉+髂筋膜间隙阻滞。U组于切皮前、术后第1天和第2天静脉泵入乌司他丁5 000U/kg;C组给予等容积生理盐水。术后1~3d采用意识错乱评估法(CAM)评定POD的发生情况。分别于麻醉前(T0)、术毕(T_1)和术后第3天(T2)采集外周静脉血5ml,采用ELISA法检测血清IL-6和S100β的水平。结果 C组POD发生13例(28.2%),U组POD发生2例(4.3%),U组POD发生率明显低于C组(P0.05);与T0时比较,T_1、T_2时C组血清IL-6和IL-10水平明显升高(P0.05);T_1、T_2时U组血清IL-6水平明显低于C组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_1时C组S100β水平明显升高(P0.05);T_1时U组血清S100β水平明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁降低老年髋部骨折患者POD发生率,机制可能与抑制血清促炎症因子IL-6和S100β的过度释放相关。     

帕瑞昔布钠对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者血清肺表面活性蛋白A和炎症反应的影响

目的探讨应用不同剂量帕瑞昔布钠对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者血清肺表面活性蛋白A(surfactant protein A,SP-A)和炎症反应的影响。方法择期全麻下行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者62例,性别不限,年龄65~78岁,体重51~79kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,随机分为三组:帕瑞昔布0.3mg/kg组(P1组,n=21)、帕瑞昔布0.6 mg/kg组(P2组,n=21)和对照组(C组,n=20)。P1、P2组患者在麻醉诱导前即刻和术后12h分别静脉推注帕瑞昔布钠0.3、0.6mg/kg,C组静脉推注同容量生理盐水。分别于麻醉诱导前即刻(T0)、手术结束(T1)、术后12h(T2)、术后24h(T3)采集中心静脉血,采用ELISA法测定血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8浓度。记录术后72h肺部并发症的发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时三组患者血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度明显升高(P0.05);T_1~T_3时P1和P2组血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。三组患者术后72h肺部并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者围术期应用帕瑞昔布钠0.3mg/kg可明显抑制血清SP-A浓度升高,减轻炎症反应。     

术前血浆C1q、C3b及神经颗粒素与老年患者肺叶切除术后谵妄的关系

目的探讨术前血浆炎性因子C1q、C3b及神经颗粒素与老年肺叶切除术患者术后谵妄(POD)的关系。方法择期全身麻醉下行胸腔镜肺叶切除术的老年患者94例,男53例,女41例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级,根据是否发生POD将患者分为两组:POD组和非POD组。于术前24 h行简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)评分并抽外周血检测血浆C1q、C3b与神经颗粒素浓度;术后第1～3天采用混乱评估法对患者进行POD评估。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析炎性因子预测POD的效能。结果有21例患者(22.3%)发生POD(POD组)。POD组术前血浆C1q、C3b、神经颗粒素浓度明显高于非POD组(P0.05),住院时间明显长于非POD组(P0.05),术前MMSE评分明显低于非POD组(P0.05)。术前血浆C1q、C3b及神经颗粒素预测POD的曲线下面积分别为0.89(0.78～0.99)、0.87(0.79～0.96)及0.89(0.80～0.98)(P0.05)。结论 POD患者术前血浆C1q、C3b及神经颗粒素浓度明显升高,因而通过监测这些指标可能对POD早期诊断与防治有一定价值。     

老年全麻患者血清脂联素、基质金属蛋白酶-9水平与术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的 评价老年全身麻醉患者血清脂联素(adiponectin,ADP)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)水平与术后认知功能障碍(postoperation cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的关系.方法 择期全身麻醉下行全髋关节置换术老年患者98例,年龄65岁～83岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,性别不限.所有患者分别于手术前3d及术后1、2、3、7d采用蒙特利尔认知评估表(montreal cognitie assessment,MoCA)评估认知功能,并采集空腹静脉血标本测定血清ADP及MMP-9水平.根据术后3d是否发生POCD分为POCD组和无POCD组.结果 28例患者发生POCD,发生率为28.5％,POCD组患者术后1、2、3d及7d血清MMP-9水平[(537±68)、(481±64)、(432±64)、(393±48) μg/L]较术前[(293±50) μg/L]明显升高(P＜0.05),血清ADP水平[(4.3±1.6)、(4.7±1.2)、(5.1±1.6)、(6.0±1.1) mg/L]较术前[(9.39± 1.36) mg/L]明显下降(P＜0.05).无POCD组术后1、2d血清MMP-9水平较术前明显升高(P＜0.05),血清ADP水平较术前明显下降,术后3d均恢复至术前水平.组间比较,POCD组术后各时间血清MMP-9水平明显高于无POCD组[(439±53)、(387±66)、(301±67)、(296±54)μg/L](P＜0.05);而ADP水平均明显低于无POCD组[(5.7±1.0)、(6.7±1.4)、(9.1±1.0)、(9.4±1.2)mg/L] (P＜0.05).直线相关分析:POCD组患者血清MMP-9水平与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.833,P＜0.01),ADP水平与MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.513,P＜0.01).结论 老年全麻患者术后血清ADP水平下降与MMP-9水平升高可能参与了POCD发生的病理生理过程.     

右美托咪定可减轻肺叶切除术中单肺通气所致肺损伤

目的探讨右美托咪定对肺叶切除术中单肺通气所致肺损伤的影响。方法选择2014年5月至2017年2月拟行肺叶切除术的肺癌患者64例,男38例,女26例,年龄42~75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。根据不同治疗方式将患者分成两组,每组32例。麻醉诱导前20min,观察组泵注右美托咪定0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),10min后改为0.2~0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),对照组予以等容量生理盐水。检测麻醉诱导前10min(T_0)、单肺通气即刻(T_1)、单肺通气60min(T2)、单肺通气90min(T_3)、术后24h(T_4)的全血中性粒细胞(PMN)计数,血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性,肺内分流率(Qs/Qt),以及T_0~T_3时血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和一氧化氮(NO)浓度。结果与T_0时比较,T_2~T_4时两组PMN计数明显增多,MPO和XOD活性明显升高(P0.05),但观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_2、T_3时两组血清VEGF浓度明显升高,但T_3时观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。T_2、T_3时观察组血清NO浓度明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定能减少患者肺部炎症反应,减轻单肺通气所致缺血-再灌注损伤,且降低了患者机体氧化应激程度,从而对肺起到保护作用。     

诱导前给予地佐辛对口腔癌患者术后镇痛效果的影响

目的探讨诱导前给予地佐辛对口腔癌根治术患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法选择全麻下择期行口腔癌根治术患者60例,男36例,女24例,年龄35~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组30例。于麻醉诱导前15min经静脉分别给予地佐辛0.15mg/kg(D组)或等量生理盐水5ml(C组)。术后均给予舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛。检测注射地佐辛(或生理盐水)前(T_0)、术后2h(T_1)和12h(T_2)时血浆皮质醇(Cor)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACT_H)和血清C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度。记录T_1、T_2和术后24h(T_3)时的VAS疼痛评分、BCS舒适度评级、Ramsay镇静评分。记录术后恶心、呕吐、低血压与皮肤瘙痒等不良反应情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1、T_2时两组血浆Cor、ACT_H浓度及血清CRP浓度明显升高(P0.05)。T_1、T_2时D组血浆Cor、ACTH浓度及血清CRP浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。T_1~T_3时D组VAS评分明显低于,Ramsay镇静评分明显高于C组,T_1、T_2时BCS舒适度评级明显高于C组(P0.05)。两组术后恶心、呕吐、低血压与皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论诱导前给予地佐辛能有效减轻口腔癌根治术患者术后的应激反应,提高患者的舒适度,增强舒芬太尼术后镇痛的效果。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

动静脉穿刺网络课件的开发及其应用

目的:确保护理教学效果,提高教学水平。方法:应用多项信息技术将动静脉穿刺技术制作成教学网络课件,并用于临床教学。结果:该课件在本校园网上运行半年余,2000余人次对其进行访问,受到师生好评。结论:该课件能及时反映动静脉穿刺的最新研究进展及具体操作步骤和使用方法,实现护理教学的直观性和交互性,对护理教学和临床带教指导有一定的借鉴作用。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or postoperative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the central nervous system or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D₂, 5-HT₃, histamine H₁ and neurokinin NK₁ receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).