家兔激素性股骨头坏死的血液流变学改变及意义

目的：血液流变学改变在家兔激素性股骨头坏死发病机制中的作用。方法：雄性家兔30只，随机分为激素组（短期注射地塞米松）及对照组（注射生理盐水），观察血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）血流流变学参数、免股骨头骨陷窝空虚率的阶段性变化。结果：实验15、30d，激素组的TG、TC、全血粘度，血浆粘度显著高于对照组，实验60d，激素组血清TC、血浆粘度仍然显著高于对照组。激素组合35、70d双侧股骨头骨陷窝空虚率均显著高于对照组，结论：地塞米松冲击应用可造成家兔血液流变特性恶性化，可能是激素性股骨头坏死的重要原因。     

伤科接骨片对激素性股骨头缺血性坏死血液流变性的实验研究

目的 :探讨伤科接骨片对激素性股骨头缺血性坏死血液流变性的影响。方法 :45只健康成年三黄鸡随机分为三组 :对照组、模型组和伤科接骨片组 ,模型组和伤科接骨片组采用胸肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型。对照组同一时间经胸肌注射等量生理盐水。 12周后取材 ,测定血液流变学指标和股骨头内PO2值。结果 :模型组股骨头内PO2值明显下降 ,全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高 ,而红细胞变形指数明显下降 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,应用伤科接骨片后各项指标明显改善 ,与模型组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。结论 :伤科接骨片能够改善股骨头微循环和血液流变特性 ,对激素诱导的股骨头缺血性坏死有较好的防治作用。     

当归抗大鼠肺间质纤维化的实验研究

目的探讨当归抗肺间质纤维化的作用机制和应用价值。方法48只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、肺纤维化模型组、氢化可的松治疗组和当归治疗组。气管内注入博莱霉素造成动物模型后，于当天开始每天给药．分别于第7、28d处死，取肺组织进行免疫病理学检查、血浆黏度、全血黏度、血栓素检测。结果转换生长因子β1（TGF-β1）在肺组织中的表达，激素组和当归组均弱于模型组，第7d激素组和当归组无差异，但第28d当归组TGF-β1的表达弱于激素组；模型组全血黏度、血浆黏度、血栓素大多高于空白组；第28d，当归组的全血黏度、血浆黏度低于激素组，而且部分指标低于模型组，激素组则高于模型组；当归组TXB2的含量明显低于激素组和模型组，激素组与模型组无差异。结论当归通过抑制TXB2血小板活化、TGF-β1，达到抗肺间质纤维化的作用：同时可改善肺间质纤维化形成中的高凝状态而改善肺内微循环，避免激素使用时引起的血液黏度增高，其抗肺间质纤维化作用途径较激素多，某些作用强与激素。     

血液回收对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者红细胞和血液粘度的影响

目的观察血液回收技术对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者红细胞、血小板和血液粘度的影响。方法2005年8月~2007年10月间,共完成46例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术,随机分为实验组(血液回收组)和对照组(不使用血液回收机组),每组23例。观察两组用血液制品的数量和术后24h的引流量,比较两组术前和术后24h的红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血小板计数、低切全血粘度和高切全血粘度。结果实验组用浓缩红细胞和血浆的量明显少于对照组,两组术后24h引流量、术前和术后24h的红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血小板计数、低切全血粘度和高切全血粘度之间的差异无显著性意义。结论血液回收技术在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者中能减少输血,对红细胞、血小板和血液粘度无不利影响。     

大鼠急性内囊出血后血液流变特性经时变化的研究

目的观察大鼠急性内囊出血后血液流变特性的经时变化,总结变化规律,分析其对微循环的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组及出血组,后者又分为出血后3、6、12、24h四个亚组,每组6只。尾尖剪断取自体血0.1ml定位注射至大鼠右侧内囊,假手术组除不注血外,其余操作同出血组。假手术组即刻取血,出血组分别于各时间点取血做血液流变学检测。结果各出血组与假手术组比较,血液流变学各指标总体水平呈上升趋势（P〈0.05）;出血各组间比较,全血低切黏度在出血后3～12h明显升高,全血高切黏度、血浆黏度在24h升高最明显,红细胞压积（HCT）、红细胞聚集指数（EAI）及纤维蛋白原（Fib）含量随时间推移逐渐升高,前者在24h达高峰,后两者高峰时间为出血后12～24h。结论大鼠急性内囊出血后不同时段的血液流变学参数发生了有统计学意义的改变,将影响中枢神经系统的微循环功能。     

红细胞的聚集性和血浆黏度及其蛋白组分在血液黏度调节中的作用

目的研究红细胞聚集性和血浆黏度及其蛋白组分对血液黏度调节的作用.方法选择健康大白兔,分别以静脉注射高分子右旋糖酐来直接增强红细胞的聚集性,腹腔注射降纤酶来减低红细胞聚集性,阿斯匹林经胃饲后,动态观察三组血液流变学的各项指标.结果高分子右旋糖酐组,全血黏度低切值,血浆黏度显著增高,红细胞比容显著降低,经重复测量方差分析P＜0.001.降纤酶组,血清、血浆黏度出现倒置和逆转,经方差齐性检验,P＜0.005,阿斯匹林组在第8 h～12 h才观察到明显的血液流变学指标变化.结论血液黏度除了感受红细胞数量和浓度变化的α感受器和红细胞变形能力变化的β感受器外,还有红细胞聚集性和血浆以及蛋白组分参与调节.     

激素性股骨头缺血性坏死兔模型的构建

背景:成人股骨头缺血性坏死可导致股骨头塌陷和髋关节破坏,但其真正的病因和发病机制尚未完全明了。因此建立实验性动物模型是目前研究激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的重要手段之一。目的:建立兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型,探讨其可能的发病机制。方法:将健康成年新西兰白兔以抽签法随机分成4组。对照组,注射生理盐水;激素组,注射甲基泼尼松龙3次;单次内毒素组,静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素24h后,立即注射甲基泼尼松龙3次;双次内毒素组,大肠杆菌内毒素注射24h后重复给药1次,随后注射甲基泼尼松龙3次。造模前及造模后行X射线片、MRI检查及组织学检查、透射电镜观察,并计算空骨陷窝率。结果与结论:造模第8周时激素组、单次内毒素组、双次内毒素组空骨陷窝率较对照组明显增高(P0.01),并且双次内毒素组空骨陷窝率明显高于激素组和单次内毒素组(P0.01)。双次内毒素组较激素组及单次内毒素组股骨头出现坏死的时间更早、坏死的效果更显著,并且随着时间的推移股骨头坏死的效果越来越明显。说明在相同的实验条件下,实施双次内毒素与激素联合诱发股骨头坏死出现最早、坏死效果最明显,且骨陷窝空虚率随时间的延长而增加。     

骨蚀宁胶囊对激素性股骨头坏死模型兔凝血机制的影响☆

背景：骨蚀宁胶囊是丁锷教授在长期治疗激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的临床实践中,总结出的有效方剂。 目的：观察骨蚀宁胶囊对激素性股骨头坏死动物模型相关凝血指标的影响。 方法：随机选取6只白兔为正常对照组,余90只白兔利用大肠杆菌内毒素加甲强龙的方法成功制备兔激素性股骨头坏死的动物模型后随机分为骨蚀宁低剂量组[0.47 g/(kg•d)]、中剂量组[1.41 g/(kg•d)]、高剂量组[4.23 g/(kg•d)]及模型组和对照组[仙灵骨葆1.92 g/(kg•d)],分别于用药后4,8,12周检测各项指标。 结果与结论：模型组各时段血浆血栓素B2、GMP-140和血栓调节蛋白水平与均显著高于其他组,6-keto-PGF1α显著低于其他组(P < 0.01,或P < 0.05)。随骨蚀宁治疗时间的延长,血栓素B2、GMP-140和血栓调节蛋白水平逐渐降低6-keto-PGF1α水平逐渐升高;中剂量组较低、高剂量组及对照组作用更加明显(P < 0.01,或P < 0.05)。提示1.41 g/(kg•d)剂量骨蚀宁胶囊改善兔股骨头局部组织瘀血状态,防治激素性股骨头坏死效果较好。     

盐酸川芎嗪注射液对青霉素致痫大鼠血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和血浆去甲肾上腺素水平的作用

目的:研究盐酸川芎嗪(TMP)对青霉素致痫大鼠的血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量的变化。方法:制备青霉素致痫大鼠模型,采用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录双侧大脑皮层癫痫样放电,放电稳定后,腹腔注射不同剂量TMP,待其抑制作用最明显时(30min后),采血检测血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量。结果:青霉素致痫组红细胞压积(Hct)、全血黏度、血浆黏度、血浆纤维蛋白原水平均高于TMP治疗组(P<0.01),而脑血流量显著低于TMP组(P<0.01),血小板聚集率和血浆去甲肾上腺素水平比较亦有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:TMP对青霉素致痫大鼠血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量有明显影响;TMP在血液流变性方面有对抗应激损伤的作用。     

改良激素性股骨头坏死动物模型的建立与评价

背景:在股骨头坏死发病机制的研究中,目前仍缺乏有效的动物模型,各种股骨头坏死治疗新方法的发展需要能够模拟人股骨头坏死自然病程动物模型的基础实验。目的:通过联合应用马血清和低剂量甲基强的松龙建立激素性兔股骨头缺血性坏死动物模型。方法:20只健康日本大耳白兔随机分成2组。实验组动物注入马血清,间隔2周后,再次注入马血清,第1次注射马血清后24h肌肉注射甲基强的松龙,每隔1周注射1次,共8周。对照组动物单纯注射同等量的生理盐水。于第1次注射马血清前、注射甲基强的松龙后2,4,8周行血液学检查。并分别于注射甲基强的松龙后4,8周行MRI检查、苏木精-伊红染色和电镜观察股骨头缺血坏死情况。结果与结论:与对照组比较,2,4,8周实验组三酰甘油、胆固醇均明显上升(P0.05);激活部分凝血活酶时间则明显下降(P0.05)。4周实验组MRI显示部分动物可见局部信号改变,8周时可见皮质下出血;对照组比较,4,8周实验组骨髓周围有坏死的骨髓细胞碎片存在,空骨陷窝率逐渐增加(P0.01);4周时实验组个别骨细胞结构模糊不清,或有大空泡;8周时部分骨细胞核破裂、核溶解,凋亡细胞大量出现,骨胶原结构排列紊乱。结果证实联合运用激素和马血清明显提高股骨头缺血性坏死的发生率,能够较好地建立激素性兔股骨头缺血性坏死动物模型。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.