头面部蔓状血管瘤的血管造影及介入治疗

目的 :探讨头面部蔓状血管瘤的血管造影诊断和选择性栓塞治疗的价值。方法 :回顾性分析 12例头面部蔓状血管瘤病例选择性动脉造影和分次完全填充栓塞的资料。结果 :12例头面部蔓状血管瘤患者经血管造影检查均得以明确诊断。经分次完全填充栓塞治疗后治愈 4例 ,显效 6例 ,有效 2例。经超选择性插管后用线段、聚乙烯醇微粒 (PVA颗粒 )、明胶海绵、弹簧圈或可脱球囊栓塞上颌动脉 5支 ,颞浅动脉 5支 ,面动脉 4支 ,枕动脉 3支及耳后动脉 2支。 4例患者行单次栓塞 ,7例患者行 2次栓塞 ,1例患者行 3次栓塞。所有患者栓塞后即刻造影均见拟栓塞的靶血管团基本消失。 5例栓塞后行手术切除 ,术中出血明显减少。所有病例术中及术后均无严重并发症发生。结论 :经选择性血管造影明确诊断后进行栓塞是治疗头面部蔓状血管瘤安全有效的手段。     

肝海绵状血管瘤合并动静脉短路的介入治疗

目的 :评价平阳霉素碘化油乳剂合用PVA微粒肝动脉双重栓塞治疗合并有门静脉短路的肝海绵状血管瘤的可行性和临床疗效。方法 :对 6例肝海绵状血管瘤合并门静脉短路 ,应用微导管行肝动脉超选择插管 ,局部平阳霉素碘化油乳剂合用PVA微粒双重栓塞 ,观察动静脉短路闭塞情况肿瘤染色变化情况、术后患者临床症状的缓解和并发症及随访瘤体缩小程度。结果 :6例肝血管瘤患者行平阳霉素碘化油合用PVA微粒肝动脉超选择双重栓塞后 ,动静脉短路均闭塞 ,肿瘤染色消失 ,术后随访瘤体直径明显缩小 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,临床症状基本缓解 ,无严重并发症出现。结论 :平阳霉素碘化油乳剂合用PVA微粒肝动脉双重栓塞治疗 ,合并门静脉短路的肝海绵状血管瘤疗效及安全性良好。     

经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形

目的：探讨经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形的栓塞材料及其效果。方法：9例因肾动静脉畸形（先天性者8例，获得性者1例）引起大量血尿患者，施行经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗10次，栓塞材料为无水乙醇、聚乙烯醇颗粒、异丁基-2-氰基丙烯酸酯和弹簧圈。9例患者术后随访观察10-56个月。结果：9例患者栓塞术后肾动脉造影显示畸形血管完全闭塞，3d内血尿消失。随访期间，9例患者中，只有1例单纯应用弹簧圈栓塞患者术后6个月血尿复发，血管造影证实为侧支血管形成导致畸形血管再通，改行无水乙醇及弹簧圈栓塞，术后18个月血尿未再复发。9例患者均无严重并发症发生。结论：经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞是治疗肾动静脉畸形的安全有效的方法，栓塞材料以无水乙醇和弹簧 圈联合栓塞为最佳。     

选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血

目的评价选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血的临床价值。方法对12例肾造瘘术后出血患者,使用选择性肾动脉栓塞术,栓塞材料为明胶海绵微粒、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒或弹簧圈。结果造影显示肾实质动静脉瘘2例;对比剂外溢4例;假性动脉瘤3例;假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘3例。栓塞治疗后异常血管征象消失,12例患者的血尿3～7d内消失,随访期间未出现严重并发症及再次血尿。结论选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾造瘘术后出血的微创、安全、有效的方法。     

口腔颌面部高血流量型血管畸形的经导管栓塞治疗

目的探讨超选择经导管动脉栓塞治疗口腔颌面部高血流量型血管畸形的方法和疗效。方法18例患者中8例行外科术前经导管介入栓塞术,患者均在介入栓塞后72h内行外科切除术;另10例行经导管动脉栓塞根治术,均在全面头颈部血管造影后将微导管超选至供血动脉,注入PVA等栓塞剂栓塞畸形血管团。结果18例患者均超选择插管栓塞治疗成功,技术成功率100%,均未发生皮肤黏膜坏死、颅内动脉误栓塞等严重并发症。术前介入栓塞治疗的8例患者在外科切除术中出血量明显减少,肿块切除变易,手术时间缩短。实施介入栓塞根治术的10例患者,其中1次栓塞治愈者5例,经2次栓塞治愈者4例,3次治愈者1例。经术后1～24个月随访肿块均明显缩小,器官功能改善。结论经导管超选择动脉栓塞治疗口腔颌面部高血流量型血管畸形效果显著,安全、方便。     

经导管血管内栓塞术治疗肺动静脉畸形

目的 评价经皮穿刺经导管栓塞术治疗肺动静脉畸形(PAVMs)的安全性和疗效。资料与方法 对10例PAVMs患者进行了经导管栓塞治疗,男4例,女6例,平均年龄12岁(6个月～28岁),均为先天性。临床表现有紫绀和杵状指／趾7例,劳力性呼吸困难6例,胸部血管杂音4例,咯血2例和心功能不全2例。栓塞时用微型钢丝圈2例,普通钢丝圈8例。结果 PAVMs病灶为多发性7例,单发性3例。10例共做栓塞治疗12次,技术成功率为100％,治疗结束时复查肺动脉造影显示单发病灶完全消失,多发病灶者主要异常血管不再显影。术后血氧饱和度从平均78％增至96％。2例术前存在心功能不全,术后症状消失;胸部血管杂音消失。术后出现轻微胸痛5例,少量胸腔积液3例;1例术后2个月死于栓塞肺叶肺梗死继发化脓性感染。9例随访18个月～9年,一般情况良好,日常生活正常,无神经系统症状和体征,除2例弥漫型动静脉畸形血氧饱和度持续在85％～90％外,其余缺氧症状未再复发。结论 经导管血管内栓塞术是治疗PAVMs的安全、有效方法。     

无水乙醇栓塞治疗先天性肾动静脉畸形

目的 探讨经微导管无水乙醇动脉栓塞治疗先天性肾动静脉畸形的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析11例以肉眼血尿为主要症状的先天性肾动静脉畸形,选择性肾动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉畸形后,超选择性病变动脉插管,用无水乙醇栓塞病变血管治疗.结果 11例患者共进行12次治疗,无水乙醇用量5～25 ml,11例肾动静脉畸形均成功栓塞,栓塞24～48 h内肉眼血尿消失.术后1周内出现栓塞侧腰部酸痛、低热、腹胀、恶心、呕吐等症状,无其他严重并发症.随访4～96个月无血尿复发,肾功能正常.结论 经导管无水乙醇动脉栓寨安全有效、费用低廉,是先天性肾动静脉畸形治疗的有效方法.     

脑动静脉畸形供血方式与栓塞的关系研究

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形供血方式与栓塞的关系。方法回顾性分析12 4例4 0 0次超选择性微导管造影所显示的脑动静脉畸形的供血方式及其栓塞后并发症的发生率。结果4 0 0次微导管超选择性造影显示终末型供血方式2 92次,占73% ,穿枝型供血方式2 8次,占7% ,动静脉直接交通型36次,占9%。畸形血管团内伴有动脉瘤2 4例,占6 %。畸形血管团内含有静脉瘤或引流静脉呈瘤样扩张者2 0例,占5 %。除穿枝型供血方式16例未行栓塞外,余者栓塞后无严重并发症发生。结论了解脑动静脉畸形供血方式便可知道能否安全的进行栓塞,而测定脑动静脉畸形的动静脉循环时间可指导栓塞用胶的配制浓度。     

肾段及亚段疾病血管栓塞术的临床应用

目的：探讨经肾动脉手管超选择至肾段及肾亚段对肾肿瘤及肾动静脉畸形进行栓塞治疗的临床应用价值。方法：4例肾肿瘤患，经导管超选择至肾段及肾亚段，行化疗栓塞术。8例肾动静脉畸形均经DSA证实，经导管超选择性插管至肾段及肾亚段行栓塞治疗。栓塞材料为弹簧图、无水酒精、PVA或IBCA。结果：4例肾肿瘤患节段性栓塞均获得成功，治疗后肿瘤缩小，碘油沉积良好，CT复查肿瘤平均6个月无复发，相邻的肾段无梗死征象。8例肾动静脉畸形患超选择性栓塞均获得成功。1例术后6个月血尿复发，再次栓塞后血尿症状消失，其余未见复发。结论：肾段及肾亚段栓塞是治疗无手术适应证的肾脏肿瘤及肾动静脉畸形的有效方法，互能够最大限度的保护正常肾脏，并发症少。     

新型液态栓塞剂 (Onyx)栓塞脑动静脉畸形28例临床分析

目的　介绍新型液态栓塞剂Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形的技术要点和临床疗效。方法　 18例患者动静脉畸形位于功能区 (运动区、语言区、视觉中枢 ) ,8例位于大脑半球深部 ,2例位于小脑半球。畸形团大小在 3cm左右的 11例 ,3～ 6cm的 12例 ,6cm以上的 5例。均采用Seldingor技术在股动脉内置入 6F鞘 ,6F导引导管进入颈内动脉或椎动脉 ,Ultraflow微导管超选择进入畸形团内 ,采用“阻断和前推技术”长时间缓慢注射Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形。结果　治疗前后脑动静脉畸形的体积缩小为 2 0 %～10 0 % ,初期平均约 4 0 % ,目前可达 80 %左右 ,其中 4例患者达到影像学完全栓塞 (血管造影动、静脉期均无畸形血管团显影 )。 3例患者栓塞术后有肢体偏瘫并发症 ,1例患者术后出现视野缺损 ,其余病例无严重并发症。结论　Onyx可提高脑动静脉畸形的栓塞效果 ,但应学习正确的栓塞技术和注意预防并发症。单纯栓塞的长期疗效有待随访。     

Efficacy of embolization in traumatic uterine vascular malformations

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of embolotherapy in patients with bleeding traumatic uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent pelvic arterial embolization at our institution between July 1992 and September 2002 was performed. Fifteen patients were diagnosed with a uterine vascular malformation on duplex ultrasonography and correlative MR imaging. Serial beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured to exclude gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. All patients underwent transcatheter embolization of the uterine arteries. Embolizations were performed with use of standard 4-5-F catheters and microcatheters when necessary. Embolic agents in the 25 procedures included glue only (n = 13), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and glue (n = 4), PVA particles (n = 2), Gelfoam (n = 2), coils (n = 1), PVA particles and coils (n = 1), glue and Gelfoam (n = 1), and glue and coils (n = 1). PVA particle size ranged from 350 to 1,000 micro m. Outcomes assessed were cessation of bleeding, persistence or resolution of the AVM, complications, and pregnancy after embolization. These were assessed by chart, laboratory, and imaging reviews. RESULTS: A total of 25 embolization procedures were performed in 15 patients. Six patients required repeat embolization (one patient underwent embolization on six occasions; five patients had two embolization procedures each) for recurrence of bleeding. Sixteen procedures were performed on an elective basis and nine were performed on an emergent basis. The technical success rate of embolization was 100%. The clinical success rate was 93%: bleeding was controlled in 14 of 15 patients and one patient underwent a hysterectomy. Four of the 15 patients subsequently had a total of five uneventful intrauterine pregnancies carried to term. The 14 patients who underwent successful embolization had no recurrence of bleeding at a median follow-up of 53 months (range, 3-124 months) after treatment. Three patients were eventually lost to follow-up. One minor complication (0.4%) of non-flow-limiting dissection of the internal iliac artery occurred. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous embolotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for traumatic AVMs. This procedure allows for preservation of uterine function with the possibility of future pregnancy and should be considered as a primary treatment option.     

Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations achieved with polyvinyl alcohol particles: angiographic reappearance and complications.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The appropriate choice of embolic materials with respect to the permanency of obliterated nidi after embolization and complications related to the procedure is essential for safe and effective embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Our purpose was to ascertain the recanalization and complication rates after AVM treatment with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. METHODS: Between 1988 and 1994, 36 AVMs were embolized with PVA particles at our institution. Follow-up angiographic findings and occurrence of complications during the embolization procedures were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Complete obliteration of the nidus immediately after embolization was achieved in five patients, and 80% to 99% obliteration was attained in 12 patients. Fifty-one follow-up angiographic examinations were performed 1 week to 60 months (mean, 7 months) after embolization in 31 patients. An increase in nidal size was seen on 15 follow-up angiograms (29%) and a decrease was seen in seven (14%). In 28 of the 51 angiograms obtained more than 1 month after follow up (mean, 13 months), 12 (43%) showed AVM enlargement. In four (80%) of five cases of complete obliteration, nidi reappeared on follow-up angiograms. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in three cases and ischemic ones in seven. One patient (3%) died and five (14%) suffered persistent neurologic deficits. CONCLUSION: Embolization with PVA particles can produce significant volume reduction in AVM nidal size, but recanalization is a distinct possibility.     

髓内血管畸形的血管构筑学及栓塞治疗

目的：探讨髓内动静脉畸形（AVM）的血管构型、血管内栓塞的指征及栓塞治疗的效果。方法：15例患者均有不同程度的肢体瘫痪、感觉障碍、括约肌功能障碍行DSA检查和栓塞治疗。栓塞材料选用PVA颗粒及丝线段。结果：15例中,球型3例,幼稚型12例;球型AVM均为单支动脉供血;幼稚型AVM为多支动脉供血,其中7例为2支供血动脉,5例有3支以上供血动脉,2例伴有动静脉瘘（AVF）;15例患者经27例次栓塞治疗,根据栓塞前后脊髓功能评价,痊愈2例,显效3例,好转6例,4例无变化,无1例加重。经6个月－5年随访,症状较栓塞前改善者4例;栓塞后症状维持者2例;栓塞后症状再次反复者7例,再次行栓塞治疗;失得2例。结论：髓内AVM应栓塞畸形血管团,减轻静脉压力,减少出血机会;血管内栓塞治疗脊髓血管畸形是一种创伤小、安全性高、有效的治疗方法。     

子宫动脉灌注联合PVA栓塞治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠临床分析

目的分析子宫动脉灌注MTX联合PVA栓塞治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的临床效果。方法对12例剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者,行双侧子宫动脉MTX灌注联合PVA栓塞治疗。先经导管向子宫动脉灌注MTX,再用500～710μm PVA颗粒对双侧子宫动脉进行栓塞。通过治疗前后患者的临床表现和血清β-HCG水平及妊娠囊变化情况进行疗效评价。结果 12例患者经子宫动脉灌注MTX联合PVA栓塞治疗后临床症状明显缓解,血清β-HCG水平迅速下降,妊娠囊逐渐萎缩、坏死、脱落。结论子宫动脉灌注MTX联合PVA栓塞治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠能迅速止血,有效杀胚,保留子宫,是剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的一种安全、有效治疗方法。     

Transarterial microcatheter glue embolization of the bronchial artery for life-threatening hemoptysis: Technical and clinical results

Objectives

To report our experience with transarterial glue embolization of the bronchial artery for life-threatening hemoptysis.

Materials and methods

Twenty-five patients underwent bronchial artery embolization, using coaxial microcatheter technique, with a liquid agent, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA), named glue, for life-threatening hemoptysis. The technical and clinical outcomes were followed in terms of immediate control of bleeding, recurrence of hemoptysis and complications of the procedure.

Results

Four patients had acute hemoptysis when they were evaluated. The average number of arteries embolized per patient was 2.9. BAEs were successful in controlling hemoptysis immediately in all 25 patients (100%) and in 24 patients (96%) at 1 month follow-ups. One patient had recurrent hemoptysis on the tenth day after embolization. The follow-up time ranged from 2 to 63 months (mean 14 months). Six patients (25%) died all as a result of their disease process. Bleeding recurred in 3 patients after 30 days (7th, 11th, 12th months). One patient had vomitting attacks with dysphagia after the procedure that lasted 24 h. Three patients had transient thoracic pain lasting 3-5 days. There were no procedure related spinal or vascular complications.

Conclusions

Glue embolization with microcatheter technique is a safe and effective treatment in cases of life-threatening hemoptysis with a very high rate of success and low rate of complications.     

25例脊髓动静脉畸形治疗

目的　探讨脊髓髓内动静脉畸形的栓塞方法。方法　 2 5例脊髓髓内血管畸形患者 ,均行血管内栓塞治疗 ,早期 4例在肋间动脉或腰动脉直接注射硬脑膜颗粒或PVA等 ,近期 9例将微导管插至供血动脉远端以PVA栓塞 ,1例先以NBCA栓塞供血动脉上的动脉瘤 ,再以Embosphere栓塞AVM。 7例以NBCA栓塞。 5例直接手术切除病灶 ,2例栓塞联合手术治疗。结果　 2 0例栓塞后造影证实 12例几乎完全栓塞 ,8例为大部分栓塞 ,经半年～ 2年随访 ,16例临床症状均有不同程度改善 ,4例临床症状无明显变化 ,均未出现出血症状。结论　对于髓内幼稚型和不能手术的团块型AVM ,血管内栓塞治疗为首选治疗。     

The pathology of encephalic arteriovenous malformations treated by prior embolotherapy

Summary A pathologic study was undertaken of seven encephalic arteriovenous malformations, including five resected from one to seven days after balloon embolization, one resected 10 days after embolization with polyvinyl alcohol foam (PVA), and a large mesencephalic AVM in a patient who died eight weeks after a series of embolization procedures with PVA and silicone spheres. AVM's resected 6–7 days following balloon embolization showed focal mural and adventitial inflammatory infiltrates and parenchymal (i.e. non-vascular) necrosis of a large portion of one AVM. The AVM examined 7 days post-balloon embolization showed an intraluminal thrombus containing refractile particles surrounded by foreign body giant cells (FBGC's). The AVM removed 10 days after PVA embolotherapy showed mural and perivascular necrosis with infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The single autopsy case showed FBGC's surrounding residual PVA, refractile particles deep within vascular walls, and marked mural thickening of AVM channel walls, changes that may represent a response to previous angionecrosis and inflammation at the time of embolization. These findings, the pathogenesis of which is discussed in detail, may help to explain some of the rare complications of iatrogenic embolotherapy with these materials, as well as providing evidence for the basis of their efficacy.Presented in part at the 63rd Annual meeting of the American Association of Neuropathologists, Seattle, Washington, June, 1987     

褐藻胶微球动脉栓塞治疗的临床应用

应用褐藻胶微球对３５例肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和甲状腺疾患进行了选择性动脉栓塞治疗。其中肝癌９例、脾功能亢进６例、晚期肾癌３例、肾动静脉畸形出血１例，甲状腺机能亢进１６例。临床结果表明该治疗对控制肝、肾恶性肿瘤生长和抑制脾脏、甲状腺等器官功能亢进具有良好效果。与其它微球栓塞剂相比，褐藻胶微球具有类别和型号齐全，使用方便，利于操作，栓塞效果可靠和价格低廉等优点。