成纤维细胞体外培养、冻存及复苏的实验研究

目的：探讨正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩组织成纤维细胞在体外培养情况下其生物学特性的差异，以及与细胞冻存和复苏的方法及其应用价值。方法：对8例正常皮肤和8例瘢痕疙瘩组织标本分别进行体外成纤维细胞的原代培养、传代培养，观察培养的成纤维细胞形态，并作生长曲线比较细胞增殖情况。选取处于对数生长期的培养细胞梯度降温后置入液氮（-196℃）中保存4—6个月，进行细胞复苏培养，以2％台盼蓝确定细胞活力，并观察复苏的成纤维细胞形态学状况。结果：体外培养的正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩组织成纤维细胞形态和生长曲线基本相同，但瘢痕疙瘩原代成纤维细胞萌出生长较正常皮肤快，生长融合后成纤维细胞排列紊乱，极性消失，有明显的交叉重叠现象；体外培养的成纤维细胞，经冷冻保存4～6个月后，复苏率超过80％，细胞形态无明显改变。结论：体外培养的正常皮肤和瘢痕疙瘩组织成纤维细胞形态与生长特性基本相同。瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞可成功冻存和复苏。     

正常皮肤、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞培养、生物学特征及超微结构的比较研究

目的探讨正常皮肤、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的体外培养、生物学特征及超微结构,阐明其应用价值。方法采用成纤维细胞体外培养技术,从正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞在细胞增殖、细胞形态、细胞遗传学特征及细胞超微结构方面进行比较研究。结果体外培养的正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞生长率和形态学相同,细胞遗传学特征和超微结构相似。结论据此结果和其他学者的观点,认为建立体外培养的正常皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞实验模型,可用于瘢痕防治的研究。     

三维培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞的实验研究

目的探讨三维培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞的生物学特性,为其在皮肤组织工程中的应用提供进一步的实验依据。方法培养人皮肤成纤维细胞,制备鼠尾胶原;对人皮肤成纤维细胞进行三维培养,流式细胞仪检测细胞的增殖和凋亡,RTPCR检测TGFβ1、层粘连蛋白(fibronectin,Fn)mRNA的表达,电镜观察细胞的形态学特征。结果三维培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖缓慢,未见明显细胞凋亡。RTPCR检测二维、三维培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞TGFβ1、FnmRNA的表达无明显差异。电镜观察细胞染色质多,细胞器丰富。结论三维培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖缓慢,但生物学活性良好。     

正常皮肤、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞培养、生物学特征及超微结构的比较研究

目的探讨正常皮肤、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的体外培养、生物学特征及超微结构，阐明其应用价值。方法采用成纤维细胞体外培养技术，从正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞在细胞增殖、细胞形态、细胞遗传学特征及细胞超微结构方面进行比较研究。结果体外培养的正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞生长率和形态学相同，细胞遗传学特征和超微结构相似。结论据此结果和其他学者的观点，认为建立体外培养的正常皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞实验模型，可用于瘢痕防治的研究。     

体外培养的不同个体人肌腱细胞与皮肤成纤维细胞中胶原表达水平的比较研究

目的 对几种胶原在体外培养的不同个体的人第二代肌腱细胞和皮肤成纤维细胞中的表达水平进行比较研究,以探讨利用皮肤成纤维细胞作为组织工程肌腱构建种子细胞的可行性.方法 在无菌条件下取外伤病人术中修剪的废弃的肌腱和皮肤组织,经胶原酶和胰蛋白酶消化获取两种细胞,体外培养至第二代后,取两种细胞进行细胞学检测.采用基因芯片和RT-PCR技术对两种细胞几种胶原进行检测及比较.结果 体外培养的第二代人肌腱细胞和皮肤成纤维细胞两种细胞贴壁后形态相似.从基因水平可以看出体外培养的第二代人肌腱细胞和皮肤成纤维细胞在几种胶原的合成方面差异不大.结论 第二代人肌腱细胞与皮肤成纤维细胞的胶原表达基本相似,皮肤成纤维细胞有可能替代肌腱细胞,作为肌腱组织工程新的种子细胞来构建组织工程化肌腱.     

MTT法检测国产PGA支架对人成纤维细胞增殖的影响

目的 检测国产PGA支架对瘢痕、皮肤和肌腱成纤维细胞增殖的影响.方法 体外培养人瘢痕、皮肤和肌腱成纤维细胞,取第二代细胞接种到96 孔板,以不同浓度的国产PGA支架浸提液培养,用MTT法检测成纤维细胞在国产PGA上的增殖情况.结果 不同浸提液培养的瘢痕、皮肤和肌腱成纤维细胞的生长曲线均无明显差异.结论 国产PGA支架对瘢痕、皮肤和肌腱成纤维细胞的增殖无明显影响,该材料可以用于以成纤维细胞为种子的组织构建.     

光老化作用对体外人皮肤成纤维细胞的影响

目的 建立体外分离培养人皮肤成纤维细胞的光老化模型,观察研究中波紫外线对人皮肤成性纤维细胞的影响.方法 使用组织块法分离培养原代人皮肤成纤维细胞,并用免疫荧光特异性标记物鉴定证实,选择不同剂量的紫外线照射人皮肤成纤维细胞后,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学的改变;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-gal)细胞衰老试剂盒染色;MTT检测不同剂量的紫外线照射对成纤维细胞增殖能力影响;western blot检测衰老标志物P16蛋白的表达.结果 组织块法成功分离获得人皮肤成纤维细胞,用20～60mJ/cm2 UVB单次照射后,可以成功诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞出现衰老形态学的改变,其增殖能力降至正常对照组的一半左右,β-gal染色阳性率约90%,衰老相关蛋白P16表达随时相明显升高.结论 20～60mJ/cm2中波紫外线照射人皮肤成纤维细胞可诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞衰老,为今后皮肤光老化的体外研究提供了参考.     

强脉冲光对成纤维细胞增殖与周期的影响

目的:研究强脉冲光对正常离体人皮肤成纤维细胞(fibroblast,FB)的生长活力、细胞增殖能力以及细胞周期变化的影响并探讨其可能的发生机制,为强脉冲光除皱提供可能的理论依据。方法:培养人皮肤成纤维细胞,应用MTT比色法、免疫组织化学的方法和流式细胞仪(FCN)分析技术,观察皮肤成纤维细胞经不同能量的强脉冲光照射后细胞的生长活力、细胞增殖能力以及细胞周期变化。结果:强脉冲光能促进体外培养人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖,FCN结果显示强脉冲光照射后,成纤维细胞G1期百分比降低,而S期百分比升高,增殖指数PrI值(S G2M)百分比增高。结论:强脉冲光可促进正常成纤维细胞增殖和DNA合成,从而为强脉冲光面部美容除皱供理论依据。     

正常皮肤,增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞培养,生物 …

目的 探讨正常皮肤、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的体外培养、生物学特征及超微结构、阐明其应用价值。方法 采用成纤维细胞体外培养技术，从正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕，瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞在细胞增殖，细胞形态，细胞遗传学特征及细胞超微结构方面进行比较研究。结果 体外培养的正常皮肤成纤维细胞与增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩成纤维生长率和形态学相同，细胞遗传学特征和超微结构相似。结论 据此结果和其他学者的观点，认     

rhEGF纳米脂质体促进成纤维细胞增殖和迁移的研究

目的观察重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)纳米脂质体对人包皮成纤维细胞(HFF)增殖和迁移的作用。方法体外培养HFF,以6μg/ml rhEGF或2、4、6、12μg/ml rhEGF脂质体作用24小时,用MTT法观察细胞增殖,细胞划痕愈合实验观察细胞迁移。结果 rhEGF和rhEGF脂质体对成纤维细胞均具有显著的促进增殖和迁移能力作用。与同等浓度的rhEGF相比,rhEGF脂质体的促进作用更强,并呈浓度依赖性。结论 rhEGF脂质体可显著提高成纤维细胞的增殖和迁移能力,相对于rhEGF溶液效果更佳,可有效地促进皮肤创面愈合。     

组织工程化人工复合皮肤的构建

目的 为皮肤缺失的移植提供具有生物活性的表皮、真皮的组织工程化人工复合皮肤。方法 将体外传代培养的表皮角朊细胞和真皮成纤维细胞分别接种在冷冻干燥及戊二醛交联的I型胶原基质网架的两侧,在液面下培养1周后,改为气－液界面培养,动态观测人工皮肤光镜下组织学形态及电镜下超微结构。结果 人工复合皮肤具有表皮、真皮双层结构。培养过程中表皮逐步增殖、分化、发育,形成基底层、棘细胞层、颗粒层和角质层;真皮基质网架渐渐降解,并逐步被增殖的成纤维细胞及其所分泌的细胞外基质所取代,完成真皮构建。结论 利用组织工程技术体外构建人工复合皮肤,可用于皮肤缺失者的自体移植治疗,体外构建的复合人工皮肤可从根本上解决自体供皮不足,且细胞源于自体皮肤,排除了发生免疫排斥反应和疾病传播的风险,具有安全、有效、实用等优点。     

Effects of somatostatin, somatostatin analogs, and endothelial cell somatostatin gene transfer on smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro

OBJECTIVE: Somatostatin analogs inhibit neointimal hyperplasia and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in vivo. The gene transfer of somatostatin to endothelial cells (ECs) represents a potential means of local delivery of somatostatin to areas of arterial injury. This study tested the hypothesis that the retroviral gene transfer of somatostatin to ECs would inhibit SMC proliferation in vitro and evaluated the effects of somatostatin analogs on DNA synthesis and the growth of SMCs. METHODS: Media transfer and coculture were used to determine the effects of somatostatin-producing ECs on SMC proliferation in vitro. The effects of a variety of somatostatin isoforms and analogs on the proliferation of SMCs, mitogenesis of serum-restimulated quiescent SMCs, and arterial explants were measured. RESULTS: Despite the production of biologically relevant concentrations of somatostatin by ECs, no inhibition of SMC proliferation was noted. Somatostatin analogs inhibited DNA synthesis in arterial explants but did not inhibit either DNA synthesis or growth of cultured SMCs, which showed a likely effect of somatostatin on the initial transition in SMC phenotype. CONCLUSION: Somatostatin exerts inhibitory effects on SMC proliferation only during the early transition to a proliferative phenotype. There are significant differences between this in vivo transition and the standard serum-restimulated model of cultured SMCs. These differences may account for the failure of somatostatin to inhibit SMC proliferation in the standard in vitro models.     

复合汗腺的组织工程三维皮肤模型的构建

目的：运用组织工程化方法在体外建立复合汗腺的三维皮肤模型,阐明汗腺体外再生的可行性,并为初步建立含有汗腺的仿生化功能性组织工程皮肤奠定实验基础。方法：分离培养人表皮细胞、成纤维细胞和汗腺细胞,将表皮细胞与汗腺细胞按1：1的比例共培养,在培养体系中分别加入含表皮细胞生长因子（EGF）的微球,噻唑蓝（MTT）法观察细胞增殖情况,并与培养时直接加入EGF及不加EGF的对照组进行比较。将共培养的细胞接种于复合成纤维细胞的胶原基质并通过三维培养方式构建组织工程皮肤模型,在模型中加入复合EGF的微球释放载体促进汗腺再生和上皮化进程,HE染色和免疫组织化学方法检测所构建组织工程皮肤以及体外再生汗腺的结构,并与模型中直接加入EGF和未加EGF的对照组进行比较。结果：MTT检测结果显示,与两对照组相比较,通过共培养方式获得的表皮与汗腺细胞团在复合EGF微球作用下生长良好,有明显增殖作用;组织学观察结果显示所构建组织工程皮肤模型具有和正常皮肤相似的结构,并在真皮浅层形成了类似汗腺结构的细胞密集区域,存在大量汗腺特异性标志——角蛋白19（CK19）和癌胚抗原（CEA）阳性的细胞,这种现象在单纯EGF组仅有微弱表现,在空白对照组则无此现象出现。结论：构建具有汗腺结构的体外皮肤模型具有可行性,这为汗腺再生和功能性组织工程皮肤的研究开创了新的途径。     

Bone marrow stem cells for urologic tissue engineering

OBJECTIVES: Experiments in rats and dogs have demonstrated the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for urinary tract tissue engineering. However, the small graft size in rats and a failure to identify the MSCs in engineered tissues made it difficult to assess the true potential of these cells. Our goals were to characterize MSCs from pigs, determine their ability to differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and use them in an autologous augmentation cystoplasty. METHODS: MSCs were isolated from pigs and analyzed for common markers of MSCs by flow cytometry. SMC differentiation was determined by immunoblotting. MSCs were isolated, genetically labeled, expanded in vitro, seeded onto small intestinal submucosa (SIS) and used for autologous bladder augmentation. RESULTS: Porcine MSCs are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to human MSCs. Culturing MSCs at low density enhances proliferation rates. MSCs consistently differentiate into mature SMCs in vitro when maintained at confluence. Labeled MSCs grew on SIS over one week in vitro and survived a 2-week implantation as an autologous bladder augment in vivo. Some label-positive cells with SMC morphology were detected, but most SMCs were negative. Notably, many cells with a urothelial morphology stained positively. CONCLUSIONS: Porcine MSCs have similar properties to MSCs from other species and consistently undergo differentiation into mature SMC in vitro under specific culture conditions. Labeled MSCs within SIS may assist tissue regeneration in augmentation cystoplasty but may not significantly incorporate into smooth muscle bundles.     

Chronic high pressure potentiates the antiproliferative effect and abolishes contractile phenotypic changes caused by endothelial cells in cocultured smooth muscle cells

High in vitro pressures have been reported to alter smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC) phenotype, while endothelial cells (ECs) can influence the proliferation, phenotype, and contractile features of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in coculture systems. However, little is known about the in vitro effects of pressure on EC/SMC cocultures. We therefore sought to compare SMC proliferation in independent and EC coculture under ambient and high pressure, and identify changes in the contractile phenotype of SMCs by measuring levels of the L-type Ca(2+) channel a(1) subunit (dihydropyridine-DHP receptor) which is critical for Ca(2+) transients, differentiation and contractility in SMC. METHODS: Rat aortic SMCs in independent culture (SMC/0) and coculture with ECs (SMC/EC) were maintained in 5% CO(2) under either atmospheric or high pressure (130 mmHg). SMC were counted at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days and compared to initial cell counts of day 0 before the exposure to experimental conditions. DHP receptor levels were quantitated by Western blotting (three similar studies). RESULTS: ECs suppressed SMC proliferation on day 1 of coculture in both atmospheric and high pressure (20% inhibition vs independent culture, P < or = 0.05). By day 3, cocultured SMC under atmospheric pressure displayed no EC-mediated inhibition, and at day 5, atmospheric cocultured SMCs revealed statistically significant enhanced proliferation as compared with SMCs in independent cultures. However, cocultured SMCs exposed to 130 mmHg pressure displayed sustained sensitivity to EC growth inhibition at both days 3 and 5 of the experiment. Coculture decreased SMC DHP-receptor levels under atmospheric pressure. However, this effect was abolished in cocultures exposed to high pressure. CONCLUSIONS: High pressure substantially alters the regulatory influence of EC on SMC proliferation and contractile potential. This pressure/coculture model should increase our understanding of cellular interaction in hypertensive vasculopathy.     

联合培养VECs与ADSCs与部分脱蛋白生物骨体外构建组织工程骨的实验研究

目的本实验旨在研究体外血管内皮细胞和脂肪来源的联合培养体系在部分脱蛋白生物骨支架材料上的黏附、增殖,以及二者体外培养构建组织工程骨时移植入体内的最佳时机,为体内构建组织工程骨提供理论依据。方法取血管内皮细胞、脂肪干细胞和1：1联合培养细胞分别接种部分脱蛋白生物骨片,MTT法检测吸光度,评价三种不同细胞组在PDPBB生长情况,分析联合培养细胞在支架材料上增殖情况,扫描电镜观察不同细胞组在PDPBB生长情况。结果各细胞组在PDPBB上吸光度逐渐增加,第10天均达到高峰,1：1混合细胞组最高,各细胞组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;10天可见联合培养细胞细胞组大量细胞与PDPBB附着,呈巢状分布。结论1：1混合细胞在PDPBB支架材料上的增殖优于单种细胞,10天为最佳移植时机。     

兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞的体外培养及其生物学特性

目的 :研究体外培养的新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞的生物学特性。　方法 :采用组织块培养法 ,对兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞进行活细胞观察 ,并测定其细胞生长曲线、贴壁率、细胞分裂指数。　结果 :①兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞为梭形 ,呈长轴平行排列 ,具有明显的方向性 ;②体外贴壁快 ,生长迅速 ,体外培养的阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞在合适的传代条件和比例下能够生存并保持其稳定的生物学特性。　结论 :体外培养的兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞模型可用于检测某些药物对阴茎勃起的影响。     

Endothelial cell activation of the smooth muscle cell phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes differentiation

OBJECTIVE: Interactions between endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are fundamental in diverse cardiovascular processes such as arteriogenesis, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. We aimed to determine the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which ECs promote a differentiated SMC phenotype. METHODS: Bovine thoracic aorta ECs and SMCs were isolated and cultured. For co-culture studies, ECs were grown to confluence on one side of a semi-permeable Cyclopore membrane. SMCs were then plated on the opposite side of the membrane and cultured for 24 to 48 hours. For adenovirus experiments, SMCs were infected prior to plating opposite ECs. For conditioned media studies, SMCs cultured alone on plastic were treated with media harvested from EC/SMC in co-culture. SMC phenotype was assayed by microscopy and measurement of two-dimensional area, or by western blotting for contractile protein markers of differentiation. Akt activation was measured by western blotting for phospho-Serine 473. RESULTS: Although SMCs cultured alone exhibit a dedifferentiated synthetic phenotype, we report that bilayer co-culture with ECs induced a differentiated SMC phenotype as measured by morphology and cell area and expression of protein markers of differentiation, including contractile proteins and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 kip . The EC/SMC bilayer co-culture resulted in activation of the SMC protein kinase Akt, with no effect on total Akt expression. Similarly, conditioned media from co-cultured EC/SMC promoted rapid Akt phosphorylation and subsequent expression of differentiation protein markers in SMCs cultured alone. Adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active Akt in SMCs cultured alone mimicked the ability of ECs to induce SMC differentiation. Notably, inhibition of phosphoinositide 3 (PI 3)-kinase activity with wortmannin or adenoviral overexpression of a dominant-negative Akt prevented the EC-mediated effect on SMC morphology and differentiation protein marker expression. CONCLUSIONS: ECs direct SMCs towards a differentiated phenotype through activation of the SMC PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Interactions between endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are fundamental in diverse cardiovascular processes such as arteriogenesis, collateral blood vessel development, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. Alterations in SMC phenotype occur in each of these processes. Endothelial denudation has been suggested to contribute to the SMC proliferative response to vessel injury by angioplasty or other catheterization procedures. We have employed a co-culture approach to dissect the molecular signals that are dependent on the spatial relationship between ECs and SMCs, and have identified the importance of the PI3K/Akt pathway in EC-induced SMC differentiation. This pathway may suggest targets for therapeutic interventions for intimal hyperplasia and restenosis.     

The cyclolignan picropodophyllin attenuates intimal hyperplasia after rat carotid balloon injury by blocking insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling

OBJECTIVE: Smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC) is a pivotal factor in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. A number of growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have been shown to be involved in SMC proliferation. We evaluated the effect of picropodophyllin (PPP), a new IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, in the prevention of SMC proliferation and development of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. METHODS: The effects of systemic administration of PPP on intimal hyperplasia were studied in a balloon rat carotid injury model. Lesions were quantified by morphometry and SMC proliferation and apoptosis was studied by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activated caspase 3, respectively. The effect of PPP on rat aortic SMC proliferation and apoptosis was studied in vitro by using cell counting, 3[H]-thymidine incorporation, and a flow cytometry assay for annexin V. Phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor, protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in vitro and in vivo were analyzed by using Western blotting. RESULTS: PPP inhibited IGF-1-mediated SMC proliferation in vitro but no significant increase in apoptosis was detected. In rats treated with PPP, a more than a twofold reduction in carotid intima area was observed 2 weeks after balloon injury, a significant decrease in PCNA staining was demonstrated in early lesions, but activated caspase 3 was not detected. In addition, PPP attenuated phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor, Akt, and ERK1/2 in IGF-1-stimulated SMCs in vitro, and a reduced phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor and Akt was found in balloon-injured carotid arteries in rats treated with PPP. CONCLUSION: These results show that PPP potently blocks IGF-1-mediated phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor in SMCs, decreases downstream Akt and ERK1/2 activation, inhibits SMC replication, and subsequently attenuates intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries.