前路一期手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的：探讨前路一期颈椎次全切植骨融合内固定手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床效果和价值。方法：18例下颈椎骨折脱位在全麻下行一期手术，前路椎体次全切除植骨钢板内固定。结果：平均随访12个月，骨折脱位已完全复位，受压脊髓得到有效减压，内固定钢板无松动无断裂，植骨平均6个月后骨性融合，脊髓功能均有不同程度恢复。1例喉返神经损伤，声音嘶哑，术后3个月恢复。结论：前路一期手术是治疗下颈椎骨折的积极有效的方法。     

下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的前路手术

目的总结下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的前路手术的疗效。方法对下颈椎骨折60例均采用颈前路减压、植骨、钛板内固定术进行回顾性分析。结果本组60例早期发生食道瘘1例,2月后死于肺部并发症。其余59例中有50例获3～24个月的随访,无钢板、螺钉断裂或松动,无假关节、骨不连接发生,颈椎间高度及生理曲度无丢失,植骨于3个月左右骨性愈合。神经功能有6例无恢复,其余病例至少有1～3级以上的恢复或改善。结论颈前路手术减压彻底、不易发生脊髓医源性损伤,脊髓功能恢复好,植骨愈合快,后期脊柱稳定性可靠,钛板可达到固定节段的即刻稳定,是一种成熟有效和简单易行的术式。     

前、后联合入路治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨一期前、后入路对下颈椎骨折、脱位伴关节交锁手术治疗的效果.方法 对我院从2000～2004年对18例下颈椎骨折、脱位伴关节交锁患者采用一期前、后联合入路手术复位、减压、内固定.术后随访12～48月,平均30月.最后评价脊髓神经功能的恢复,测量并计算颈椎高度的丧失率以及颈椎的屈伸范围、椎间融合率,观察有无并发症发生.结果 脊髓神经功能的恢复按Frankel分级评定,平均提高1.6级.颈椎总的伸曲活动范围平均17度,椎体高度丧失率1.3%,融合率为100%,无并发症发生.结论 一期前、后入路手术治疗下颈椎骨折、脱位伴关节交锁可获得准确复位、充分减压、植骨融合率高、稳定性好,神经功能获得一定程度的恢复.     

颈椎前路钛网植骨联合带锁钢板固定治疗下颈椎骨折的临床疗效观察

[摘要] 目的 评价下颈椎骨折患者应用颈椎前路钛网植骨联合带锁钢板固定治疗的临床价值。方法 选取2010~2012年我院收治的下颈椎骨折患者40例，均行一期颈椎减压前路复位以及钛网植骨联合带锁钢板固定手术治疗，统计患者术前与术后Cobb角、D值以及Frankel脊髓神经功能情况。结果 脊髓损伤在A级以上患者经Frankel评分均恢复1级以上，术后2天、3个月、12个月Cobb角与D值均相比术前明显改善，术后2天与术后3个月、12个月统计结果无明显差异。结论 颈椎前路钛网植骨联合带锁钢板固定治疗下颈椎骨折能够显著改善颈椎的生理曲度与融合节段曲度，疗效确切且安全性高，临床价值较高。     

椎间融合器联合锁定钛板在下颈椎骨折脱位前路术后早期稳定性的临床研究

目的 研究椎间融合器作为植入物在下颈椎骨折脱位行颈椎前路手术后的早期稳定性。方法 统计本院自2010年1月至2018年1月收治的14例下颈椎骨折脱位行单纯颈椎前路手术患者,均采用椎间融合器联合锁定钛板固定重建颈椎稳定性,术后随访3～6个月,对比术前术后颈髓损伤神经功能评分、术前术后植骨愈合后颈椎在冠状位(Cobb角)、矢状位(颈椎前凸角、椎体后缘移位情况)及水平位(椎体高度)的稳定性。结果术后神经功能评分优于术前,术后颈椎在冠状位稳定性略有改善,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在矢状位及水平位稳定性明显提高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。在植骨愈合前后,颈椎在冠状位及水平位稳定性稍差,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在矢状位稳定性稍改善,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 椎体稳定性研究需从椎体矢状位、水平位及冠状位3个方向着眼。颈椎压缩性骨折或撕脱性骨折伴脱位患者可行椎间盘切除椎间融合器联合锁定钛板固定。椎间融合器在术后早期恢复中存在椎体下沉及矢状位移位问题,需引起重视。     

应用钛网并颈椎接骨板治疗颈椎骨折脱位47例

目的探讨钛质外科网并颈椎接骨板治疗颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法对47例颈椎骨折脱位患者行前路减压鈦网并接骨板内固定术,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果随访11～36个月,平均19.5个月,47例患者颈椎解剖复位,生理曲度及椎间高度恢复良好,椎间植骨全部融合,术后脊髓功能均获得明显改善。结论应用钛网合并颈椎接骨板治疗颈椎骨折脱位是一种有效的放法。     

颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位46例

目的 探讨颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院收治的80例下颈椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料,其中46例患者(观察组)采取了颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术,34例患者(对照组)采用了颈椎后路减压植骨固定术.结果 观察组的术中出血量、手术时间、术后并发症的总发生率均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);手术后,观察组的JOA评分明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组的生存质量评分均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 早期行颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术可缓解下颈椎骨折脱位的脊髓压迫,大大促进了脊髓神经功能的恢复有利于患者的早期康复锻炼,值得临床推荐和应用.     

一期和分期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的疗效观察

目的观察应用一期和分期前后路内固定手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效和风险。方法自1999年1月～2009年2月间对74例下颈椎骨折脱位的患者,一组采用一期前后路手术治疗54例,另一组采用分期前后路手术治疗20例。术后定期复查X线观察融合率和稳定性,以Frankel分级判定脊髓功能恢复情况。结果术后74例病例得随访,随访6～36个月。全体病例脱位均完全复位,植骨均获得融合,颈椎间隙高度及生理曲度恢复满意,未出现内固定断裂、松动及脱出。脊髓功能按Frankel分级平均有1级以上改善。两组患者术后6个月脊髓功能按Frankel分级情况经R×C卡方检验(2=4.14,﹥0.05),无统计学差异。结论一期或分期前后路治疗下颈椎骨折脱位,均能取得良好效果。应根据患者病情、体质的特点及术者手术技术的熟练程度,选择合适的手术方式。     

颈前路带锁钢板联合植骨手术治疗颈椎骨折

目的探讨和评价颈前路带锁钢板联合钛网植骨治疗颈椎损伤的应用价值。方法自2003年6月至2009年5月经住院手术的13例颈椎骨折的患者行颈椎前路椎体次全切除术减压,同时带锁钢板内固定联合钛网植骨或自体髂骨植骨融合。结果全部病例得到随访,平均18个月,内固定牢靠无松脱,植骨融合,椎体高度无丢失。结论颈前路带锁钢板联合钛网植骨可即刻恢复节段高度,重建节段稳定性,手术操作简单,并发症少,解决了颈椎损伤重建的难题。     

颈前路植骨内固定术治疗创伤性下颈椎失稳征

目的：评价创伤性下颈椎失稳征经颈前路减压植骨融合、带锁钢板内固定手术的治疗效果。方法：对28例确诊为创伤性下颈椎节段性不稳患者，行颈前路减压植骨融合、带锁钢板内固定术治疗，其中Orion钢板12例，AO钢板6例，Codman钢板4例，Zephir钢板6例。结果：平均随访16个月，依据Odem评分标准及截瘫指数ASIA评分标准进行手术效果评价，28例均获得骨性融合，术后椎间高度维持良好；非常满意12例(42．9％)，满意8例(28．6％)，基本满意6例(21．4％)，不满意2例(7．1％)；总有效率92．9％，优良率71．4％。结论：颈前路减压植骨融合、带锁钢板内固定手术可恢复并有效维持椎间高度，术后不稳节段恢复生理序列并获得即刻稳定，移植骨融合率高，是治疗创伤性下颈椎失稳征的良好方法。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.