中心静脉穿刺置管术不同方法的临床应用

中心静脉置管术始于20世纪70年代,近10年来在临床上得到广泛应用。尤其为临床抢救重危患者、术中中心静脉压监测、完全胃肠外营养(TPN)、安装临时或永久心脏起搏器、血液透析、各种介入治疗以及中、晚期肿瘤患者长期输液建立了简便、安全、快速的途径。我们于2004~2006年对手术病人采取不同穿刺点进行中心静脉穿刺置管术,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料经过适当术前准备的非急诊住院外科手术病人,年龄23~65岁,性别不限,ASA I~Ⅱ级。1.2试验分组240例病人按照穿刺方法的不同随机分为4组。A组:经中路进行颈内静脉穿刺组;B组:经后路行颈内静脉穿刺组;C组:经锁骨中内1/3行锁骨下静脉穿刺组;D组:经锁骨中外1/3行锁骨下静脉穿刺组。1.3穿刺方法深静脉穿刺包选用深圳市益心达医学新技术有限公司生产的中心静脉穿刺包,型号均为16G。所有病人的穿刺操作在全麻插管后进行。全部病人选择右侧进路。选用颈内静脉穿刺置管的患者,取仰卧位,肩下垫一薄枕,头偏对侧,调整手术床使病人呈头高脚低位,有利于静脉充盈。A组病人以胸锁乳突肌胸骨头与锁骨头交汇点即颈动脉三角顶点为穿刺点,针尖指向同侧乳头[1]。B组病人以胸锁乳突肌锁...     

临床实用穿刺技术讲座(八)

临床实用穿刺技术讲座（八）山西医学院局部解剖学教研室洛树东山西医学院外科学教研室李正中颈内静脉穿刺颈内静脉穿刺常用于浅静脉穿刺极为困难的输血输液，手术中或手术后中心静脉压（ＣＶＰ）监测，或通过颈内静脉送入电极导管，植入永久心脏起搏器。由于经颈内静脉穿刺成功率高，造成气胸等严重合并征的机会较锁骨下静脉穿刺少，导管植入错位率低，是应用较广泛的深静脉。一、部位由于右侧颈内静脉较粗，又与右头臂静脉（无名静脉）几乎成直线，所以穿刺或插管以选择右侧颈内静脉进行较为合理。穿刺部位分为颈动脉三用旁（高位点）、胸锁乳突肌后缘中、下１／３交界处（中位点）及胸锁乳突肌起始端的两头之间（低位点）等三种位置。穿刺时采用１５～２０度头低足高仰卧位，两肩之间垫一薄枕，头后仰并转向对侧。采用头低位可使静脉充盈，静脉内压增高，亦可避免产生脑内空气栓塞。无论采用何种穿刺点进行颈内静脉穿刺，胸锁乳突肌是极为重要的肌性标志。某些临床医生术前常采用令患者的头向对侧侧屈的方法显露胸锁乳突肌，孰知向对侧侧屈是无法充分显露此肌轮廓的。充分显露胸锁乳突肌的正确方法是使患者头向同侧侧屈，同时面部转向对侧，使头尽量趋向于同侧胸部和肩部。应在穿刺施术前采用正确姿     

颈内外静脉穿刺置管护理

输液是临床用药的主要途径之一 ,颈内外静脉穿刺置管是近几年来在临床应用较广泛的一种新的静脉输液途径。它主要用于危重病人的抢救 ,化疗病人的长期用药 ,以及一些外周静脉穿刺困难病人的临床输液。作者总结多年来行颈内、外静脉穿刺术的经验及穿刺置管后的护理 ,认为对局部解剖的熟悉程度、病人体位的选择、操作者穿刺手法及正确的置管封管是保证颈内、外静脉穿刺置管成功的关键。1　颈内静脉穿刺置管颈内静脉起始于颅底 ,在颈部全程被胸锁乳突肌所覆盖 ,上部位于胸锁乳突肌前缘内侧 ,中部位于胸锁乳突肌锁骨末前缘的下面 ,颈总动脉的前…     

临床麻醉中颈内静脉与锁骨下静脉穿刺置管成功率及并发症的比较

目的:比较颈内静脉与锁骨下静脉穿刺两种中心静脉置管术的成功率及并发症发生情况.方法:126例需行中心静脉置管的手术病人随机分成2组,颈内静脉置管组(A组,n=72),锁骨下静脉置管组(B组,n=54),对置管成功率和常见并发症进行比较.结果:颈内静脉穿刺置管术较锁骨下静脉穿刺术的成功率高,并发症少(P＜0.05).结论:临床麻醉中颈内静脉比锁骨下静脉穿刺置管安全实用.     

颈内静脉穿刺置管术护理体会

目的总结颈内静脉置管术的护理效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年12月进行颈内静脉穿刺置管术患者66例的临床资料及护理。结果该组66例患者,一次穿刺置管成功62例(93.9%),误穿动脉3例(4.55%)、穿刺置管失败仅1例(1.52%),无气胸、空气栓塞、导管阻塞、感染等并发症发生。结论颈内静脉置管术具有操作简便、护理方便、并发症少、使用安全可靠等优点,值得临床推广。     

简易颈内静脉穿刺在危重患者救中的应用

目的 探讨快速有效建立危重患者静脉通路方法.方法 选择危重患者60例,其中30例行静脉留置针右颈内静脉穿刺置管(A组),30例行右颈内静脉穿刺中心静脉导管置管(B组).结果 A组30例穿刺成功,成功率100%,成功后29例静脉通畅,通畅率96.7%.无误伤颈动脉及血肿,无气胸发生.B组30例置管成功,成功率100%,成功后30例静脉通畅,通畅率100%.1例误伤颈内动脉,2例皮下血肿,无气胸发生.穿刺置管时间A组(2.25±0.30)min,B组(9.05±2.45)min.结论 静脉留置针行简易颈内静脉穿刺术,具有深静脉穿刺的优点,且更简便、快速、经济.     

经锁骨上穿刺中心静脉置管1560例报道

目的探讨经锁骨上穿刺中心静脉置管方法。方法1560例经锁骨上穿刺中心静脉置管成年患者,枕仰卧,穿刺点选择在胸锁乳突肌锁骨头与锁骨夹角的平分线上,距离夹角顶部约1．5cm,针头指向胸锁关节下缘,穿刺时穿刺针与水平面呈25°,刺入2．5～4cm即能进入锁骨下静脉,把导管导丝沿穿刺针插入中心静脉,插入时需无明显阻力。结果穿刺成功率为100％,其中一次穿刺成功率为90％。结论经锁骨上穿刺中心静脉置管术,操作相对简单,成功率高,并发症少。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的应用护理

目的探讨行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术并行有效护理干预的价值。方法选择我院行静脉穿刺置管术的患者48例,随机分为实验组24例(锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术),对照组24例(颈内静脉穿刺置管术),观察穿刺效果、一次成功率和并发症发生情况。结果实验组一次性置管成功率为95.83%,对照组为87.50%;实验组发生并发症1例,对照组发生并发症4例,两组并发症发生情况比较,不具有统计学意义(χ2=0.839,P>0.05);实验组满意度为87.50%,对照组满意度为54.16%,两组比较具有统计学意义(χ2=4.941,P<0.05)。结论锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术能达到与颈内静脉穿刺置管术同样的效果,且并发症发生率较低,在临床上患者满意度更高,考虑是穿刺位置更舒适,值得临床应用。     

便携式彩超定位在右颈内静脉穿刺中的临床应用

中心静脉穿刺置管术是临床上十分重要而又常用的诊疗技术,通常多选用右侧颈内静脉。传统的穿刺方法是参照正常人的解剖特点进行盲探式穿入,有时定位较困难,反复穿刺或穿刺不当可导致颈动脉血肿、气胸或置管失败等并发症,给患者带来不利甚至非常严重的后果。笔者应用便携式彩超来定位、引导右颈内静脉的穿刺置管,提高了右颈内静脉静脉穿刺的成功率,减少了并发症的发生率,现报道如下。     

先天性心脏病颈内静脉穿刺2种定位方法的比较

<正>先天性心脏病(简称先心病)是新生儿和儿童期常见病,手术干预是目前治疗此类疾病的最有效方法。颈内静脉穿刺置管是手术前的常规操作。传统的穿刺方法是胸锁乳突肌为解剖标志的前、中、后路。而婴幼儿胸锁乳突肌发育不完全,穿刺解剖标志不明显。而穿刺婴幼儿理想的颈内静脉穿刺的条件:明显固定的解剖标志;无威胁生命的并发症;穿刺容易,成功率高。本文通过对婴幼儿先心病常见类型:室间隔缺损(VSD)、房间隔缺损     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.