HPV检测技术初筛巴氏涂片分流应用于农村女性宫颈癌筛查效果

目的 分析人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）检测技术初筛巴氏涂片分流应用于农村女性宫颈癌筛查中的效果。方法 2015年对35~64岁农村女性使用HPV检测进行宫颈癌初筛,阳性者采用巴氏涂片法分流,巴氏涂片结果为不明确意义的非典型鳞状细胞（atypical squamous cells of undetermined signification,ASC-US）及以上病变的女性转用阴道镜检查。所有阴道镜下检查异常或不满意处均取活检或宫颈管搔刮术（endocervical canal curettage,ECC）,病理结果为中度子宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2,CIN2）及以上者转诊进行手术治疗。结果 HPV初筛、巴氏涂片分流策略HPV筛查阳性率为10.65%。CIN2及以上者共150人,全部进行阴道镜检查,实际阴道镜转诊率为3.55%,阴道镜顺应性为100%。经病理诊断,本次筛查分别发现轻度子宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1,CIN1）、CIN2及以上、重度子宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3,CIN3）及以上分别为16例（0.38%）、29例（0.69%）、15例（0.36%）,未发现宫颈癌病例。结论 HPV初筛、巴氏涂片分流策略能够降低阴道镜转诊率,宫颈疾病检出率较高,可以在有条件的农村地区使用。但宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的检出率较HPV初筛不分流低,需要进一步加强对基层细胞学医生技术水平的规范化培训。     

Comparison between reference oncologic colpocytology and severity of intraepithelial cervical lesions

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to compare the Pap smear results, performed on the public health service, with: the results of Pap smear collected on the reference service; the colposcopy and punch biopsy results. METHODS: The total of 213 women assisted at the women's hospital from January 1989 to April 1991, and followed until July 1998 were selected. Ninety were referred because a Pap smears suggestive of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) induced lesion or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, and 123, CIN 2 or 3. RESULTS: Among the 90 women referred because of HPV/CIN 1.49% presented CIN 2 or 3 in the Pap smears performed at this service. At the colposcopy, 16/90 women did not present suspicious lesions, and in 10 women, the squamous columnar junction was not observed. At biopsy, 42 (46%) presented CIN 2 or 3. Out of the 123 women referred with Pap smear of CIN 2 or 3.54% presented CIN 2 or 3 at this service. At the colposcopy, 24 women did not present suspicious lesions and the squamous columnar junction was not observed in 12. About biopsy, 61 (49%) presented CIN 2 or 3. CONCLUSIONS: The expectant conduct in cases of Pap smear with HPV/CIN 1, should follow a criterion, involving qualified professionals to collect the Pap smear, and should provide people awareness as to control follow-up.     

Pap smear, hybrid capture II, and visual inspection in screening for uterine cervical lesions

The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in Pap smear, hybrid capture II (HCII), and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in 684 women treated at a primary health care unit. The performance and agreement of the exams were evaluated. The study also described social, demographic, and reproductive factors and their association with uterine cervical lesions. Women had specimens taken for Pap smear, HCII, and VIA. When at least one of the tests was positive, colposcopy was performed and targeted biopsies were taken from any suspicious lesions. Performance of tests was evaluated. Women's distribution in relation to social, demographic, and reproductive factors and histological diagnosis was evaluated using the odds ratio. Among 198 women with at least one positive screening test, only 21 showed histological disease. Sensitivities of the tests were similar. VIA and Pap smear presented higher specificity than HCII. Only absence of a previous Pap smear was associated with the presence of histological disease. Pap smear performed better than VIA and HC II. Absence of previous cytology was associated with histological disease.     

多种检测方法在子宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查中的应用评估

目的评估多种检测方法在子宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查中的应用价值及可行性，为子宫颈癌筛查方案提供依据。方法对子宫颈癌高发区江西省修水县大桥乡妇女进行以人群为基础的研究，对已登记的2499名年龄为30～49岁农村已婚妇女分别做人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）检测、新柏氏薄层液基细胞学（TCT）、醋酸染色后肉眼观察（VIA）、碘染色后肉眼观察（VILI）以及电子阴道镜检查。全部检查方法均以独立、双盲方式进行。对VIA、VILI及电子阴道镜三项检查中任何一项存在子宫颈可疑病变的妇女行子宫颈活检；对以上三项检查均未发现可疑病变，但子宫颈脱落细胞HPV阳性或TCT结果阳性（ASCUS以上级别）的妇女，2周后给予子宫颈活检。观察HPV、TCT、VIA、VILI、电子阴道镜等筛查方法单独使用或联合使用进行子宫颈癌及其癌前病变筛查的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。宫颈组织病理诊断均经国际癌症研究所病理确诊。筛查时将病理诊断为子宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）1级（CINl）纳入阴性结果，将CIN2以上（包括CIN2）病变纳入阳性结果。宫颈细胞学按TCT（thinprep cytology test）标准制片，细胞学诊断按照2001年TBS（The Bethesda System）细胞病理分类标准判读诊断。结果2499名受检妇女中，2432名纳入研究（67名妇女因HPV或TCT阳性未行活检故未列入统计），其中HPV阳性妇女387例；TCT阳性妇女153例。宫颈活检病理诊断共检出CIN及子宫颈癌99例，其中CIN237例，CIN359例，宫颈癌3例。HPV、TCT、HPV＋TCT、VIA、VILI、VIA＋VILI、阴道镜检等筛查方法的敏感度分别为96．67％、89．47％、97．98％、56．57％、36．36％、63．64％、39．39％。特异度分别为85．00％、96．91％、86．97％、94．60％、96．23％、92．97％、98．14％。结论HPV＋TCT用于宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查的敏感度高于其他筛查方法。     

宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查筛查宫颈病变结果分析

目的:评价宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法:2003年10月～2006年10月采用宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查筛查10326例患者,以组织学诊断为金标准对结果进行分析。结果:10326例中,阴道镜下活检1560例,异常涂片1379例(13.35%)。病理结果显示:急慢性炎症890例(8.62%),宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)414例(3.04%)。其中CINⅠ220例(2.13%),CINⅡ108例(1.05%),CINⅢ及原位癌86例(0.83%),宫颈浸润癌89例(0.86%),HPV感染155例(1.5%),子宫内膜异位症7例(0.07%),子宫肌瘤5例(0.05%)。宫颈细胞学检查诊断CIN符合率为64.04%,阴道镜检查为93.48%,两者比较差异显著性(χ2=103.13,P<0.005),两者联合对CIN检出率为4.01%。阴道镜诊断CIN的敏感性为93.48%,特异性为89.69%,两者联合对CIN的诊断阳性预测值为73.57%,阴性预测值为97.14%。结论:采用宫颈细胞学联合阴道镜下病理组织检查能提高宫颈癌前病变及早期宫颈癌的诊断率,在经济欠发达区域可作为宫颈病变的筛查方法,具有群防群治的重要价值。     

阴道镜联合宫颈涂片检测宫颈病变的临床研究

目的:探讨阴道镜联合宫颈涂片检测宫颈病变的临床应用价值。方法:对已婚妇女行宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查对宫颈病变进行筛查,以组织病理学诊断为金标准,对结果进行分析。结果:接受宫颈涂片检查的1 030例已婚妇女中有156例行阴道镜下活检病理诊断,其中慢性宫颈炎91例,HPV感染15例,CINⅠ22例,CINⅡ8例,CINⅢ2例,宫颈癌6例。经阴道镜下RCI评分诊断CIN 36例,其中CINⅠ21例、CINⅡ9例、CINⅢ6例;与阴道镜下活检病理诊断的符合率为94.74%(36/38)。宫颈涂片细胞学检查巴氏Ⅲ级以上可疑CIN 24例,其中阴道镜下活检病理证实14例,宫颈涂片细胞学检查诊断符合率为58.33%(14/24)。阴道镜下RCI评分诊断CIN符合率与宫颈涂片细胞学检查诊断符合率相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。统计学处理得出阴道镜诊断CIN的敏感性为95.50%,特异性为89.26%,两者联合的阳性预测值为72.21%,阴性预测值为95.85%。结论:宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查筛查子宫颈病变能提高宫颈癌前病变及早期宫颈癌的诊断率,可作为该地区筛查宫颈癌前病变的可行方法。     

碘染色肉眼观察作为宫颈癌初筛方法的效果评价

目的评价碘液染色后直接肉眼观察在宫颈癌筛查中的作用,为在现阶段宫颈癌高发且经济落后地区制定宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查方案提供依据。方法在山西省阳城县筛查人群中,以病理组织学诊断结果为金标准,利用约登指数比较使用碘液染色后肉眼观察、阴道镜、薄层液基细胞学和人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)DNA的筛查效果。结果该人群(735名)平均年龄为40.80岁±10.7岁,宫颈高度鳞状上皮内瘤样变及癌(≥CINⅡ)的现患率为4.35%(32/735)。以病理组织学结果为金标准(≥CINⅡ),碘液染色后直接肉眼观察的灵敏度和特异度(≥阳性)分别为53.13和82.19,阴道镜的灵敏度和特异度(≥低度病变为阳性)分别为56.25和79.09。运用约登指数进行比较,碘液染色后直接肉眼观察和阴道镜检查之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而碘液染色后直接肉眼观察不如液基细胞学和HPVDNA检测(P<0.05)。另外,经过现场短时间培训后,以前无经验的医生与有经验医生间使用碘液染色的水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论鉴于碘染色后肉眼观察的灵敏度较低,但经济易行,容易掌握,如果能够开展经常性的筛查,可以将碘液染色后直接肉眼观察作为经济落后地区宫颈癌初筛方法之一。     

电子阴道镜宫颈照相技术用于社区妇女宫颈癌筛查的价值

目的:评价电子阴道镜宫颈照相技术作为社区妇女宫颈癌筛查的初筛工具的价值。方法:2007年10月～2008年6月由上海市虹口区新港社区卫生服务中心对来自新港社区2 505例30～59岁的妇女进行宫颈癌的筛查,筛查方案为:①肉眼观察(醋酸试验、碘试验)。②电子阴道镜宫颈照相。③巴氏涂片检查。对上述任何一项异常者行病理检查,将CINII及以上结果纳入阳性结果。结果:410例病理活检,检出CINⅠ17例,CINⅡ15例,CINⅢ4例,巴氏涂片、肉眼观察(VIA+VILI)、电子阴道镜宫颈照相、巴氏+肉眼、巴氏+宫颈照相、肉眼+宫颈照相诊断宫颈高级别病变的灵敏度分别为:31.6%、78.9%、94.7%、78.9%、94.7%、78.8%;特异度为97.4%、61.4%、76.2%、59.1%、73.6%、78.8%。结论:电子阴道镜宫颈照相的灵敏度高于巴氏涂片,特异度高于肉眼观察,该方法操作简单、价廉、可重复读片,可作为社区宫颈癌筛查的初筛方法之一。     

1602例农村妇女宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜筛查宫颈疾病效果分析

目的:探讨宫颈细胞学巴氏涂片配合阴道镜检查对农村妇女宫颈疾病筛查的诊断价值。方法:对妇科门诊检查的1602例农村妇女行宫颈细胞学涂片及阴道镜检查,检出异常涂片176例,其中100例配合阴道镜检查,76例行肉眼碘试验活检(对照组),以组织学诊断为"金标准",并对结果进行分析。结果:1602例涂片中检出异常涂片176例(10.99%),对其中100例行阴道镜下活检,病理结果显示:宫颈上皮内病变(CIN)16例(16.00%);宫颈癌2例(2.00%);巴氏Ⅲ级以上可疑病变30例,活检证实CIN21例,与细胞学诊断符合率为70.00%,细胞学阴性临床可疑宫颈病变10例,活检证实CIN3例(3.00%);76例肉眼碘试验下活检诊断CIN10例(13.16%),宫颈癌1例,巴氏Ⅲ级以上29例,活检证实CIN7例,与细胞学诊断符合率为24.14%;细胞学阴性7例,CIN检出1例(14.29%),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查能及早发现宫颈癌前病变,是方便、安全、经济、可靠的检查方法,尤其适用于农村妇女的宫颈疾病筛查。     

Wait-and-see policy versus loop excision after two consecutive Pap-2 cervical smears: over time less surgery and an equivalent outcome; no substantial contribution to be expected from the detection of high risk human papillomavirus

OBJECTIVE: To determine the number interventions and outcomes in patients referred with two consecutive Pap 2 cervical smear results who were managed either by a wait-and-see policy or aggressively, and to determine whether triage with high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) detection, resulting in the referral of only hr-HPV positive patients, would lead to the detection of all patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). DESIGN: Retrospective comparison and retrospective cohort study. METHOD: 282 patients referred in 1997/'99 with 2 consecutive Pap 2 cervical smears in the screening program were included. Patients referred to the UMC St Radboud Hospital (n = 140; mean age: 45 years) underwent a colposcopy during which only lesions suggestive for CIN 3 were treated. All other colposcopic lesions (CIN 2 or less) were not treated but followed prospectively. Patients referred to the Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ) (n = 142; mean age: 44 years) underwent colposcopy during which all colposcopic lesions (including CIN 2 or less) were treated directly. The two groups were compared in terms of the final cytological follow-up, the number of loop excisions, and the number of patients with CIN. The mean follow up was 40 months. In the first group, the effect of triage using hr-HPV detection was also investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: With the wait-and-see approach, statistically significantly fewer diathermic loop excisions were done: 13 versus 124. After the follow-up period there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the number of patients with persisting Pap 2: 16 (11%) versus 12 (8%). Triage with hr-HPV detection would identify all patients with CIN 3, 50% of the patients with CIN 2, and none of the patients with CIN 1; of the 48 hr-HPV-positive women, 1 had a CIN 3 lesion and 3 had a CIN 2 lesion; of the remaining 92 women, 2 had a CIN 1 lesion and 3 had a CIN 2 lesion. CONCLUSION: The wait-and-see approach led to fewer interventions, while the number of women with persisting Pap 2 smears was not higher than with the aggressive approach. Triage with hr-HPV may reduce the number of referrals and colposcopies, but follow-up remains necessary in all women regardless of hr-HPV status.     

Abnormal outcomes following cervical cancer screening: event duration and health utility loss.

BACKGROUND: For decision analytic models, little empirical data are available from which to model the amount of time women spend with various cervical cytologic and histologic diagnoses following an abnormal Pap smear or the associated loss in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). METHODS: The authors retrospectively examined administrative and cytopathology data for women with abnormal routine cervical smears within the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (Portland, OR) health plan during 1998. Data were examined through the conclusion of follow-up, with final outcomes categorized as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1 to 3 (n = 201) or a false-positive result (n = 722) if no CIN or cancer was detected on follow-up. CIN outcomes were assigned according to the initial grade of dysplasia observed during the care episode in the primary analysis. The number of months spent with various cytologic and histologic diagnoses during the course of follow-up was tabulated, and utility weights were assigned using data from a prior study reporting time tradeoff scores for cervical health states. RESULTS: The average total duration of follow-up was between 18 and 22 months for women with CIN, compared with 10 months for a false-positive Pap smear. The number of months spent with either an abnormal cytologic or histologic diagnosis was greater (P = 0.01) for women with CIN 1 (12.6 months) than CIN 3 (9.2 months), although this relationship was reversed for time spent receiving negative follow-up Pap smears and biopsies to rule out the presence of CIN and cancer. Total QALY losses per episode of care were estimated to be 0.11 for all 3 grades of CIN and 0.04 for a false-positive Pap smear. CONCLUSIONS: The health and psychosocial burdens associated with follow-up for abnormal Pap smears translate into tangible QALY losses in a decision analytic context, with women receiving many months of follow-up and a variety of cytologic and histologic diagnoses over the course of a care episode.     

Cervical Cancer in Developing Countries: Effective Screening and Preventive Strategies With an Application in Rwanda

In this article we explore literature regarding cervical cancer screening methods available in developing countries. Cervical cancer is a preventable and curable disease, but it continues to threaten the lives of many women. Eighty-five percent of cases and the majority of deaths occur in developing countries. Cytology via Papinicolaou (Pap) smear is not generally a suitable method of screening in low-resource regions. Alternative methods include visual inspection by acetic acid (VIA), human papillomavirus–deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV–DNA), and careHPV–DNA. Education is needed for health care providers and women about preventive immunization and screening. A Rwandan project is described to demonstrate effective program planning and implementation.     

Are benign cellular changes on a Papanicolaou smear really benign? A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the underlying prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women with benign cellular changes on a Papanicolaou smear, and to evaluate follow-up strategies to identify women at high risk for serious underlying pathology. METHODS: Nonpregnant women aged 18 to 75 years with benign cellular changes on a Papanicolaou smear were recruited from primary care clinics of an urban teaching hospital. The subjects (N = 132) were tested at baseline for the presence of human papillomavirus using the polymerase chain reaction technique, and underwent repeated cervicovaginal smears at 3, 6, and 9 months. At 12 months colposcopy was performed. The main study outcome was the proportion of subjects with CIN as determined by colposcopic biopsy specimens. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of historical risk factor information, human papillomavirus testing, and repeated cervicovaginal smears for the detection of CIN. RESULTS: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was found in 30 of 132 women, of whom 27 (20%) had low-grade CIN (CIN I) and 3 (2%) had high-grade CIN (CIN II). Underlying CIN was significantly more common in women younger than 35 years or who had a history of Trichomonas infection or venereal warts, a positive human papillomavirus test result, or abnormal follow-up smears. However, no follow-up strategy combined high sensitivity with a low referral rate for colposcopy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of underlying high-grade CIN in women with benign cellular changes is low. However, further prospective studies in other settings are needed before routine follow-up can unequivocally be recommended.     

Is magnification necessary to confirm visual inspection of cervical abnormalities? A randomized trial in Peru.

OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developing countries. This study was designed to evaluate whether visual inspection with acetic acid and magnification (VIAM) improved confirmation of cervical lesions as compared to confirmation with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) without magnification when used by physicians. METHODS: From April-December 2004, women in San Martin, Peru, who were referred as VIA-positive by an "obstetriz" (a professional midwife with 6 years of university training) were randomized into two groups for confirmatory screening by a physician using either VIA or VIAM with an AviScope, a hand-held 4x magnification scope with a green light source. The reference standard for the presence or absence of cervical neoplasia was colposcopy and directed biopsy, as required. RESULTS: A total of 358 women participated in the study; 161 had a confirmatory examination with VIAM and 159 with VIA. Sensitivity for low- or high-grade lesions was 68% with VIA and 77% with VIAM, and specificity was 62% with VIA and 63% with VIAM; however, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: For settings where physician confirmation of cervical abnormalities identified through visual inspection is required and available, this study demonstrates that VIAM had no significant advantage over VIA.     

The short-term financial costs of abnormal Pap smears to women and government in Australia

Using data collected from a private Canberra colposcopy service, we examined the direct costs, to women and government, of the gynaecological care of women with cervical cytological abnormalities and determine the potential savings of implementing the Commonwealth recommendations for the clinical care of women with screen-detected abnormalities. We performed a case note audit of 502 women who first attended a gynaecologist because of an abnormal Pap smear between 1 January 1989 and 30 April 1990. The smear resulting in their referral - their presenting smear - was categorised as No CIN (showing no evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3. The average costs to government (p for trend <0.001) and women (p for trend = 0.006) increase as the presenting smear increases in severity; the median costs to government (p for trend <0.001) and women (p for trend <0.001) also rose with increasing cytological severity. Treatment of CIN 1 and No CIN accounted for half the costs incurred by government and women. Although costs increase with increasing severity of cytological abnormality, adherence to new Australian guidelines for the gynaecological care of women with screen-detected cervical abnormalities could result in substantial short-term savings to government and women.     

Cervical cancer screening among Latinas recently immigrated to the United States

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the cancer screening practices of women whose behavior may place them at a high risk for cervical cancer. We explored factors that influence repeated Pap smear screening among recently immigrated Latinas working in bars also called cantinas. METHODS: Face-to-face interview were administered to 360 women working in 60 cantinas. Participants provided information about their cancer screening practices including the number of Pap smears completed in the 5 years before the interview. A theory-based model proposing that demographic characteristics, cancer screening barriers and facilitators, and psychosocial factors influence repeated Pap smear screening was tested with a hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS: Facilitators of cancer screening (recent visit to a physician and receiving a Pap smear in a clinic) and psychosocial variables (Pap smear beliefs, cancer screening intentions and lack of encouragement) were significantly associated with the total number reported Pap smears (adjusted R2 = 0.31, P < 0.0001). Cervical cancer risk behaviors were not significantly associated with repeated screening. CONCLUSIONS: While risk behaviors did not act as barriers, access to health care measures facilitated repeated Pap smear screening. Psychosocial factors hypothesized to function as antecedents of Pap smear screening appear instead to follow from repeated experience with the examination.     

VIA在女职工体检中的应用

[目的]评价在女职工体检中采用醋酸肉眼观察法(VIA)的筛查宫颈病变的效果。[方法]对737位女职工进行妇科检查,同时采用VIA及巴氏涂片法进行宫颈病变的筛查,评价两种方法的宫颈病变检出率。[结果]参检率为75.20%(737/980),参检妇女关于癌症的知晓率为62.5%;宫颈癌的筛查方法的知晓率为42.5%,其中宫颈细胞学检查知晓率为36.5%;人乳头瘤病毒知晓率为19%;CINII级以上病变的检出率VIA法为0.54%(4/737);巴氏涂片法为0,两种检查方法比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]大多数妇女对宫颈癌症的防治知识了解甚少,需加强知识的普及;应用VIA联合巴氏涂片法进行宫颈癌的初筛可进一步提高癌前病变的检出率。     

Concurrent evaluation of visual, cytological and HPV testing as screening methods for the early detection of cervical neoplasia in Mumbai, India

OBJECTIVE: Naked eye visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), magnified VIA (VIAM), visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing were evaluated as screening methods for the detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) of the uterine cervix in a cross-sectional study in Mumbai, India. METHODS: Cytology, HPV testing, VIA, VIAM and VILI were carried out concurrently for 4039 women aged 30-65 years. All women were investigated with colposcopy and biopsies were taken from 939 women who had colposcopic abnormalities. The reference standard for final disease status was histology or negative colposcopy. The presence of HSIL was confirmed in 57 women (1.4%). The test characteristics for each method were calculated using standard formulae. RESULTS: The sensitivities of cytology, HPV testing, VIA, VIAM and VILI were 57.4%, 62.0%, 59.7%, 64.9%, and 75.4%, respectively (differences were not statistically significant). The specificities were 98.6%, 93.5%, 88.4%, 86.3%, and 84.3%, respectively. Adding a visual test to cytology or HPV testing in parallel combination resulted in a substantial increase in sensitivity, with a moderate decrease in specificity. The parallel combination of VILI and HPV testing resulted in a sensitivity of 92.0% and a specificity of 79.9%. CONCLUSION: As a single test, cytology had the best balance of sensitivity and specificity. Visual tests are promising in low-resource settings, such as India. The use of both VIA and VILI may be considered where good quality cytology or HPV testing are not feasible. The sensitivity of cytology and HPV testing increased significantly when combined with VIA or VILI.     

肥西县宫颈癌普查结果分析

目的掌握肥西县妇女宫颈癌流行病学情况,为宫颈癌防治决策提供科学依据。方法 2011年4月6日至10月30日,对肥西县5 316名妇女进行了宫颈癌筛查。采用宫颈刮片筛查(改良式),异常情况进一步进行阴道镜检查和活组织病理学检查。结果宫颈刮片异常2.92%(155/5 316),宫颈癌检出率(病理诊断为≥CINⅢ)150.48/10万(8/5 316),HPV检出率0.06%(3/5 316);文化程度高的农村妇女宫颈刮片异常检出率较低,40岁年龄组和50岁年龄组农村妇女TCT检出率较高。结论对文化程度低的农村妇女和35岁以上农村妇女,应重点加强健康教育和定期普查,以有效预防和控制宫颈癌的危害。     

Low knowledge of cervical cancer and cervical pap smears among women in Peru, and their ideas of how this could be improved

Estimates of the percentage of women who have had Pap smears in Peru vary between 7% and 43%. This study explores what women know about cervical cancer and Pap smears, as well as their barriers to obtaining Pap smears. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with a total of 177 women in four Peruvian cities. Discussions reveal that most women did not know what causes cervical cancer. Most women did not know the purpose of Pap smears, although knowledge about Pap smears was higher than knowledge about cervical cancer. Fear, embarrassment, and lack of knowledge were the main barriers identified for not getting Pap smears. Programs and policies aiming to increase Pap smear coverage must start by educating women on cervical cancer and its prevention in order to improve women's perceptions about the screening test and increase Pap smear seeking behaviors in the long term.