老年慢性心力衰竭患者稳定期体质量控制效果探讨

目的提高老年慢性心力衰竭患者稳定期体质量控制能力,改善预后。方法将96例老年心力衰竭患者随机分为对照组和干预组各48例。对照组给予常规护理,干预组制定和实施体质量控制方案,连续干预至患者出院后6个月评价效果。结果干预组体质量监测依从性、体质量测量问卷评分及心功能显著优于对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,再入院率显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;干预组干预前后体质量稳定（P〉0.05）。结论体质量控制方案的实施有利于提高老年心力衰竭患者的体质量控制能力和改善其预后。     

基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预对妊娠糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预方案在门诊妊娠糖尿病患者中的应用效果。方法将89例门诊妊娠期糖尿病患者按入院顺序分为观察组44例和对照组45例。对照组给予常规门诊随访管理,观察组在此基础上实施基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预方案,结合线上、线下干预引导患者及家属应对疾病管理中的技术性挑战和适应性挑战。结果干预后,观察组妊娠糖尿病自我管理能力总分及各维度得分显著高于对照组(均P0.01),妊娠相关焦虑总分及各维度得分显著低于对照组(均P0.01);观察组血糖及体质量增长达标情况显著优于对照组(均P0.05),但两组母婴妊娠结局差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论应用基于适应性领导理论的干预方案有利于提高门诊妊娠糖尿病患者的自我管理能力,改善患者妊娠相关焦虑,促进患者血糖控制及体质量管理。     

步行联合关节体操提高老年冠脉支架植入患者功能性体适能

目的提高老年冠脉支架植入术后患者功能性体适能,降低运动过程中不良事件发生率。方法将60例老年冠脉支架植入术患者随机分为干预组和对照组各30例。对照组实施常规康复护理;干预组制订个体化运动方案,包括步行及关节体操,专人指导与随访。连续12周后评价效果。结果干预组上肢肌力、下肢肌力、肢体柔韧性及有氧耐力显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),肌肉酸痛、心慌胸闷发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论步行联合关节体操运动的实施可有效改善冠脉支架植入患者功能性体适能,降低运动过程中肌肉酸痛、心慌胸闷发生率。     

老年慢性病共病患者基于社区家庭医生制的健康赋权干预

目的探讨基于社区家庭医生制的健康赋权干预对老年慢性病共病患者疾病管理的影响。方法将社区并存高血压、糖尿病、冠心病及骨关节病等2种以上的老年患者94例随机分为研究组48例和对照组46例。对照组接受常规社区家庭医生制健康管理,研究组在对照组的基础上实施健康赋权干预16周。结果干预后,研究组赋能水平各维度得分及总分显著高于对照组,服药依从和慢性病控制显著优于对照组,患者生活质量除生理职能维度外,其他维度得分及总均分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论基于社区家庭医生制的健康赋权干预有利于提高老年慢性病共病患者的赋能水平,改善服药依从及慢性病控制情况,从而提高其疾病管理能力及生活质量水平。     

赏识干预对老年骨折患者负性情绪及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨赏识干预对老年骨折患者负性情绪及生活质量的影响.方法 将120例老年骨折患者随机分为对照组和观察组各60例,对照组行常规护理,观察组在此基础上增加赏识护理干预,即了解患者乐意回忆的往事(正性刺激因子),每次先以正性刺激因子为主题与患者进行交流后实施康复护理.连续干预8周后评价效果.结果 观察组SDS、SAS评分及并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);GQOLI-74评分(除外物质生活维度)显著高于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 赏识干预可显著改善老年骨折患者的负性情绪,提高生活质量,降低并生症发生率.     

心力衰竭管理手册对患者自我护理能力及生存质量的影响

目的探讨心力衰竭管理手册在慢性心力衰竭患者自我护理能力及生存质量中的应用效果。方法将入住我院心内科的慢性心力衰竭患者按病区分为干预组和对照组各76例。对照组实施常规健康教育,干预组在此基础上结合心力衰竭管理手册实施健康教育。结果干预后,干预组自我护理维持、自我护理管理、自我护理信心及生存质量评分改善显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论心力衰竭管理手册作为一种管理工具,使慢性心力衰竭患者出院后通过自我管理,仍能得到针对性、延续性、全面化的服务支持和帮助,满足患者对慢病诊疗的需求,提高患者的自我护理能力及生存质量。     

危重症专职护理小组干预提高COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗效果

目的探讨危重症专职护理小组在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中的作用。方法将序贯机械通气治疗的102例COPD呼吸衰竭患者分为两组。对照组(n=51)实施常规护理干预;干预组(n=51)由危重症专职护理小组实施护理干预。比较两组干预前后血气指标、治疗效果、护理质量。结果干预后干预组血气分析结果显著优于对照组(均P0.05);干预组入住ICU时间、住院时间及机械通气时间较对照组显著缩短(P0.05,P0.01),护理质量评分较对照组显著上升(均P0.01)。结论将危重症专职护理小组干预运用于COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中有助于提高临床疗效,有利于改善患者预后。     

慢性心力衰竭患者运动功能康复的全病程个案管理

目的探讨全病程个案管理策略用于慢性心力衰竭患者心脏康复的效果。方法将110例慢性心力衰竭患者随机分为两组各55例,均根据病情给予标准化药物治疗,对照组实施心内科常规护理;观察组在此基础上实施运动功能康复的全病程个案管理策略。观察两组干预前后6min步行距离及生活质量变化。结果出院后3、6个月,观察组6min步行距离及生活质量评分显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论以护士为主导的运动功能康复的全病程个案管理策略对慢性心衰患者短期预后有促进作用,可改善患者心功能,提高生存质量。     

转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌骨转移患者精准随访方案的构建及应用

目的制定精准随访方案,并探讨其在转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌(mCRPC)患者中的应用效果。方法将64例mCRPC骨转移患者随机分为干预组和对照组,各32例。对照组采用常规随访,干预组组建多学科协作随访团队,构建骨转移精准随访方案并实施。干预6个月后评价效果。结果干预组骨相关事件发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预组生活质量各维度得分(除外社会/家庭状况)、疼痛控制满意度显著高于对照组,疼痛强度、疼痛影响及疼痛信念得分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对mCRPC骨转移患者实施精准随访能显著降低疼痛强度,相对减少骨相关事件发生率,提高患者生活质量。     

动态管理对慢性心力衰竭出院患者生活质量及预后的影响

目的探讨全程动态管理对慢性心力衰竭出院患者生活质量及预后的影响。方法将79例慢性心力衰竭出院患者随机分为观察组(44例)和对照组(35例)。对照组按常规予以出院指导,观察组给予全程动态管理。结果干预后,观察组生活质量评分及6min步行距离显著高于和长于对照组(均P0.05)。随访1年,观察组心衰急性发作次数及心衰死亡数显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论全程动态管理可有效改善慢性心力衰竭出院患者生活质量及心功能,延缓病程进展,提高临床疗效,对改善其预后具有积极作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.