营养

分析了我国5个地区4个民族共113名成年男性血清胆固醇酯肪酸组成及血脂水平。不同地区和     

高脂饲料对OLETF大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

目的:观察高脂饲料对自发性2型糖尿病模型OLETF大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响。方法:将20只14w雄性OLETF大鼠随机分为两组,分别以高脂及标准饲料喂饲10w,两种饲料中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的百分含量相似。大鼠第24w龄时进行口服糖耐量试验,同时测定大鼠的胰岛素水平和血清磷脂脂肪酸组成。结果:实验期间两组大鼠总进食量无统计学差异,但高脂饲料组大鼠体重明显高于标准饲料组(P<0.01);口服糖耐量试验和胰岛素水平测定结果表明,两组大鼠的糖代谢状态无统计学差异;血清磷脂脂肪酸组成中,除总n-6PUFA和18:3(n-3)的百分含量无统计学差异外,其他各脂肪酸组分在两组间的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:在饲料脂肪酸组成保持可比的情况下,饲料脂肪量的增加可使OLETF大鼠的体重明显增加,而对糖代谢的影响不明显,同时对OLETF大鼠血清磷脂脂肪酸组成产生明显影响。     

呼伦贝尔地区不同民族小学生血脂状况分析

了解内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区蒙族、鄂温克族、汉族小学生的血脂水平,为建立少数民族地区小学生血脂水平的参考区间提供参考依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,于2009-2011年抽取呼伦贝尔市民族小学和牙克石市建设小学8~ 14岁小学生1 723名,应用OLYMPUS公司生产的AU5421全自动生化分析仪检测空腹血清胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)、载脂蛋白B(APOB)水平.取TC及LDL-C第75及第90百分位点作为临界脂蛋白水平及高脂蛋白浓度标准,取TG第90百分位点作为高三酰甘油血症浓度,取第5百分位点作为HDL-C的参考区间下限,取APOA1,APOB的95%可信区间建立呼伦贝尔地区3个民族小学生血脂正常参考区间.结果 汉族除LDL-C与鄂温克族差异无统计学意义(t=0.575,P>0.05)外,其他5项血脂水平(TC,TG,HDL-C,APOA1,APOB)与蒙古族和鄂温克族差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为20.256,85.047,15.604,310.143,39.947,P值均<0.01);蒙古族和鄂温克族除TC,TG差异无统计学意义(t值分别为0.491,0.643,P值均>0.05)外,其他4项血脂水平差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.911,2.548,5.161,3.417,P值均<0.01);蒙古族、汉族男、女生组除TC外,其他项目血脂水平(TC,TG,HDL,APOA1)差异均有统计学意义(t蒙古值分别为4.619,3.690,3.527,4.409,4.130,t汉值分别为4.856,2.607,2.035,2.967,2.525,P值均<0.01),鄂温克族男、女除LDL-C、APOB以外,其他4项血脂水平差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.741,4.230,2.106,2.136,P值均<0.01).结论 调查建立了蒙、鄂、汉3个民族小学生血脂各自的参考区间,可为儿童心血管疾病的早期预防工作提供基础资料.     

孕妇膳食、血清中脂肪酸组成及含量分析

目的：了解本地区孕妇膳食，血清中脂肪酸含量及组成，为孕妇合理营养提供指导。方法：对孕中期妇女追踪调查至孕晚期，分别用三天膳食记录法和气相色谱法分析两阶段孕妇的膳食和血清脂肪酸水平，并进行相关回归分析。结果：孕中，晚期膳食脂肪酸总量及组成差异无显著性。血清脂肪酸总量孕晚期较孕中期明显增加，但ω3系脂肪酸显著降低。孕期膳食脂肪酸和血清脂肪酸有相关关系者为C16：0，C18：0，C18：1，C18：2，C18：3，C22：6。结论：应提供膳食中ω3系脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸）的摄入水平，使ω6系脂肪酸同ω3系脂肪酸保持适宜的比例关系。     

4招防止血脂过高

血脂是血浆脂质的总称，包括总胆固醇、胆固醇酯、甘油三酯、磷酸和脂肪酸。若其中的胆固醇或甘油三酯或两项同时增高，就称为高脂血症。     

中长链脂肪酸食用油对高甘油三酯血症患者血脂及脂蛋白水平的影响

目的研究中长链脂肪酸食用油对高甘油三酯血症患者血脂及脂蛋白水平的影响。方法采用临床随机对照法,按随机原则将112例高甘油三酯血症患者分为中长链脂肪酸食用油组和长链脂肪酸食用油组,控制每13膳食摄人量及食用油摄入量（25～30g／d）,推荐每日运动量,分别在研究开始前和8周后,检测两组研究对象的身高、体重、空腹血糖,血清丙氨酰氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酰氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）、载脂蛋白AⅡ（ApoAⅡ）、载脂蛋白C2（ApoC2）、载脂蛋白C3（ApoC3）及载脂蛋白E（ApoE）。结果进入结果分析者101例,其中长链脂肪酸食用油组50例。中长链脂肪酸食用油组51例。研究开始时两组的体重、血清ALT、AST、总胆固醇、甘油三酯等生化指标的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。食用中长链脂肪酸食用油8周后,患者的体重及血清甘油三酯、ApoC2、ApoC3水平均显著低于研究开始时（P〈0．05）,而ApoA1显著高于研究开始时（P〈0．05）。研究结束时,中长链脂肪酸食用油组的体重、血清甘油三酯、ApoB、ApoAⅡ、ApoC2及ApoC3水平均显著低于长链脂肪酸食用油组（P〈0．05）。结论合理膳食条件下,中长链脂肪酸食用油可降低高甘油三酯血症患者血脂浓度,改善脂蛋白水平。     

维、回、藏三民族青年血脂水平比较分析

目的了解维、回、藏三民族青年之间血脂水平是否有差异。方法从新入学的健康的维吾尔族、回族与藏族大学生中以随机取样方式检测他们的总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平,将测定数据进行统计学分析。结果三个民族青年的血脂水平均在正常范围,但有一定差异,其血脂水平由低到高依次为维吾尔族、回族、藏族。结论三民族青年之间血脂水平差异主要由遗传与饮食环境等因素造成。     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白抑制剂现状及研究进展

流行病学和临床研究已经证实,血脂紊乱是诱发心血管疾病的重要危险因素,而血脂紊乱主要表现为低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的升高和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的降低。本文重点关注高密度脂蛋白对心血管疾病的影响,其中胆固醇酯转运蛋白在高密度脂蛋白代谢中发挥着非常重要的作用,前者在脂蛋白之间转运中性脂肪,导致胆固醇酯从高密度脂蛋白向极低密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白的迁移,通过升高高密度脂蛋白来降低心血管疾病发生率,近年来胆固醇酯转运蛋白抑制剂进入临床研究,本文将近年来胆固醇酯转运蛋白抑制剂的研究做一综述。     

维、回、藏三民族青年血脂水平比较分析

目的了解雏、回、藏三民族青年之间血脂水平是否有差异。方法从新入学的健康的雏吾尔族、回族与藏族大学生中以随机取样方式检测他们的总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)水平,将测定数据进行统计学分析。结果三个民族青年的血脂水平均在正常范围,但有一定差异。其血脂水平由低到高依次为维吾尔族、回族、藏族。结论三民族青年之间血脂水平差异主要由遗传与饮食环境等因素造成。     

动植物油宜搭配食用

油脂中含有脂肪酸。脂肪酸的种类很多,总的来说分为饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸。动物油中含饱和脂肪酸多,而植物油中多含不饱和脂肪酸。食用含饱和脂肪酸多的动物油容易导致血脂增高,提高血胆固醇浓度。由饱和脂肪酸形成的胆固醇酯可在动脉壁沉着形成斑块,进而造成动脉粥样硬化,心血管病绝大多数是由动脉硬化所引     

Depression and adipose and serum cholesteryl ester polyunsaturated fatty acids in the survivors of the seven countries study population of Crete

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that depression relates to biomarkers of both short- and long-term polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. However, it is not known which of these two biomarkers has the closest relationship to depression. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of depression with both adipose tissue and serum cholesteryl ester PUFA and to assess the importance of each of these two biomarkers in relating to depression. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of healthy elderly men from the island of Crete. SETTING: The Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Greece. SUBJECTS: A total of 150 males, aged 80-96 years. The subjects were survivors of the Greek Seven Countries Study group. METHODS: Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography in adipose tissue and serum cholesteryl esters. Information about depression was obtained through the use of the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that depression related positively to age and serum cholesteryl ester arachidonic/docosahexaenoic fatty acid ratio. The only significant unadjusted correlation between depression and serum cholesteryl ester and adipose fatty acids was with adipose alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (r = -0.31, P < 0.01). Depressed males (GDS-15 > 5) had lower adipose ALA and sum n-3 fatty acids than non-depressed ones. There were no significant differences between depressed and non-depressed males in serum cholesteryl ester fatty acids. When adipose tissue ALA was included as one of the independent measures in the regression model, the observed positive relation between GDS-15 depression and cholesteryl ester arachidonic/docosahexaenoic ratio failed to persist. Instead, there was a negative relationship between GDS-15 depression and adipose tissue ALA. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the fatty acids of the adipose tissue are better predictors of depression than those of serum cholesteryl esters. This indicates that depression relates more strongly to long-term than to short-term fatty acid intake. The reason for this may be the reported slow rate of deposition of dietary PUFA to the brain.     

THE INTRACELLULAR FREE FATTY ACID POOL IN ADIPOSE TISSUE

In cells of adipose tissue slices, lipolysis can secrete fatty acid from their esters into an intracellular unesterified fatty acid pool; this process is reversible. Fatty acids from this pool can cross the cell membrane; this process is irreversible.     

Dietary taurine reduces hepatic secretion of cholesteryl ester and enhances fatty acid oxidation in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

We investigated the fate of exogenous fatty acid in connection with decreased hepatic accumulation and secretion of cholesteryl esters in rats fed diets containing taurine. Providing taurine as 5% of the diet for 14 d significantly decreased concentrations of cholesterol, especially cholesteryl esters in both serum and liver. Ketone body production and incorporation of exogenous [1-(14)C]oleate into ketone bodies in liver perfusate were consistently higher during a 4-h perfusion period in taurine-fed rats than in control rats. The elevation was accompanied by increased activity of liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase, a rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation. Dietary taurine significantly reduced hepatic secretion of cholesteryl ester and decreased incorporation of exogenous oleic acid substrate into this lipid molecule. Further, the extent of reduction in hepatic secretion of cholesteryl ester was closely related to its diminished accumulation in the liver. The conversion pattern of exogenous [1-(14)C]oleic acid substrate suggested a decreased esterification-to-oxidation ratio in the taurine group compared with the control. These results suggest that taurine-induced reduction in hepatic accumulation of cholesteryl ester was associated with reduced hepatic secretion of this lipid molecule, and was inversely related to enhanced ketone body production and fatty acid oxidation.     

Dietary Associates of Serum Total, LDL, and HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

BACKGROUND: Diet-lipid associations established in clinical trials have in general been weak or nonexistent in cross-sectional studies within a population. Our objective was to analyze the dietary associates of serum lipids in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) not using lipid-lowering medication. METHODS: Patients with coronary bypass grafting (n = 49), balloon angioplasty (n = 46), acute myocardial infarction (n = 79), and acute myocardial ischemia (n = 79) participated in a survey (EUROASPIRE). Patients were selected from hospital records at least 6 months after hospitalization. Diet was assessed by a food record, a short questionnaire, and fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters (CE). RESULTS: Neither the intake of total fat nor that of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with serum lipids. Use of soft margarine on bread (though not in cooking or baking) and high intake of fiber and cereal products were associated with low total cholesterol. Linoleic acid in CE was inversely associated with total cholesterol and triglycerides, and eicosapentaenoic acid was inversely associated with triglycerides and positively associated with HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study use of soft margarine on bread (though not in cooking or baking) and high intake of fiber and cereal products were associates of lowered serum cholesterol concentrations in CHD patients. Fatty acid composition of CE reflected dietary fatty acid intake involved in cholesterol lowering better than food records.     

Very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as markers for habitual fish intake in a population consuming mainly lean fish: the EPIC cohort of Gipuzkoa. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between habitual fish intake and fatty acid levels in serum as well as in the LDL fractions of serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Cohort of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, northern Spain) included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. SUBJECTS: Random sample of 120 healthy volunteers of both sexes aged 35-65 y, divided into various consumption groups according to daily fish intake. METHODS: Data on habitual intake over the previous year was collected by trained interviewers by means of a computerized questionnaire based on the diet history method. Fasting venous blood samples were drawn and fatty acids were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Lean fish accounted for 78% of all fish consumption in the highest consumption group (>115 g/day) and for 60% in the lowest (<31 g/day). The mean concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, omega-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, omega-3) in serum and in the LDL fractions of serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters increased significantly from the lowest to the highest fish consumption categories. Fish intake showed a statistically significant relationship with omega-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA in serum and in the LDL fractions of serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters both in the simple linear regression analysis and in a multiple regression model adjusted by age, body mass index (BMI) and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual fish intake is reflected in the content of EPA and DHA in serum and in the LDL phospholipid and cholesteryl esters fractions. The concentrations of very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are useful biomarkers for dietary fish intake, mainly lean fish. SPONSORSHIP: Europe Against Cancer Programme of the European Union (agreement SOC 97 200302 05F02); 'Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias', Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS grant 99/0024-05); Government of the Basque Country; and 'Fundación Científica de la Asociación Espa?ola contra el Cáncer'.     

微孔草种子油中脂肪酸组成的分析

对微孔草(Microula Sikkimensis)的种子油经皂化、甲酯化预处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)分析其脂肪酸组成,共鉴定出13种脂肪酸。并求出了各种脂肪酸的相对含量,其中γ-亚麻酸8.33％,亚油酸35.11％,(全顺式)-6,9,12,15-十八碳四烯酸1.21％。结果表明微孔草是一种营养价值很高的野生油料资源。     

Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length

BACKGROUND: Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important for growth and neural development. trans Fatty acids (TFAs) may inhibit desaturation of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to AA and DHA, respectively. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) also alter lipid metabolism and body fat. OBJECTIVE: We determined the associations of birth outcome with maternal and infant plasma concentrations of TFAs, CLAs, AA, and DHA. DESIGN: In healthy women, we sampled maternal blood at 35 wk gestation (n = 58) and umbilical cord blood at birth (n = 70). RESULTS: Mean (+/- SEM) TFA concentrations (% by wt) in infant plasma were as follows: triacylglycerol, 2.83 +/- 0.19 (range: 0.63-12.79); phospholipid, 0.67 +/- 0.03 (0.11-1.33); and cholesteryl ester, 2.04 +/- 0.01 (0.86-4.24). LA, AA, DHA, TFA, and CLA concentrations in infant phospholipids correlated with the same fatty acid in maternal plasma phospholipids (n = 44; P < 0.05). Infant plasma cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol TFAs and cholesteryl ester CLAs (r = -0.33, -0.42, and -0.49, respectively) were significantly inversely related to length of gestation. Triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester AA were positively related to length of gestation (r = 0.41 and 0.37, respectively) and birth weight (r = 0.27 and 0.23, respectively). Inverse correlations occurred between infant plasma TFA and DHA concentrations in triacylglycerols (r = -0.33) and between TFA and AA concentrations in cholesteryl esters (r = -0.23). CONCLUSION: The results suggest possible important effects of TFAs and of AA on fetal growth and length of gestation.     

Effects of continuous long-term intravenous infusion of long-chain fatty acids on feeding behaviour and blood components of adult sheep

Albumin complexes of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were continuously infused intravenously into adult sheep to investigate their effects on feeding behaviour and blood components. They were compared with saline infusions as during a preliminary test albumin alone showed no influence on voluntary food intake. Oleic and palmitic acid infusions induced a significant decrease of the voluntary food intake, relative to saline infusion. Food intake also decreased in experimental sheep when stearic acid was used, though not significantly. For all the tested fatty acids, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations, plasma lipid content and the distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol remained unchanged. Oleic acid infusion induced the following significant changes of blood composition between control and experimental sheep: increased free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, increased oleic acid and decreased palmitic acid proportions in FFA and an increased amount of oleic acid balanced by a decreased linoleic acid content in phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. The only significant changes observed with the palmitic acid infusion were: decreased linoleic acid content in phospholipids and cholesteryl esters and increased oleic acid content in cholesteryl esters. The stearic acid infusion induced a decrease of stearic acid quantity in phospholipids and a corresponding increase in oleic acid in phospholipids and cholesteryl ester. It is suggested that these long-chain fatty acids might affect the long-term control of voluntary food intake in ruminants.     

REGULATION OF LIPOPROTEIN LIPID TRANSFER BY UNESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL

Elevated lipoprotein unesterified cholesterol altered differentially the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols. This resulted in increased mass transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL coupled with an equimolar transfer of triacylglycerol from VLDL to HDL.     

Tracking of serum fatty acid composition: a 6-year follow-up study in Finnish youths.

The composition of fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters was analyzed with gas chromatography in 759 Finnish boys and girls aged 3-18 years in 1980 and again in the same subjects in 1983 and in 1986. The mean percentage of linoleate (18:2 n-6) increased from 50.85% in 1980 to 52.60% in 1986, while there was a decrease in myristate (14:0), palmitate (16:0), and eicosapentaenoate (20:5 n-3). The percentage of oleate (18:1) did not change. The stability (tracking) of cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition was examined by calculating linear correlation coefficients among the percentages of each fatty acid at the three study points. For linoleate, 3- and 6-year tracking correlations were 0.59-0.61 and 0.50, respectively; they were of about the same magnitude for arachidonate (20:4 n-6) and lower for the other fatty acids. Results indicate that the serum cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition has somewhat lower tracking than the total cholesterol concentration. The changes in the mean fatty acid composition of the study population obviously reflect a shift from saturated to unsaturated dietary fats.