基于生物监测的孕期双酚A暴露对雌激素稳态的影响

  目的  探究孕妇双酚A (bisphenol A, BPA)暴露对孕期雌激素稳态的影响。  方法  选择上海市嘉定区151名孕妇作为研究对象, 进行问卷调查和随机尿液收集。采用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱仪测定尿液中BPA和雌酮、17β-雌二醇、雌三醇浓度。在经尿肌酐校正、自然对数转换, 并且去除离群值后, 采用多元线性回归分析尿液中BPA暴露水平与雌激素关系。  结果  孕妇尿样中BPA检出率为99.34%, 尿肌酐校正后浓度中位数为0.65 μg/g。年龄、孕周、家庭年总收入、二手烟接触情况和文化程度与尿液中BPA水平无关联。尿液中雌激素水平随孕期发展呈上升趋势。多元线性回归发现在全部孕妇中, 尿液中BPA水平与雌酮水平(β=0.171, 95%CI: 0.006~0.336)和17β-雌二醇水平(β=0.137, 95%CI: 0.000~0.274)呈正相关。在按孕期分层后, 发现孕晚期尿液中BPA水平与雌酮水平呈正相关(β=0.449, 95%CI: 0.014~0.884)。  结论  上海市孕妇普遍暴露于BPA, 并且孕期BPA暴露水平可能影响雌激素稳态。     

孕妇毒死蜱暴露水平评估及影响因素分析

目的研究孕妇尿中毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos,CPF)暴露水平及其影响因素,为评估宫内CPF暴露对儿童健康影响提供科学依据。方法于2009年6月—2010年1月选取江苏省某县1 100名孕妇为研究对象,采集孕妇尿样并完成调查问卷,以气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)检测尿中CPF代谢物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,TCPy)浓度,估算孕妇CPF的每日摄入量(absorbed daily dose,ADD)并分析其影响因素。结果孕妇尿中TCPy检出率为100%,TCPy肌酐校正浓度范围为0.14~135.44μg/g Cr,中位值为6.96μg/g Cr,高于国外研究报道水平;估算的ADD中位值为0.31μg/(kg·d),低于农药残留联席会议(Joint Meeting of Pesticide Residues,JMPR)制定的每日允许摄入量[0.01 mg/(kg·d)],但有51.4%的孕妇ADD值超过了美国环保局(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)制定的慢性参考剂量[chronic reference doses,0.3μg/(kg·d)]。统计分析显示孕妇体内CPF负荷水平与工作类型、家庭收入、居住地类型和季节等因素有关。结论该地区孕妇普遍暴露于CPF农药,半数以上孕妇ADD水平高于EPA制定的慢性参考剂量,提示母婴有农药暴露的潜在健康风险。孕妇工作类型、家庭收入、居住地环境和季节是影响孕妇CPF暴露水平的主要因素。     

碘摄入量与晨尿中碘排量的关系研究

目的研究晨尿的尿碘含量及其肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量的相关关系,探讨准确反映机体碘摄入量的指标。方法将经筛选的161名志愿者随机分为500～2000μg/d的7个剂量组中。采用7d膳食记录法计算膳食碘摄入量。在给与碘补充剂后第0、2、4w取空腹晨尿,分别以砷铈催化分光光度法和碱性苦味酸法测定尿碘含量和尿肌酐含量,并计算出肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量。对各组晨尿碘含量和每日尿排碘量进行方差分析,并与碘摄入量进行回归分析。结果膳食中碘的摄入量在各剂量组间没有显著性差异,均值为328μg/d。给碘补充剂前晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量在各剂量组间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),均值分别为325μg/L和314μg/d。而给碘补充剂后第2、4w晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量随剂量的增加而增加,在各剂量组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。回归分析显示其相关系数在0.958～0.976之间(P=0.000),肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量回归方程的斜率接近1。结论晨尿的尿碘含量及肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量都是表述机体碘摄入量的敏感指标。因晨尿尿碘含量易受干扰而波动,只适用于大样本群体的碘营养状况调查。晨尿经肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量相对比较稳定,能更准确地反映碘的摄入量,既适用于群体,也适用于个体的碘营养状况评价。     

基于生物监测的儿童尿中对硝基苯酚暴露评估

目的 基于尿中对硝基酚 (para-nitrophenol,PNP)的生物监测评估儿童体内暴露负荷,为保护儿童健康提供科学依据。方法 选取江苏省某县参加“宫内环境化学物暴露对婴幼儿生长发育影响”队列的母亲于2009 年6 月-2010 年1月期间所产441名3岁幼儿作为研究对象,在其父母协助下完成问卷调查和尿样采集,采用气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)检测儿童尿中PNP的含量,通过非参数检验和多元线性回归分析可能的影响因素,基于尿样监测数据评估并比较了儿童体内PNP负荷水平。结果 所有研究对象尿中均可检出对PNP,肌酐校正与未校正的PNP几何均值分别为12.14 μg/g cre.和5.08 μg/L。男童与女童PNP暴露水平未见统计学差异;多元线性回归结果显示,采样季节是影响PNP暴露水平的重要因素,夏季暴露水平高于其他季节,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),儿童尿中PNP浓度高于国外同类研究。结论 研究地区儿童普遍高暴露于PNP或其前体物质,其对儿童的潜在健康风险不容忽视。     

中国9个长寿地区65岁及以上老年人尿镉水平与体重指数及身体围度的关联研究

目的研究我国9个长寿地区65岁及以上老年人尿镉与体重指数(BMI)及身体围度的关联。方法研究对象来自2017—2018年在我国9个长寿地区开展的"中国老年健康生物标志物队列研究", 共计1 968名65岁及以上老年人被纳入本研究。通过问卷调查和体格检查, 收集调查对象的社会人口学特征、生活方式、膳食摄入和健康状态等信息, 采集调查对象晨尿以检测尿镉和尿肌酐水平;身体围度包括腰围、臀围和小腿围。根据尿肌酐校正后尿镉水平三分位数将调查对象分为低水平组(<0.77 μg/g·肌酐)、中水平组(0.77～1.69 μg/g·肌酐)和高水平组(≥1.69 μg/g·肌酐), 采用多重线性回归模型分析尿肌酐校正后尿镉不同水平与BMI及身体围度的关联, 采用限制性立方样条拟合多重线性回归模型分析尿肌酐校正后尿镉水平与BMI及身体围度的剂量-反应关系。结果 1 968名研究对象年龄为(83.34±11.14)岁, 尿肌酐校正后尿镉水平的M(Q1, Q3)为1.13(0.63, 2.09)μg/g·肌酐, BMI为(22.70±3.82)kg/m2, 腰围为(85.42±10.68)cm, 臀围为...     

双酚A人群暴露情况和健康风险研究进展

人类通过多种途径暴露于双酚A(BPA),膳食暴露是普通人群暴露途径之一。人群膳食暴露量评估资料表明,BPA的膳食暴露量远低于美国推荐的可耐受每日摄入量(50μg/kg·bw/d)。BPA进入人体后表现为弱的雌激素作用,干扰人体内分泌系统,对人体健康风险表现在影响女性激素水平、胎儿的生长发育和男性生殖系统功能,与儿童肥胖、复发性流产、多囊卵巢综合征、2型糖尿病相关。研究表明,人群暴露于BPA呈现出多途径、低剂量、长期暴露的特点,该特点的暴露会对人体健康有一定影响。     

武汉市动物性食品双酚A水平及风险评估

目的 检测武汉市动物性食品中双酚A(BPA)含量,调查当地居民膳食中动物性食品的结构,计算其双酚A的暴露量,评估当地居民经该途径暴露双酚A的健康风险.方法 随机选取该市常见的13种动物性食品,共78份.用液质检测仪检测样品中的BPA含量.随机选取本市180户居民,共计338人作为膳食调查对象,采用3d24 h膳食调查法,统计其动物性食品的人均摄入量.结合当前BPA的参考剂量评估经该途径暴露BPA的风险水平.结果 BPA在动物性食品中检出范围为0.0～11.7 ng/g.该市居民人均动物性食品的摄入量为277.48 g/d,日均暴露水平(ADI)为11.38 ng/kg bw/day,远低于国际参考标准.结论 BPA在武汉市场上所售的大多数动物性食品中均有微量检出,但经动物性食品暴露的BPA水平,尚不会对居民的健康产生不利影响.     

妊娠晚期邻苯基苯酚暴露与新生儿体格指标的关系

目的 探讨孕妇妊娠晚期尿中邻苯基苯酚(o-phenylphenol,OPP)水平与新生儿出生体格指标之间联系。方法 选取某县1 100对孕妇-新生儿,采集孕妇分娩前尿样并完成调查问卷,测定尿中OPP浓度,结合新生儿体格指标进行统计分析。结果 孕妇尿中OPP的检出率为100%,中位值为0.35 μg/L,肌酐校正后中位值为0.54 μg/g,暴露水平稍高于国外类似研究报道。广义线性模型分析显示,孕妇尿中OPP肌酐校正浓度对数可能与新生儿出生身长(β=-0.670,P=0.006)及头围(β=-0.505,P=0.001)呈一定的负相关。按新生儿性别分层后,OPP水平可能与男童身长、体重及头围呈一定程度的负相关(P<0.05),而女童则未发现任何相关。结论 该地区孕妇普遍暴露于OPP,其妊娠晚期OPP水平可能与男性新生儿出生身长、体重及头围呈一定负相关。     

中国居民邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯膳食摄入水平及其风险评估

目的掌握我国主要食品中的邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)含量水平,评估我国居民DINP膳食摄入水平及其潜在健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年检测的25类食品的含量数据及2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估方法,对我国不同性别-年龄组人群DINP摄入水平及其潜在风险进行评估。结果各类食品DINP的平均含量为0.24 mg/kg,最大值为9.55 mg/kg。我国全人群膳食DINP的平均每日摄入量为4.39μg/kg BW,仅占TDI的2.93%。不同性别-年龄组人群以2~6岁儿童每日摄入量最高,平均为8.91μg/kg BW,占TDI的5.94%,其次为7~12岁年龄组儿童,平均为6.53μg/kg BW,占TDI的4.35%;全人群中高食物量消费人群的DINP每日摄入量(P97.5)为8.35μg/kg BW,占TDI的5.57%,各性别-年龄组人群高食物量消费人群的DINP每日摄入量范围为5.44~13.84μg/kg BW,均低于TDI。结论我国人群DINP膳食摄入的健康风险总体处于可接受水平,健康风险较低。     

我国三个农村非镉污染区人群尿镉水平特征分析

目的探讨和分析我国农村非镉污染区非镉职业暴露人群尿镉水平及分布特征。方法在非环境镉污染区随机选择各性别及各个年龄段的非镉职业暴露人群2548人(男性1290人,女性1258人),进行流行病学调查以及采集随机尿样,检测尿镉及尿肌酐(Cr)含量,剔除尿肌酐浓度0.3 g/L以及3 g/L的调查对象,分析尿镉的影响因素,按第95百分位数计算人群经肌酐校正后的尿镉正常值范围。结果尿镉随年龄的增加而呈上升趋势。经统计学分析,30岁以上人群的尿镉显著高于30岁以下人群,女性显著高于男性,吸烟者显著高于非吸烟者(P0.01)。采用广义线性模型进行多因素分析,结果显示在调整了其他影响因素后,吸烟、年龄和性别仍对尿镉水平有显著性影响(P0.01),回归方程为尿镉(肌酐校正)=0.854+0.325×吸烟+0.111×年龄段-0.305×性别(F=367.69,P0.01)。但回归方程的复相关系数R2=0.0350,即尿镉的变异中可用性别、年龄和吸烟来解释的百分比只有3.50%。分性别和是否吸烟,按照30岁和≥30岁两个年龄段分析人群的尿镉上限值,≥30岁女性吸烟者的95%上限值(13.47μg/g Cr)明显高于其他人群的上限值(6μg/g Cr);≥30岁男性吸烟者和≥30岁女性的95%尿镉上限值均超出了我国职业性镉中毒诊断标准(GBZ 17—2002)中的尿镉限值(5μg/g Cr)。结论非环境镉污染区非镉职业暴露人群尿镉背景值6μg/g Cr,但是对于30岁以上吸烟女性的尿镉限值还需要更多的研究来探索。     

Determination of free and total bisphenol A in urine of infants

Infants may be particularly sensitive regarding hormonally active compounds such as Bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely distributed and exhibits weak oestrogenic activity. Since only free (unconjugated) BPA exhibits endocrine activity, both free and total (after hydrolysis of conjugates) BPA were determined in urine samples of infants to support valid risk assessments. Free BPA was observed above the LOQ in only 3 of 91 (3%) samples from 47 infants. As total BPA was observed in only 38 (42%) urine samples, with concentrations between <LOQ and 17.85 μg/l, the median concentration was below the LOQ of 0.45 μg/l. Based on 0.225 μg/l (half of the LOQ), a margin of exposure 1400-fold below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 μg/kg bw was calculated. The highest concentration observed (17.85 μg/l) was 18-fold below the TDI. Infants who were fed using baby bottles show approximately 2-fold higher median levels of total BPA. Importantly, the higher levels of total BPA compared to free BPA demonstrate that conversion of BPA to biologically inactive conjugates such as glucuronides or sulphates, which is well known to efficiently occur in adults, also occurs in infants.     

2011年绵阳市碘缺乏病病情监测点及全市8～10岁儿童尿碘监测结果分析

目的 评价全民食盐加碘实施16年来绵阳市碘缺乏病防治效果,了解绵阳市城乡居民碘营养状况,为制定防控策略提供依据.方法 在四川省疾控中心按PPS法抽取的绵阳市1个县中进行碘缺乏病病情监测,按照方案要求在该县随机抽取1所小学,分别测定该校40名8～10岁儿童家中食用盐碘含量、人均食盐摄人量和甲状腺肿大率;随机抽取上述40名儿童中的12名测定尿碘、抽取学校附近3个乡的孕妇和哺乳妇女各5名,测定其尿碘;抽取学校附近集中式供水2份检测水碘含量.在全市其余8个县,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各随机抽取1个乡的1所村小学,随机抽检20名8～10岁儿童的尿样进行尿碘监测.结果 病情监测点中,12名8 ～10岁儿童的尿碘中位数为379.5μg/L,孕妇尿碘中位数222.0 μg/L,哺乳妇女尿碘中位数为341.0 μg/L;碘盐含碘量27.00±3.45μg/L,碘盐覆盖率100％,合格碘盐食用率97.5％;8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率0％,人均食盐摄入量为6.81 ±0.66g/d;全市其余8个县8～ 10岁儿童尿碘中位数235.49 μg/L,尿碘值＜50.0 μg/L的儿童占2.5％,尿碘＞300.0 μg/L的占34.25％.结论 绵阳市人群碘营养状况良好,应警惕食盐过量的危害.     

Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate - urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children

We analysed urine samples from the 2001/2002 pilot study of the German Environmental Survey on Children (GerES IV) for the concentrations of the di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) metabolite mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) and the butlybenzylphthalate (BBzP) metabolite mono-benzyl-phthalate (MBzP). The study population consisted of 239 children (106 boys, 133 girls) aged between 2 and 14 years (median 8.5 years). We applied two calculation models to estimate the daily intake for the two parent phthalates from metabolite excretion. One was based on the creatinine-related metabolite concentrations; the other was based on the volume-related metabolite concentrations. Median urinary metabolite concentrations were 174 microg/l (136 microg/g creatinine) for MnBP and 19.7 microg/l (15.3 microg/g creatinine) for MBzP. Such levels have been determined in German children before. Compared to the USA, German median MnBP levels were about 3-10 times higher, whereas MBzP levels were in the same range. Median daily intakes calculated with the creatinine-based model were 4.07 (range: 0.66-76.4; 95th percentile: 14.9) microg/kg body weight (bw)/day for DnBP and 0.42 (range: 0.06-13.9; 95th percentile: 2.57) microg/kg bw/day for BBzP. Daily intakes calculated with the volume-based model were approximately two times higher with a median of 7.61 (range: 0.91-110; 95th percentile: 30.5) microg/kg bw/day for DnBP and a median of 0.77 (range: 0.05-31.3; 95th percentile: 4.48) microg/kg bw/day for BBzP. Using the creatinine model, 28 (11.7%) of the 239 children exceeded the TDI for DnBP of 10 microg/kg bw/day defined by the European Union. Employing the volume model, 89 (37.2%) children exceeded the TDI. For BBzP, no preventive limit values (TDI or RfD) were exceeded. For both phthalates and independent of the model, we found increasing daily intakes with decreasing age. Between 25% (creatinine model) and 50% (volume model) of the 2-4-year old children had daily intakes for DnBP above the TDI.     

2011年四川省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的掌握四川省碘缺乏病病情、居民碘营养水平及防治措施落实情况,为制订防治措施提供科学依据。方法按＂人口比例概率抽样方法＂（PPS）在全省抽取30个县,每个县抽取1所小学;每个小学抽查40名8～10岁儿童甲状腺容积,并定量检测其家中食用盐碘含量;抽取其中12名儿童检测尿碘,并调查其家中居民人均日盐摄入量;在抽中学校附近选择3个乡（镇、街道办）,每个乡（镇、街道办）抽取孕妇和哺乳妇女各5人检测尿碘;在抽中学校的所在村（居委会）,按东、西、南、北、中各抽取1份饮用水水样,如为集中式供水地区,则采集2份末梢水样检测水碘。全省在上述PPS法未抽到的152个县中,每县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡（镇、街道）,每个乡（镇、街道）抽取1所小学,每所小学抽检20名8～10岁儿童（男、女各半）尿碘。结果 B超法检查儿童1 221人,甲状腺肿大率4.1%;检测盐样1 206份,合格碘盐食用率98.1%,碘盐覆盖率99.9%,碘盐合格率98.2%,盐碘中位数32.8 mg/kg;检测儿童尿碘15393份,尿碘中位数208.9μg/L,其中男性儿童尿碘中位数（214.9μg/L）高于女性（203.2μg/L,Z=6.97,P〈0.05）;孕妇尿碘457份,尿碘中位数170.8μg/L;哺乳妇女尿碘452份,尿碘中位数159.5μg/L;水碘81份,水碘中位数2.7μg/L,范围0.2～49.6μg/L,水碘低于10μg/L比例为82.7%（67/81）;调查363户家庭食盐摄入量,人均日摄盐量8.46 g。结论四川自然环境普遍缺碘;人群碘营养水平总体适宜,继续保持消除碘缺乏病状态。     

北京市平谷区2009年重点人群尿碘监测结果

目的了解北京市平谷区学龄儿童、育龄妇女、孕妇的尿碘水平,为重点人群碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据。方法分别抽取8～10岁学龄儿童397名、育龄妇女205名和孕妇200名,采用尿碘砷铈催化分光光度测定方法进行尿碘检测。结果学龄儿童的尿碘中位数295.5μg/L,尿碘100μg/L的比例占93.20%,尿碘300μg/L的比例占49.12%,尿碘50μg/L的比例占3.78%;育龄妇女尿碘中位数是438.0μg/L,尿碘100μg/L的比例占98.05%,尿碘300μg/L的比例占82.44%,尿碘50μg/L的比例为零;孕妇尿碘中位数是392.3μg/L,尿碘100μg/L的比例占98.50%,尿碘300μg/L的比例占64.00%,尿碘50μg/L为零。结论平谷区重点人群碘摄入量处于较高水平,碘营养状况稍高于适宜水平。     

Time trend of exposure to the phthalate plasticizer substitute DINCH in Germany from 1999 to 2017: Biomonitoring data on young adults from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB)

DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20–29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999–2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017.After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other.For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI.The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered.     

2016年济南市613名8～10岁儿童碘营养状况调查

目的 了解2016年济南市8～10岁儿童碘营养状况、食用盐碘含量和甲状腺容积。方法 在济南市章丘、历城和市中3个区中,每区随机抽取5所学校,每所学校随机抽取40名8～10岁儿童,采集尿样、家庭食用盐检测碘含量并检测儿童甲状腺容积。结果 共分别检测613份尿样和食盐,尿碘中位数165.4 μg/L,盐碘中位数22.2 mg/kg。章丘、市中区尿碘中位数125.2 μg/L、144.1 μg/L,为碘营养适宜水平;历城区尿碘中位数238.1 μg/L,为超足量水平。8～10岁儿童甲状腺容积为（3.17±1.01） ml,肿大率为2.94%。盐碘含量与尿碘含量、甲状腺容积的相关性系数分别为0.0012（P = 0.766）、0.029（P = 0.468）。结论 被调查的613名8～10岁儿童碘营养状况处于碘适宜或超足量水平,仍存在一定比例的碘缺乏和碘过量情况,补碘政策应综合考虑盐碘、膳食碘和水碘等因素。     

重庆市全民食盐加碘15年后碘缺乏病效果评价

目的评价重庆市全民食盐加碘15年后碘缺乏病现状,为今后防治碘缺乏病策略调整提供科学依据。方法 2011年在重庆市采用人口比例概率抽样法抽取30个监测点。每点抽取1所小学8～10岁儿童40名,调查儿童甲状腺肿大情况、盐碘、尿碘、日均摄食盐量以及孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘。甲状腺采用B超法检查,尿碘采用砷铈催化分光光度方法 (WS/T 107-2006)测定,盐碘采用直接滴定法(GB/T13025.7-1999),摄入食盐量采用3日称量法进行测算。结果共调查1 322名8～10岁儿童,甲状腺肿大率为5.52%,6.67%的区县超过10%。盐碘中位数为29.90mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.62%、96.67%,不同区县间比较,合格碘盐食用率差异有统计学意义(χ2=53.47,P<0.05)。居民日均摄入食盐量为8.44g。儿童、孕妇、哺乳妇女尿碘中位数分别为254.10μg/L、223.85μg/L、219.60μg/L;不同区县间比较,三种人群的尿碘中位数差异均有统计学意义(H儿童=121.27,H孕妇=58.57,H哺乳妇女=55.34,P均<0.01);尿碘<100μg/L比例分别占9.68%、12.86%、14.07%,300μg/L以上比例分别占36.38%、32.59%、31.82%。结论总体上重庆市儿童甲状腺肿大率、碘盐覆盖率及合格碘盐食用率、尿碘均在消除碘缺乏病标准范围内,但人群存在碘不足和碘过量现象。     

宜春市1007份学龄儿童尿碘检测结果分析

目的了解宜春市小学生碘营养状况,判断碘缺乏病病情,为今后碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据。方法采集宜春市8～10岁儿童尿样1007份,应用砷铈催化分光光度法,进行尿碘浓度的监测分析。结果学龄儿童尿碘中位数为234.5μg/L,﹤20μg/L的样本占总样本的1.39%,﹤50μg/L占总样本的6.36%,﹤100μg/L占总样本的15.09%,尿碘﹥300μg/L的占32.96%,不同年龄组之间学龄儿童尿碘水平比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。不同性别组尿碘水平差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论宜春市现阶段人群碘摄入量可以满足机体的生理需要,不存在缺碘,但仍需继续做好合格碘盐的供应和监测,以真正达到科学补碘的目的 。     

Daily urinary excretion of bisphenol A

Objectives  Concerns over dietary exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, have been raised because BPA is contained in resins and plastics commonly used for the preservation of food and beverages. The purpose of the present study was to assess daily intake levels of BPA in a group of male subjects by measuring total urinary BPA (free BPA plus BPA released by treatment with β-glucuronidase), as well as determining intra-individual variation in BPA excretion. Methods  Twenty-four-hour urine was collected from 5 subjects for 5 consecutive days for the evaluation of between-day variation in urinary BPA excretion and from 36 male subjects for the estimation of the level of daily BPA intake. BPA in the urine samples was measured by GC/MS/MS following enzymatic hydrolysis of BPA glucuronate, solid phase extraction, and derivatization. Results  A large between-day variation was found over 5 days for the daily excretion of urinary BPA in the 5 subjects. The daily excretion of urinary BPA was distributed log-normally in the 36 male subjects, with the median value being 1.2 μg/day (range: <0.21–14 μg/day), which was far below the Tolerable Daily Intake (0.01 mg/kg bw) recommended by a scientific committee in the European Commission in 2002. However, the maximum estimated intake per body weight (0.2 μg/kg/day) was only one order of magnitude lower than the reported lowest level for reproductive/behavioral effects in pregnant mice (2 μg/kg/day). Conclusions  Measuring urinary BPA in urine is a suitable approach for estimating short-term BPA intake levels in individuals and/or estimating the average exposure level of populations. Urine analyses will be increasingly important in the human health risk assessment of BPA.