聚丙烯酸树脂肠溶胶囊壳的制备

目的 寻找明胶替代材料作为囊材,制备肠溶胶囊壳,并对其做出制剂学评价.方法 考察Eudragit L100-55成膜性能,以其作为囊材,使用蘸胶-成膜法制备胶囊壳,采用对乙酰氨基酚作为模型药物,考察体外释放.结果 获得了制备胶囊壳的最佳处方,制备所得肠溶胶囊壳符合药典要求.结论 Eudragit L100-55可以作为明胶的替代囊材制备胶囊壳,其体外释放满足肠溶胶囊要求.     

小剂量阿司匹林胃漂浮胶囊的制备及其体外释药特征的研究

目的:制备小剂量阿司匹林胃漂浮胶囊并研究其体外释药特征。方法:以阿司匹林为模型药物,以不同粘度和不同用量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和卡波姆为主要辅料制成阿司匹林胃漂浮胶囊,测定其释放度。结果:当HPMC K4M和HPMCK15M的最佳配比为3∶1时,阿司匹林胃漂浮胶囊在0h~10h内体外释药符合表观零级动力学过程,体外释放速度常数Kr=10.3%/h,释放参数n=0.6 173。结论:所制胶囊缓释效果明显,HPMC用量、粘度为影响阿司匹林胃漂浮胶囊释放速率的主要因素,其体外释药特征属于骨架溶蚀与药物扩散协同作用。     

水飞蓟素固体分散缓释胶囊的研制

目的：制备水飞蓟素固体分散缓释胶囊并考察其体外释放度。方法：通过比较溶出与增溶效果确定固体分散的载体材料及其与药物的比例。以羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）为缓释骨架材料，通过正交设计优化处方，并考察制剂体外释放度。结果：载体材料为泊洛沙姆，与药物的比例为3：1；正交设计获最优处方为A3B2C1，即亲水凝胶骨架材料为HPMC（K15M），用量为20％，微晶纤维素与固体分散体的比例为1：3。结论：该方法制得的固体分散缓释胶囊具有良好的增溶效果与缓释效果，且制备工艺简单易行。     

快速报道

药包材药用辅料与药物作为药品的组成部分,具有同样重要的质量控制要求。本刊前两期的快速报道栏目,报道了有关明胶空心胶囊、胶囊囊壳、明胶原料中重金属铬的含量检测一系列研究文章。胶囊中的铬是用药安全检测的监控指标之一,而药包材药用辅料中的有机溶剂残留同样也需要监控。本期报道的"塞曼火焰原子吸收与石墨炉原子吸收法测定明胶空心胶囊壳中铬的方法比较",表明塞曼火焰     

采用固体分散技术制备尼群地平缓释片

目的：制备具有良好体外释放的尼群地平缓释片。方法：以羟丙甲纤维素（HPMC）为凝胶骨架材料制备缓释片,对骨架材料用量、制备工艺等因素进行考察。结果：随着HPMC用量的增加药物释放明显减慢,固体分散工艺可改善药物的体外释放释药行为。结论：通过固体分散工艺及HPMC用量的适当调整可制备具有良好释放的NT缓释片。     

JF-B型胶囊壳分装机的改进

目的:解决JF-B型胶囊壳分装机分装下半截胶囊中部分胶囊不能自然落入母板孔腔内的问题。方法:通过自制一配套胶囊插板,该插板对应夹板中400个孔腔位置上布有400根长20mm,直径2.5mm的有机玻璃钉,从而使插板定位套合夹板后,使插板上每一插钉均对准夹板下的孔腔。结果:手持自制插板定位于夹板面上向下轻微一推,即可使所有卡在夹板孔腔内的胶囊壳落入母板相应孔腔内。结论:该插板制作简单,轻便耐用且不损伤胶囊,较好地解决了胶囊壳堵塞问题,并减少了频繁更换夹板的成本。该项革新值得推广。     

明胶空心胶囊中铬含量测定方法研究进展

目的:为加强明胶空心胶囊的质量控制提供参考。方法:通过查阅近5年国内外相关文献资料,对明胶空心胶囊中铬含量测定方法的研究进展进行综述。结果:明胶空心胶囊中铬含量测定方法主要有原子吸收分光光度(AAS)法、分光光度(UV)法、X射线荧光分析(XRFA)法和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法;采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度(GF-AAS)法时样品的消解方法主要有微波消解法、炉内消解法和高压消解法等。结论:GF-AAS是测定明胶空心胶囊中铬含量的法定方法,UV、XRFA和ICP-MS可以作为其补充。其中ICP-MS作为一种新的检测方法,不仅可以测定明胶空心胶囊中的铬含量,还可以同时测定胶囊壳中其他多种有毒有害元素的含量和进行价态分析,应用前景广阔。     

几种中药制剂的体外抑菌作用研究

目的:探讨蒲公英颗粒、黄柏胶囊、鞣酸苦参碱胶囊和复方瓜子金颗粒对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的体外抑菌作用.方法:采用琼脂平板扩散法测定药物的抑菌圈直径大小,采用试管连续稀释法测定药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC,g/ml).结果:四种中药制剂对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为23.7～38 mm,对枯草芽孢杆菌抑菌圈直径为14.6～29.6 mm;对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为22.4～32.6 mm(黄柏胶囊除外).结论:上述四种中药制剂中黄柏胶囊对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,其抑菌圈直径为38 mm,MIC为9.76×10-4 g/ml,复方瓜子金颗粒对大肠杆菌的抑制作用最强,其抑菌圈直径为32.6 mm,MIC为7.81×10-3 g/ml,黄柏胶囊对大肠杆菌无抑制作用.     

尼群地平缓释片的制备及体外释放

目的:研究尼群地平(nitrendipine)缓释片的制备,以及考察其缓释片的体外释放行为。方法:制备尼群地平-聚维酮(PVP)固体分散体,将此固体分散体与羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC)制成亲水凝胶骨架缓释片,并对PVP用量、HPMC用量和释放介质等影响体外释药行为的因素进行了考察。结果:HPMC与PVP用量及其释放介质对药物释放行为影响显著,通过调节处方用量比例获得满意的释放效果,其体外释药过程符合零级药动学方程。结论:该法制备的尼群地平缓释片,其体外释药平稳、累积释放率高。     

硝苯啶从多孔性亲水骨架中释放的动力学

硝苯啶(Ⅰ)从血中消除很快,其抗高血压作用仅维持几小时,故将其制成缓释制剂以提高药物疗效。通过在硝苯啶或硝苯啶-聚乙二醇固体分散物中加入羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC),可制得多孔性亲水硝苯啶缓释片,其体外释药过程符合一级动力学行为.共试验了三种处方,各处方组成为:处方1 I0.020g,HPMC0.365g,滑石粉0.010g,硬脂酸镁0.005g;处方2 I-PEG6000固体分散物(1∶9)0.200g(内含I0.020g)HPMC     

Effect of fill weight, capsule shell, and sinker design on the dissolution behavior of capsule formulations of a weak acid drug candidate BMS-309403

Two strengths of BMS-309403 capsules were developed from a common stock granulation. Dissolution testing of the capsules was conducted utilizing the USP apparatus 2 (paddle) with a neutral pH dissolution medium. Unexpectedly, the lower-strength capsules exhibited slower dissolution than the higher-strength capsules filled with the same stock granulation. Higher variability was also observed for the lower-strength capsules. This was found to be mainly caused by a low fill weight in a relatively large size hard gelatin capsule shell. Instead of bursting open, some gelatin capsule shells softened and collapsed onto the granulation, which delayed the release of the active drug. The problem was aggravated by the use of coil sinkers which hindered the medium flow around the capsules. Switching from the gelatin capsule shells to the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells reversed the dissolution rate ranking between the two capsule strengths. However, both dissolved at a slower rate initially than the gelatin capsules due to the inherent dissolution rate of the HPMC shells at pH 6.8. Notably, the HPMC shells did not occlude the granulation as observed with the gelatin shells. The study demonstrated that the dissolution of capsule formulations in neutral pH media was significantly affected by the fill weight, sinker design, and capsule shell type. Careful selection of these parameters is essential to objectively evaluate the in vitro drug release.     

In Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacoscintigraphic Evaluation of Ibuprofen Hypromellose and Gelatin Capsules

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of hypromellose (HPMC) capsules prepared using a gellan gum and potassium gelling system compared to conventional hard gelatin capsules. METHODS: The in vitro dissolution of ibuprofen gelatin and HPMC capsules was determined using the USP and TRIS buffers at pH 7.2. The effect of pH and composition of the media was determined using a model drug that is soluble throughout the pH range 1.2 to 7.2. In an 11 subject four-way crossover study, the gastrointestinal performance of ibuprofen gelatin and HPMC capsule formulations was evaluated using scintigraphy and pharmacokinetics following fasted and fed dosing. RESULTS: Acid conditions and the presence of K+ cations hinder HPMC capsule opening, whereas in water, dissolution is identical to that of gelatin. These effects are related to the nature of the gel network that is formed in the presence of cations. No significant difference in esophageal transit was observed. Although the in vivo opening times of HPMC capsules were longer than for their gelatin counterparts, no significant difference in the regulatory important pharmacokinetic metrics of C(max) and AUC was found between ibuprofen, gelatin and HPMC capsules. CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro performance of HPMC capsules differ from gelatin, which will require modification to dissolution testing methodology for certain drugs. However, for the class II BCS drug ibuprofen, the two capsule types were not statistically different when comparing AUC and C(max) values, which suggests that the in vitro differences have reduced in vivo relevance.     

Effect of Fill Weight,Capsule Shell,and Sinker Design on the Dissolution Behavior of Capsule Formulations of a Weak Acid Drug Candidate BMS‐309403

Two strengths of BMS‐309403 capsules were developed from a common stock granulation. Dissolution testing of the capsules was conducted utilizing the USP apparatus 2 (paddle) with a neutral pH dissolution medium. Unexpectedly, the lower‐strength capsules exhibited slower dissolution than the higher‐strength capsules filled with the same stock granulation. Higher variability was also observed for the lower‐strength capsules. This was found to be mainly caused by a low fill weight in a relatively large size hard gelatin capsule shell. Instead of bursting open, some gelatin capsule shells softened and collapsed onto the granulation, which delayed the release of the active drug. The problem was aggravated by the use of coil sinkers which hindered the medium flow around the capsules. Switching from the gelatin capsule shells to the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells reversed the dissolution rate ranking between the two capsule strengths. However, both dissolved at a slower rate initially than the gelatin capsules due to the inherent dissolution rate of the HPMC shells at pH 6.8. Notably, the HPMC shells did not occlude the granulation as observed with the gelatin shells. The study demonstrated that the dissolution of capsule formulations in neutral pH media was significantly affected by the fill weight, sinker design, and capsule shell type. Careful selection of these parameters is essential to objectively evaluate the in vitro drug release.     

Effects of Food on a Gastrically Degraded Drug: Azithromycin Fast-Dissolving Gelatin Capsules and HPMC Capsules

Purpose

Commercial azithromycin gelatin capsules (Zithromax®) are known to be bioequivalent to commercial azithromycin tablets (Zithromax®) when dosed in the fasted state. These capsules exhibit a reduced bioavailability when dosed in the fed state, while tablets do not. This gelatin capsule negative food effect was previously proposed to be due to slow and/or delayed capsule disintegration in the fed stomach, resulting in extended exposure of the drug to gastric acid, leading to degradation to des-cladinose-azithromycin (DCA). Azithromycin gelatin capsules were formulated with “superdisintegrants” to provide fast-dissolving capsules, and HPMC capsule shells were substituted for gelatin capsule shells, in an effort to eliminate the food effect.

Methods

Healthy volunteers were dosed with these dosage forms under fasted and fed conditions; pharmacokinetics were evaluated. DCA pharmacokinetics were also evaluated for the HPMC capsule subjects. In vitro disintegration of azithromycin HPMC capsules in media containing food was evaluated and compared with commercial tablets and commercial gelatin capsules.

Result

When the two fast-dissolving capsule formulations were dosed to fed subjects, the azithromycin AUC was 38.9% and 52.1% lower than after fasted-state dosing. When HPMC capsules were dosed to fed subjects, the azithromycin AUC was 65.5% lower than after fasted-state dosing. For HPMC capsules, the absolute fasting-state to fed-state decrease in azithromycin AUC (on a molar basis) was similar to the increase in DCA AUC. In vitro capsule disintegration studies revealed extended disintegration times for commercial azithromycin gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules in media containing the liquid foods milk and Ensure®.

Conclusion

Interaction of azithromycin gelatin and HPMC capsules with food results in slowed disintegration in vitro and decreased bioavailability in vivo. Concurrent measurement of serum azithromycin and the acid-degradation product DCA demonstrates that the loss of azithromycin bioavailability in the fed state is largely (and probably entirely) due to gastric degradation to DCA. Capsules can provide a useful and elegant dosage form for almost all drugs, but may result in a negative food effect for drugs as acid-labile as azithromycin.

     

麻黄复配胶软胶囊的制备及其稳定性研究

目的:探讨提高麻黄软胶囊稳定性的方法.方法:明胶与羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)复配作为软胶囊的囊壳材料,减少明胶交联反应.采用中心复合试验设计,优选复配胶的处方和工艺,测定复配胶的凝胶性质,并进行复配胶软胶囊的稳定性考察.结果:复配胶处方确定为明胶(冻力180 g)、明胶(冻力240 g)、HPMC、甘油、水用量比为49∶26∶25∶30∶200,复配软胶囊胶凝时间5.72 min,崩解时限4.6 min,加速90 d的崩解时限11.2 min,加速90 d的累积溶出百分率86.6％.结论:明胶-HPMC复配可以提高麻黄软胶囊的稳定性.     

A scintigraphic investigation of the disintegration behaviour of capsules in fasting subjects: a comparison of hypromellose capsules containing carrageenan as a gelling agent and standard gelatin capsules.

Two-piece hard shell capsules made from hypromellose (or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional gelatin capsules for oral drug delivery; however, little is known about their in vivo behaviour. The aim of this study was to compare the disintegration of HPMC and gelatin capsules in fasted human subjects using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. HPMC capsules containing carrageenan as a gelling agent (QUALI-V(R), Qualicaps) and gelatin capsules (Qualicaps) of size 0 were filled with a lactose-based mixture. The capsules were separately radiolabelled with indium-111 and technetium-99m. Both capsules were administered simultaneously with 180ml water to eight healthy male subjects following an overnight fast. Each volunteer was positioned in front of the gamma camera and sequential 60s images were acquired in a continuous manner for 30min. No differences in the oesophageal transit of the two types of capsules were noted, with the capsules arriving in the stomach in a matter of seconds. All the capsules disintegrated in the stomach. The mean (+/-S.D.) disintegration time for the HPMC capsules was 9+/-2min (range 6-11min). The corresponding mean time for the gelatin capsules was 7+/-4min (range 3-13min). These disintegration times were not significantly different (P=0.108, paired t-test). In conclusion, HPMC and gelatin capsules show rapid and comparable in vivo disintegration times in the fasted state. HPMC capsules containing carrageenan as a gelling agent therefore offer a practical alternative to gelatin capsules as an oral drug delivery carrier.     

3D Printing and Dissolution Testing of Novel Capsule Shells for Use in Delivering Acetaminophen

Individualized drug delivery improves drug efficacy and safety for patients. To implement individualized drug delivery, patient-specific tailored dosages produced on a small scale are needed. However, current pharmaceutical manufacturing is not suitable for personalized dosage forms. Although convenient to deliver various drugs, current gelatin capsules using animal collagen protein have many limitations, such as releasing drugs too fast and incompatibility with some diets. In contrast, 3D printed capsules have great potential to advance individualized treatments. In this paper, we 3D printed and tested non-animal-based capsule shells for the delivery of acetaminophen. Capsule shells were composed of poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) and PVA blends with 5-25% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Dissolution of acetaminophen when delivered in –hese capsule shells was tested using a USP dissolution test apparatus 2 (paddle type) at gastric pH. The novel shells were compared to each other and to commercially available hard gelatin capsules. Dissolution results show that acetaminophen when delivered in 3D printed capsules was slower than when delivered by gelatin capsules. Increasing the percentage of HPMC in the blend further delayed its release and dissolution. This delay could potentially increase the efficacy and reduce the side effects of acetaminophen. These shells also offer a non-animal-based alternative to gelatin capsules. Furthermore, 3D printing of capsule shells with specific polymer blends may be useful for patient-specific therapy in compounding pharmacies across the country.     

Formulation parameters affecting the performance of coated gelatin capsules with pulsatile release profiles

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a rupturable pulsatile drug delivery system based on soft gelatin capsules with or without a swelling layer and an external water-insoluble but -permeable polymer coating, which released the drug after a lag time (rupturing of the external polymer coating). The swelling of the gelatin capsule itself was insufficient to rupture the external polymer coating, an additional swelling layer was applied between the capsule and the polymer coating. Croscarmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol) was more effective as a swelling agent than low and high molecular weight hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC; E5 or K100M). Brittle polymers, such as ethyl cellulose (EC) and cellulose acetate propionate (CAPr), led to a better rupturing and therefore more complete drug release than the flexible polymer coating, Eudragit RS. The lag time of the release system increased with higher polymer coating levels and decreased with the addition of a hydrophilic pore-former, HPMC E5 and also with an increasing amount of the intermediate swelling layer. The water uptake of the capsules was linear until rupture and was higher with CAPr than with EC. Soft gelatin capsule-based systems showed shorter lag times compared to hard gelatin capsules because of the higher hardness/filling state of the soft gelatin capsules. The swelling pressure was therefore more directed to the external polymer coating with the soft gelatin capsules. Typical pulsatile drug release profiles were obtained at lower polymer coating levels, while the release was slower and incomplete at the higher coating levels. CAPr-coated capsules resulted in a more complete release than EC-coated capsules.     

Effects of particle size,food, and capsule shell composition on the oral bioavailability of dabrafenib,a BRAF inhibitor,in patients with BRAF mutation-positive tumors

Dabrafenib is a small-molecule inhibitor of BRAF kinase activity that is currently being developed for the treatment of BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma. This clinical, open-label, two-cohort (n = 14 per cohort), randomized study was designed to evaluate the effect of drug substance particle size, and food on the plasma pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of dabrafenib in patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive solid tumors. In addition, an exploratory cross-cohort comparison of the relative bioavailability of single-dose dabrafenib administered in gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules was performed. Higher bioavailability was noted with nonmicronized drug substance (larger particle size), under fasting conditions, and with HPMC capsules. Initial dissolution results at pH 1.2 showed higher dissolution of gelatin relative to HPMC capsules inconsistent with clinical data. Subsequent in vitro dissolution studies were conducted in fasted-state simulated gastric fluid over a 24-h period and showed that HPMC capsules reached a higher percentage of dabrafenib dissolved than gelatin capsules. The presence of HPMC is believed to inhibit precipitation of dabrafenib as the freebase, thereby maintaining a supersaturated solution over an extended period of time. Dabrafenib has been administered in pivotal clinical studies on an empty stomach using micronized drug substance in HPMC capsules. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:3100–3109, 2013     

Modified conventional hard gelatin capsules as fast disintegrating dosage form in the oral cavity.

Fast disintegrating capsules for administration in the oral cavity were prepared either by perforation or by vacuum-drying of conventional hard capsules. When compared to other fast disintegrating dosage forms (e.g. lyophilized sponges or tablets), these capsules have various advantages, in particular, a high drug loading capacity and no compression steps. The disintegration time of conventional hard gelatin capsules (HGC) was reduced from 91 to 39 s by introducing 6-10 small holes (diameter =25-50 microm) into the capsule shell. Vacuum-drying of conventional hard gelatin capsules resulted in brittle capsules, which broke rapidly in the oral cavity. The brittleness of the hard gelatin capsules correlated well with their moisture content. The critical moisture value for sufficient brittleness of hard gelatin capsules was <4% w/w. In contrast, HPMC capsules remained flexible, even at low moisture content. The moisture uptake of various capsule fillers was in the order of Avicel PH101 > lactose > Avicel PH112 > or = mannitol. Hard gelatin capsules filled with mannitol and packaged in bottles with silica gel kept their desired brittleness during 6 months storage at various relative humidities.