北京城乡人群1168例血浆同型半胱氨酸分布及相关因素研究

目的：描述北京地区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平分布及特点，分析Hcy与相关因素的关系。方法：以北京地区城乡人群35－64岁男女两性1168人的调查结果为研究样本，对血浆同型半胱氨酸分布特点及与相关因素的关系进行统计学分析。结果：①血浆Hcy几何均数男性为15．4μmol/L，女性为12．2μmol/L，男性高于女性（P＜0．001）。②血浆Hcy分布存在着城乡差别，农村男性（18．0μmol/L）是城市男性（12．0μmol/L）的1．5倍（P＜0．001），农村女性（12．9μmol/L）是城市女性（9．6μmol/L的1．3倍（P＜0．001）。③北京城乡35－64岁人群中高Hcy血症（Hcy≥16μmol/L）的患病率为15．3％。④与相关因素分析显示：城乡、性别、受教育水平和吸烟是高同型半胱氨酸血症 的影响因素。结论：北京地区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的分布存在着年龄、性别和城乡间差别；北京地区人群Hcy水平及高Hcy血症的患病率明显高于西方发达国家，尤其是农村地区；城乡间Hcy水平的差别可能更大程度地反映了环境因素的影响。     

Serum lipids and their correlates in Chinese urban and rural populations of Beijing and Guangzhou. PRC-USA Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group.

In 1983 and 1984, surveys were conducted in four Chinese population samples, urban and rural for both Beijing and Guangzhou, as part of PRC-USA collaborative research in cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary epidemiology. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured in 4280 men and 4695 women aged 35-54 years, in laboratories standardized by the US Centers for Disease Control. Age-adjusted mean serum TC was higher in urban than rural samples and generally higher in Beijing than Guangzhou, ranging from 155 mg/dL for Guangzhou rural women to 187 mg/dl for Guangzhou urban women. Group mean values of HDL-C varied from 48 to 59 mg/dl, higher in Beijing than Guangzhou, and higher in women than men. TC/HDL-C ratio ranged from 3.05 to 3.82. Serum TG values were higher for Beijing than Guangzhou; the lowest group mean values of 78 mg/dl and 75 mg/dl were in rural Guangzhou men and women. Mean body mass index (BMI) was uniformly low, ranging from 20 kg/m2 for rural Guangzhou to 24 kg/m2 for urban Beijing. Multiple regression analyses showed that BMI was positively and independently related to serum TC, LDL-C, TG, and TC/HDL-C, and inversely related to HDL-C. Smoking was positively related in both sexes to TG and TC/HDL-C, and inversely related to HDL-C. Smoking was also positively related to TC and LDL-C in men. In men, alcohol was positively related to TC and HDL-C, and was inversely related to TG and TC/HDL-C. Heavy manual work was inversely related to TC, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C in men, but not related to lipids in women. Thus, for these Chinese population samples, despite their lower serum TC and BMI, the correlates of serum lipids are similar to those in western populations. These variables accounted for only part of the observed urban-rural and north-south differences in serum lipids among these Chinese population samples. The significance of the relatively low serum TC and TG and high HDL-C in relation to low cardiovascular disease in Chinese populations is the object of further investigation in follow-up studies.     

北京、广州城乡人群工作时体力活动现状及其10年间变化情况

目的描述中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动现状及过去10年的变化趋势。方法整群随机抽取北京城市、北京农村、广州城市和广州农村4组人群3304人,采用标准化问卷、收集工作时间体力活动及10年间变化资料,计算每个人日常工作时间单位体重的能量消耗(kJ/kg)。结果中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动处于较低水平,极轻和轻体力工作者占总人数的59.4%,工作时间体力活动强度呈现男性高于女性、南方高于北方、农村高于城市的特点。与10年前相比,工作时间体力活动强度降低、不变和增加者分别为48.8%、38.0%和13.2%,降低者比例呈现农村高于城市、男性高于女性、随年龄增加而增加、随文化水平降低而增加的特征。结论中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动较低及过去10年降低的趋势提示中国需要增加公共健康投资,包括制定策略和公众教育。     

我国四城市成年居民夏季饮水量

目的 调查我国4个城市成年居民夏季每天饮水量.方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,从北京、上海、成都、广州4个城市中抽取18～60岁城乡居民1483名.采用连续7 d的饮水记录法,了解调查对象的饮水情况,由调查对象利用定量用具估计每次饮水量,并记录每次饮水种类.分析不同城市、性别、城乡调查对象饮水种类和饮水量.结果 调查对象每天饮水量的中位数为1488 ml,北京、上海、成都、广州分别为1579、1793、1150、1467 ml,各城市之间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=154.31,P=0.000);男性每天饮水量中位数(1679 ml)多于女性(1370 ml)(Z=8.34,P=0.000);城区调查对象每天的饮水量中位数(1514 ml)与农村(1466 ml)相比,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.81,P=0.420).调查对象每天饮用白水、茶水、饮料的中位数分别为786、109和186 ml.在4个城市中,白水饮用量最高的是广州(917 ml);茶水饮用量最高的是上海(257 ml);而饮料饮用量在上海(323 ml)和北京(264 ml)较高.男性茶水的饮用量为229 ml,高于女性的57 ml(Z=7.52,P=0.000);城区调查对象每天白水的饮用量(693 ml)低于农村(914 ml).每天的饮水量不到1200 ml的调查对象占32.4%(480/1483).结论 我国成年居民每天饮水量及白水、茶水、饮料饮用量存在城市、城乡、性别的差异;约1/3的居民每天饮水量未达到目前我国1200 ml的饮水建议量.

Abstract：

Objectives To investigate total drinking water intake of adults in the four cities of China in summer.Methods A total of 1483 adults aged 18-60 yrs from Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method.The information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement.The amounts and types of daily drinking water among different cities and between men and women or urban and rural was analyzed.Results The median of daily total drinking water of subjects was 1488 ml,with significant difference among the four cities(1579,1793,1150,1467 ml in Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou city,respectively,χ2=154.31,P=0.000).The median of daily drinking water was significantly higher in men(1679 ml) than women(1370 ml)(Z=8.34,P=0.000),but no significant difference was found between urban(1514 ml) and rural (1466 ml)daily drinking water median (Z=-0.81,P=0.420).The median of daily consumption of plain water,tea and beverages were 786,109,186 ml,respectively.Among four cities,the highest consumption of plain water was in subjects of Guangzhou (917 ml),while the highest tea consumption in Shanghai (257 ml) and the highest beverages consumption in Shanghai (323 ml) and Beijing (264 ml).Consumption of tea in men(229 ml)was significantly higher than that in women (57 ml) (Z=7.52,P=0.000).Subjects in urban (693 ml) had lower consumption of plain water than those in rural (914 ml).The proportion was 32.4% (480/1483) for subjects with water drinking less than 1200 ml per day.Conclusion The daily consumption of total drinking water,including plain water,tea and beverages is different in adults among different cities and is different in gender and regions.It is nearly 1/3 of subjects with daily total drinking water less than current Chinese recommended water intake (1200 ml).     

Lung function, respiratory symptoms, and mortality: results from the Busselton Health Study

PURPOSE: This study examines the association between lung function [percentage predicted FEV, (forced expiratory volume in 1 s)] and respiratory symptoms (asthma, bronchitis, wheeze, dyspnea) and mortality from all causes; coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and respiratory disease in a cohort of 2,100 men and 2,177 women in the Busselton Health Study followed for 20-26 years for mortality. METHODS: A total of 840 men and 637 women died during the follow-up period, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationships between risk factors and mortality. RESULTS: Lung function was significantly and independently predictive of mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, cancer, and respiratory disease in both men and women, and of mortality from stroke in women. There was evidence that, among men, the association was stronger in current and former smokers as compared to those who never smoked. After adjustment for age, smoking, lung function, coronary heart disease, blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, total cholesterol, body mass index, and alcohol consumption, dyspnea was significantly related to total mortality in men and women and to respiratory disease mortality in men, and asthma was significantly related to respiratory disease mortality in women. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function is associated with mortality from many diseases independent of smoking and respiratory symptoms. Although most respiratory symptoms are associated with smoking and lung function, after controlling for smoking and lung function, only dyspnea is associated with mortality from nonrespiratory causes.     

2015年陕西省成人吸烟及“二手烟”现状调查

目的 描述2015年陕西省成人吸烟、“二手烟”、戒烟、日均吸烟量的流行水平。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法选择调查对象,对陕西省监测点覆盖的监测人群,年龄18岁及以上进行入户面访调查,采用现在吸烟率、“二手烟”暴露率、对主动和被动吸烟的危害认知率、戒烟率等指标,依据抽样权重进行加权计算。结果 陕西省18岁及以上年龄吸烟率32.73%,现在吸烟率28.30%,男性和女性的现在吸烟率为53.78%和1.64%;城市现在吸烟率为24.52%,农村31.53%;每日吸烟率25.32%;现在每日吸烟者日均吸烟量16.98支,男性日均吸烟量17.14支,女性日均吸烟量9.74支;人群戒烟率为13.54%,男性戒烟率13.43%,女性17.11%;城市戒烟率13.90%,农村戒烟率13.30%;“二手烟”暴露率65.14%,对吸烟引起中风、心脏病、肺癌疾病的知晓率为30.8%,对被动吸烟引起成人心脏疾病、儿童肺部疾病、成人肺癌疾病的知晓率为36.0%。结论 陕西省18岁及以上居民的人群吸烟及“二手烟”暴露比较严重,戒烟率偏低,对烟草危害知识认知不足。     

Social class differences in lung cancer mortality: risk factor explanations using two Scottish cohort studies

BACKGROUND: The study investigated differences in lung cancer mortality risk between social classes. METHODS: Twenty years of mortality follow-up were analysed in 7052 men and 8354 women from the Renfrew/Paisley general population study and 4021 working men from the Collaborative study. RESULTS: More manual than non-manual men and women smoked, reported morning phlegm, had worse lung function and lived in more deprived areas. Lung cancer mortality rates were higher in manual than non-manual men and women. Significantly higher lung cancer mortality risks were seen for manual compared to non-manual workers when adjusting for age only and adjustment for smoking reduced these risks to 1.41 (95% CI : 1.12-1.77) for men in the Renfrew/Paisley study, 1.28 (95% CI : 0.94-1.75) for women in the Renfrew/Paisley study and 1.43 (95% CI : 1.02-2.01) for men in the Collaborative study. Adjustment for lung function, phlegm and deprivation category attenuated the risks which were of borderline significance for men in the Renfrew/Paisley study and non significant for women in the Renfrew/Paisley study and men in the Collaborative study. Adding extra socioeconomic variables, available in the Collaborative study only, reduced the difference between the manual and non-manual social classes completely. CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference in lung cancer risk between social classes, in addition to the effect of smoking. This can be explained by poor lung health, deprivation and poor socioeconomic conditions throughout life. As well as anti-smoking measures, reducing socioeconomic inequalities and targeting individuals with poor lung function for help with smoking cessation could help reduce future lung cancer incidence and mortality.     

广州城郊妇女产褥期饮食行为及其影响因素分析

目的:了解广州城郊妇女在产褥期的饮食行为状况并分析其影响因素。方法:采用分层抽样和整群抽样相结合的方法,抽取广州市城区和郊区经历过产褥期的妇女共2 040例作为研究对象,逐一进行回顾性问卷调查,回收有效问卷2 013份。结果:产褥期存在多种传统的饮食禁忌及膳食结构不合理现象,鸡蛋每日摄入超过150 g者占31.7%,肉禽类摄入超过300 g达到56.0%;大多数妇女产褥期完全不摄入虾蟹、坚果、大豆及豆制品(分别占84.7%、73.1%和62.8%),而不食用奶类和水果分别占40.0%和30.4%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,妇女产褥期传统的饮食观念是影响虾蟹类、水果类食物摄取的主要负面因素;妇女及其丈夫的文化程度高、接受过营养指导、知晓相关的营养知识是以上各类食物摄取的主要促进因素;另外,虾蟹类、奶类、大豆及其制品的摄取还受地域影响。结论:广州妇女产褥期饮食仍然存在一些值得注意的问题,建议有针对性的对产妇及其家人开展营养保健知识宣教活动。     

Lung cancer in Austria: Present and future trends

Between 1966 and 1982, age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates in Austria showed a slightly decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women. Differences between male and female lung cancer rates and different trends among particular age groups, especially male, can be understood as a function of the difference in past smoking habits: in men, the lung cancer epidemic had already passed its peak. Mortality will continually decrease, with the possibility of a slight and short-lasting future increase, when 1917 to 1931 birth cohorts reach an older age. In women, lung cancer mortality will increase steadily as a consequence of the increasing epidemic of cigarette smoking among young women. But it will never reach the same proportion as in men, because high tar cigarettes have not played the same role in female smoking habits as in male.Corresponding author.     

我国城乡老年人白内障的患病情况调查

目的：研究白内障在老年人群中的现状、分布特点。方法：采用多级、整群抽样的方法,对北京、上海、广州、成都、西安、沈阳6城市8252名≥60岁常住老年人的白内障情况进行横断面流行病学调查。结果：白内障总患病率为46．8％,标化率为42．8％,但既往诊断率较低为19．7％,仅为现患率的42．1％;60～、65～、70～、75～、80～岁年龄组的患病率分别为27．9％、41．3％、53．2％、67．5％、68．0％,白内障随着年龄的增高患病率呈增加的趋势（P＜0．01）;白内障存在明显的地区差别,城市以广州地区最高（77．9％）,农村以北京地区最高（67．3％）;白内障存在着性别差异,女性标化率（49．1％）高于男性（35．6％）（P＜0．01）。白内障影响因素的logistic分析表明、性别、年龄、职业、地区的不同和白内障患病情况密切相关。结论：白内障在中国患病率较高,女性高于男性,随着年龄增加而增高且存在地区、职业的差别;白内障的既往诊断率远低于现患率,提示今后应加强白内障的防治工作,以提高老年人的生活质量。     

Urban-rural difference in stroke mortality from a 19-year cohort study of the Japanese general population: NIPPON DATA80

In Japan, cohort studies on stroke have been mainly conducted in rural areas, with few studies comparing stroke mortality between urban and rural areas. We aimed to explore urban-rural difference in stroke mortality throughout Japan using a representative sample of the general Japanese population, the NIPPON DATA80. This study included 9309 subjects (4080 men and 5229 women) aged 30 years or older who were residents of 294 areas in 211 municipalities of Japan in 1980 and followed-up until 1999. Population size of the municipality in which the aforementioned areas were located was used to distinguish between urban and rural areas, because municipalities in Japan are classified as village, town or city principally by population size. We applied a multilevel logistic regression model to take into account the hierarchical data structure of individuals (subjects) (level 1) nested within areas (level 2), and then calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of deaths from total stroke. Statistically significant variance between areas was not observed in men but was in women. Age-adjusted odds ratios of the areas in the medium (population > or = 30,000 and <300,000) and small municipalities (<30,000) compared with the areas in the large municipalities (> or = 300,000) were 1.31 and 1.40 in men, and 1.32 and 1.62 in women, respectively. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (adjusted for age, body mass index, total cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, and daily alcohol consumption) of the areas in the medium and small municipalities compared with the areas in the large municipalities were 1.29 and 1.36 in men, and 1.34 and 1.68 in women, respectively. In conclusion, stroke mortality tended to be higher in rural areas than in urban areas in Japan, especially among women.     

中国六城市老年人前列腺增生的患病率及相关因素

目的：研究老年人前列腺增生的现状和分布特点。方法：采用多级、整级抽样的方法。对中国６个城市３３６１例≥６０岁的常住城乡老年人进行了横断面的流行病学调查。结果 前列腺增生总患率为４３．６８％,按年龄分组的患病率６０￣、６５￣、７０￣、７５￣、８０￣,８５￣岁者分别为３４．４８,４０．２７％、４６．７７％、５１．４４％、５７．３２％和６０．１９％,随年龄的增长前列腺患病率增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）;城市患病     

Comparison of electrocardiographic findings between Northern and Southern Chinese population samples

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is rare in China, but there are few data on the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in Chinese populations. METHODS: The ECG surveys were carried out in four Chinese population samples, in a total of 9,666 adults aged 35-54 in Beijing and Guangzhou, China from 1981 to 1984. Twelve-lead resting ECG tracings were coded by the Minnesota Code. RESULTS: Prevalence per 1,000 of abnormal ECG ranged from 77.4 to 209.8, and was higher for men than women and higher for Guangzhou than Beijing. Prevalence per 1,000 of major abnormalities in Guangzhou was 29.8 for men and 78.4 for women, higher than the 18.4 and 29.6 for counterparts in Beijing. The ECG changes attributed in 'Western' populations to coronary heart disease (CHD), such as large Q waves (Minnesota Code 1-1, 1-2) and ST-T abnormalities, were similar between Beijing and Guangzhou men, but Guangzhou women had much higher prevalence of ST-T abnormalities than Beijing women. Other ECG abnormalities such as A-V block, left branch bundle block, and left ventricular hypertrophy were rare in people of both sites. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with similar data from the US, these Chinese populations had a relatively low prevalence of ECG abnormalities putatively related to CHD. This corresponds with the low incidence of CHD in the Chinese population. However, within the Chinese populations of this study, a high abnormality rate appeared in a population with low incidence of CHD and hypertension (Guangzhou women). Reasons why ECG abnormalities do not parallel prevalence levels of CHD and hypertension remain to be elucidated.     

Community studies of lung disease in Connecticut: organization and methods.

We have obtained data on respiratory symptoms, enviornmental exposures, and lung function in 3730 residents, aged seven years and over, of a rural and an urban community in Connecticut. We used newly developed computerized techniques of data acquisition. The respondents represent 66.3% of the total populations available for study in the defined geographic areas (75.2% in the rural and 54.7% in the urban community). Door-to-door surveys in defined areas within each community provided information on the nonrespondents. Data on 92% of all residents were obtained in the door-to-door survey areas. Comparisons of respiratory symptoms and smoking habits between respondents and nonrespondents in the door-to-door survey areas, and between respondents living in the door-to-door survey areas and elsewhere in the two towns, led to the conclusion that the data on the respondents are an accurate reflection of the lung disease experienced by the total populations of the two communities.     

Prevalence of Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases in a District of Gujarat,India

The study attempted to identify the prevalence and distribution of risk factors of non-communicable diseases among urban and rural population in Gujarat, India. Using the WHO stepwise approach, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,805 urban and 1,684 rural people of 15-64 years age-group. Information on behavioural and physiological risk factors of non-communicable diseases was obtained through standardized protocol. High prevalence of smoking (22.8%) and the use of smokeless tobacco (43.4%) were observed among rural men compared to urban men (smoking-12.8% and smokeless tobacco consumption-23.1%). There was a significant difference in the average consumption of fruits and vegetables between urban (2.18±1.59 servings) and rural (1.78±1.48 servings) area. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed to be high among urban men and women in all age-groups compared to rural men and women. Prevalence of behavioural risk factors, overweight, and obesity increased with age in both the areas. Twenty-nine percent of the urban residents and 15.4% of the rural residents were found to have raised blood pressure, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). For both men and women, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, hypertension, and lack of physical activities were significantly higher in the urban population while smoking, smokeless tobacco consumption, poor consumption of fruits and vegetables were more prevalent in the rural population. The results highlight the need for interventions and approaches for the prevention of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in rural and urban areas.Key words: Cross-sectional study, Non-communicable diseases, Risk factors, WHO STEPS     

Attitudes toward tobacco cessation and lung cancer screening in two South African communities

ABSTRACT

Among men in South Africa, the prevalence of tobacco smoking is as high as 33%. Although smoking is responsible for most lung cancer in South Africa, occupational and environmental exposures contribute greatly to risk. We conducted a tobacco and lung cancer screening needs assessment and administered surveys to adults who smoked >100 cigarettes in their lifetime in Johannesburg (urban) and Kimberley (rural). We compared tobacco use, risk exposure, attitudes toward and knowledge of, and receptivity to cessation and screening, by site. Of 324 smokers, nearly 85% of current smokers had a <30 pack-year history of smoking; 58.7% had tried to stop smoking ≥1 time, and 78.9% wanted to quit. Kimberley smokers more often reported being advised by a healthcare provider to stop smoking (56.5% vs. 37.3%, p=0.001) than smokers in Johannesburg but smokers in Johannesburg were more willing to stop smoking if advised by their doctor (72.9% vs. 41.7%, p<0.001). Findings indicate that tobacco smokers in two geographic areas of South Africa are motivated to stop smoking but receive no healthcare support to do so. Developing high risk criteria for lung cancer screening and creating tobacco cessation infrastructure may reduce tobacco use and decrease lung cancer mortality in South Africa.     

我国部分地区35～64岁人群血浆叶酸水平与年龄性别差异比较

目的 :　了解我国部分地区 3 5～ 6 4岁人群血浆叶酸性别、年龄分布特征。方法 :　以来自南北方有代表性的城乡地区、3 5～ 6 4岁男女两性 2 5 4 5人为研究样本 ,测定血浆叶酸 ,并进行不同性别、年龄血浆叶酸水平差异比较。结果 :　 (1 )男性血浆叶酸水平显著低于女性 (9.70nmol/L vs1 4.2 nmol/L,P=0 .0 0 1 ) ,血浆叶酸缺乏率显著高于女性 (3 1 .0 % vs1 2 .5 % ,P=0 .0 0 1 )。(2 )男性血浆叶酸南方高于北方 ,城乡之间差异除北方冬春季节城市显著低于农村外 ,均不具有统计学意义 ,城乡叶酸缺乏率亦不存在显著差异 ;女性血浆叶酸亦呈南方高于北方 ,并有城市高于农村 ,北方农村叶酸缺乏率显著高于城市的分布特征。 (3 )南方男性血浆叶酸随年龄升高而增加 ,南方女性及北方男女性血浆叶酸有随年龄升高而增加的趋势 ,差异不具统计学意义。结论 :　我国 3 5～ 6 4岁人群男性血浆叶酸显著低于女性 ,缺乏率高于女性 ;男女两性血浆叶酸在城乡之间的分布特征不同 ,女性血浆叶酸城乡差异显著     

Urban/rural variation in the influence of widowhood on mortality risk: A cohort study of almost 300,000 couples

Death of a spouse is associated with increased mortality risk for the surviving partner (the widowhood effect). We investigated whether the effect magnitude varied between urban, rural and intermediate areas, assembling death records (2001–2009) for a prospective cohort of 296,125 married couples in Northern Ireland. The effect was greatest during the first six months of widowhood in all areas and for both sexes. Subsequently, the effect was attenuated among men in rural and intermediate areas but persisted in urban areas (HRs and 95% CIs: rural 1.09 [0.99, 1.21]; urban 1.35 [1.26, 1.44]). Among women the effect was attenuated in all areas (rural 1.06 [0.96, 1.17]; urban 1.09 [1.01, 1.17]). The impacts of spousal bereavement varied between urban and more rural areas, possibly due to variation in social support provided by the wider community. We identify men in urban areas as being in greatest need of such support and a possible target for health interventions.     

Urban-rural differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Delhi.

A community-based epidemiological survey of coronary heart disease and its risk factors was carried out over the period 1984-87 on a random sample of adults aged 25-64 years: 13,723 adults living in Delhi and 3375 in adjoining rural areas. ECG examination and analysis of fasting blood samples for lipids were performed on subjects with the disease and asymptomatic adults free of clinical manifestations. The overall prevalence of coronary heart disease among adults based on clinical and ECG criteria was estimated at 96.7 per 1000 and 27.1 per 1000 in the urban and rural populations, respectively. Prevalences of a family history of coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in the urban than in the rural population, and smoking was commoner among rural men and women. Mean levels of total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher among urban subjects; the mean level of triglycerides was higher in rural subjects. The proportions with total cholesterol levels > 190 mg/dl were 44.1% and 23.0% in urban and rural men, respectively, and 50.1% and 23.9% among urban and rural women, respectively. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels < 35 mg/dl were found in 2.2% of urban men and 8.0% of rural men compared with 1.6% and 3.5% among urban and rural women, respectively. An abnormal ECG pattern (Q wave or ST-T changes) in asymptomatic individuals is also considered to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. In asymptomatic adults, 1.7% of urban men and 1.2% of urban women showed abnormal Q waves compared with 0.3% of rural men and 0.4% of rural women. A higher proportion of asymptomatic women showed ST-T changes in both populations. Rural men and women had higher total calorie and saturated fat intakes than urban subjects. Differences in dietary cholesterol intake were marginal. Sodium intake was greater in urban adults. Average daily consumption of alcohol by urban men was 12.7 ml ethanol compared with 2.4 ml in rural men.     

中国35～59岁人群代谢综合征患病率及其变化

目的 了解中国中年(35～59岁)人群代谢综合征(MS)的患病率及变化.方法 利用国家"十五"期间(2004-2005年)的现况调查资料,并与"九五"期间(1998年)的可比资料进行分析.结果 中年人群MS患病率为12.1%,男性高于女性、北方地区高于南方地区、城市人群高于农村人群(P<0.05).同时有肥胖、高血压、血脂紊乱三个因素者占60.4%."十五"期间MS标化患病率(10.0%)与"九五"期间(7.2%)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且男性大于女性、北方地区大于南方地区.无论南北方地区、城市农村人群,甘油三酯、体重指数、腰围的平均水平都显著高于"九五"期间.结论 中国中年人群MS患病率呈上升趋势.