2014-2018年支气管镜肺泡灌洗液主要病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的探讨2014—2018年支气管镜肺泡灌洗液主要病原菌及其耐药性。方法选取2014—2018年在东南大学附属南京市胸科医院住院的感染患者690例,均采用支气管镜检查,并对肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养及药敏试验进行分析。结果2014—2018年支气管镜肺泡灌洗液检出主要病原菌690株,包括革兰阴性菌393株(56.96%),革兰阳性菌86株(12.46%),真菌211株(30.58%)。2014—2018年主要革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林耐药率较高,为37.06%;铜绿假单胞菌对常见抗生素敏感,耐药率均低于30.00%;大肠埃希菌对头包他啶、环丙沙星、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星耐药率较高,均超过30.00%。2014—2018年表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)均未见对莫西沙星、达托霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药,其中表皮葡萄球菌对头孢曲松、复方新诺明、利福平、红霉素、环丙沙星耐药率均超过75.00%,溶血葡萄球菌对头孢曲松、复方新诺明、利福平、红霉素、环丙沙星耐药率均超过50.00%,MRSA对头孢曲松、复方新诺明、利福平、红霉素、四环素、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40.00%。2014—2018年革兰阳性菌多重耐药率逐年降低,革兰阴性菌多重耐药率逐年升高(P<0.01)。结论2014—2018年革兰阴性菌包括肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌是下呼吸道疾病感染主要病原菌,且其耐药性逐年升高,故临床应根据药敏试验合理用药以降低耐药性。     

老年胃癌并发糖尿病患者术后感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

[目的]研究老年胃癌并发糖尿病患者术后感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,以期为感染诊治提供参考。[方法]回顾性分析734例老年胃癌并发糖尿病患者的临床资料。分离培养采集到的患者标本细菌,采用GP法进行革兰阴性菌药敏试验,采用GN201法进行革兰阳性菌药敏试验。[结果]老年胃癌并发糖尿病患者术后感染136例(感染率18.52%),患者共分离培养病原菌158株,其中革兰阴性菌96株(60.76%)、革兰阳性菌58株(36.71%)、真菌4株(2.53%)。主要革兰阳性菌中,表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率分别为100.00%、77.78%,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率分别为91.67%、83.33%。主要革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为93.33%、80.00%,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮、环丙沙星耐药率分别为76.92%、69.23%,铜绿假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率为80.00%。[结论]老年胃癌并发糖尿病患者术后感染率较高,病原菌分布主要为革兰阴性菌,且对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星等的耐药率较高,值得临床上感染诊治时借鉴。     

血液肿瘤并发败血症143株病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的探讨血液肿瘤患者并发败血症病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法回顾分析2004-01/2006-12住院的血液肿瘤患者血培养标本中分离的病原菌。结果472份血培养标本检出致病菌143株,阳性率30.3%。革兰阴性菌95株（66.4%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌40株（28.0%）,以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌8株（5.6%）。革兰阴性杆菌除对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药耐药性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南也有一定耐药性。3种主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林均高度耐药。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药率低,尚未检出耐万古霉素菌株,部分肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌株对替考拉宁耐药。结论血液肿瘤患者并发败血症的病原菌中,以革兰阴性菌为主;抗生素的大量使用,使革兰阴性菌和阳性菌的耐药率都增高,应根据细菌培养及药敏实验在临床中合理使用抗生素。     

肺科病区下呼吸道感染耐药性分析

目的了解2009年我院分离菌的分布和耐药特征。方法采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）对我院分离的菌株进行药敏试验。结果共分离细菌487株,其中革兰阴性杆菌422株,占86.65%,革兰阳性球菌65株,占13.35%。AECOPD中90.3%为革兰阴性菌感染,而革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌占第一位。铜绿假单胞菌是支气管扩张下呼吸道感染最常见的病原菌。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星均有较高耐药率。结论临床常见病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星均有较高耐药率,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类仍敏感。     

老年肺结核合并下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的了解老年肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌分布和耐药性情况。方法收集1 486例老年肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本进行病原菌分离及耐药性分析。结果 1 486例患者的总阳性率为39.10%(581/1 486),共检出病原菌株656株。其中革兰阳性菌29株(4.42%),主要为金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌;革兰阴性菌421株(64.18%),主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌;真菌206株(31.40%),主要为白色念珠菌。革兰阴性菌对丁胺卡那、美洛培南以及亚胺培南比较敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁比较敏感。结论老年肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌以革兰阴性菌居多,耐药性较高,临床治疗应根据患者的病原菌的耐药试验结果选择敏感性高的药物。     

危重症患者导管相关血流感染病原菌耐药性及影响因素分析

目的 分析危重症患者导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)病原菌分布、耐药性及危险因素。方法 选取2018年6月～2021年6月在本院综合ICU患者作为研究对象,统计患者感染率,分析感染患者的感染部位、病原菌分布及病原菌的耐药率,并采用SPSS22.0软件对感染的危险因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析。结果 1 200例行中心静脉置管患者中有58例发生CRBSI感染,感染率为4.83%;58例感染患者共检查出37株病原菌,其中以革兰阳性菌为主,共25株占67.37%,革兰阴性菌12株占比32.63%。感染病原菌前三位的分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(10株,占27.03%)、表皮葡萄球菌(10株,占27.03%)和大肠埃希菌(6株,占16.22%)。革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素有较高的耐药率,均≥50.00%;表皮葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、磺胺甲恶唑、庆大霉素有高耐药率,均≥30.00%;肠球菌属对苯唑西林、红霉素、环丙沙星有较高的耐药率,均≥60.00%。革兰阴性菌对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、美罗培南、亚胺培南等耐药率为0;其中鲍曼不动杆菌对10类抗菌药物耐药,铜绿假单胞...     

肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的分析肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选择2011年3月—2015年4月孝感市中心医院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染患者314例,取患者早晨洗漱后咳出的深部痰或支气管灌洗液进行细菌培养,分析其菌群分布特点及耐药性。结果 314份标本共培养出病原菌414株,其中革兰阳性菌108株(占26.09%)、革兰阴性菌290株(占70.05%)、真菌16株(占3.86%);革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(占13.53%),革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主(占22.22%),真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100.0%,对万古霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率均为100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较低,均为15.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮的耐药率较低,分别为18.7%和21.9%。结论肺结核合并肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性菌为铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素无耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南无耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮耐药率低。     

重症医学科老年呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症医学科老年呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌特点及耐药性。方法回顾性分析该院2005²013年重症医学科120例老年VAP患者的下呼吸道分泌物病原菌特点,分析各种病原菌对常见抗生素的耐药性。结果 120例VAP患者存活112例,死亡8例,其中有10例有混合感染。共检出病原菌182株,其中革兰阴性杆菌136株(74.73%),主要有铜绿假单胞菌(23.08%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(17.03%)、大肠埃希菌(13.19%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(9.89%)等;革兰阳性菌30株(16.48%),主要有金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮球菌;真菌16株(8.79%),主要为白色念球菌。耐药结果:常见的革兰阴性菌对抗生素耐药性不同,但均对阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶有一定的敏感性;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮球菌对庆大霉素、青霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素均产生明显的耐药性,但对万古霉素、替拉考宁、利奈唑胺高度敏感。结论重症医学科老年VAP患者以革兰阴性菌为主,不同病原菌对抗生素耐药不同,在治疗时要进行细菌培养和药敏试验,明确病原菌类别和耐药性,合理选择抗生素。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者呼吸道病原菌分布与耐药性

目的分析老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析2014年12月至2019年6月徐州医科大学附属医院急诊重症医学科收治的痰培养结果阳性的93例老年AECOPD患者的临床资料,对患者痰标本进行病原菌检测及药敏试验,研究其病原菌分布及耐药性。结果所有痰培养结果阳性的老年AECOPD患者中,单一感染55例(59.14%),包括细菌感染50例(53.76%)、真菌感染5例(5.38%);混合感染38例(40.86%),包括多种细菌混合感染24例(25.81%)、细菌真菌混合感染14例(15.05%)。共检测出病原菌138株,其中,革兰阳性菌15株(10.87%)、革兰阴性菌103株(74.64%)、真菌20株(14.49%)。革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌等,革兰阴性菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌等,真菌主要为白假丝酵母菌、曲霉菌等。革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林、克林霉素、红霉素的耐药率均为100%,对替考拉宁、万古霉素、达托霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁、呋喃妥因的敏感性高,耐药率为0%。革兰阴性菌对头孢唑林、头孢曲松的耐药率均为100%,对头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、复方新诺明的耐药率40%,对替加环素、多粘菌素的敏感性较高。结论老年AECOPD患者呼吸道病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中鲍曼不动杆菌最多。检出的病原菌中耐药菌较多,临床上应根据细菌培养结果及耐药性分析合理选择抗菌药物。     

我院COPD急性加重患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解亳州市人民医院慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)住院患者感染病原菌的分布情况及耐药性特点。方法分析亳州市人民医院2018年1月-2018年12月280例AECOPD住院患者痰培养的检出病原菌分布和耐药特征。结果 280例AECOPD患者痰标本共分离病原菌301株,其中革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌分别占79. 4%和1. 66%,真菌占18. 94%。革兰阴性菌排名前3位的病原菌分布为铜绿假单胞菌(28. 57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14. 29%)、大肠埃希菌(12. 62%),革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢类抗生素耐药率高,其中铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松的耐药率均超过90%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率100%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药率均为100%,对亚胺培南耐药率为44. 44%。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌为主,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。前三位真菌为白假丝酵母菌(13. 29%)、热带假丝酵母菌(3. 99%)、曲霉菌(1%),白假丝酵母菌为主,对氟康唑、伏立康唑均敏感,耐药率较低。结论亳州市人民医院AECOPD患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌占绝对优势,且耐药性严重,真菌感染在AECOPD患者占一定比例,临床上应根据病原菌分布及耐药性、合理选择抗生素,有利于提高临床诊疗。     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

Sex Differences in Ethanol-induced Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens and in Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine changes in nucleus accumbens and striatal dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DO-PAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) following acute administration of ethanol (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) in male and female Long-Evans rats. Following dialysis, rats were trained to bar-press for oral ethanol reinforcement. In nucleus accumbens, females showed significant increases in extracellular dopamine following 0.25 or 0.5 g/ kg ethanol, but did not show significant increases over baseline at the higher doses. Males showed slight increases in dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. In striatum, both sexes showed increased dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. There were slight increases in nucleus accumbens DOPAC and HVA at some doses in both sexes, but no changes in striatal metabolite levels. In addition to showing increased responsiveness to ethanol-induced mesolimbic dopamine stimulation, females consumed more ethanol than males during behavioral testing. The pattern of both greater ethanol-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release and greater ethanol consumption in females supports the hypothesis that ethanol reward is mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system.     

中国老年性耳聋的研究与干预进展

老年性耳聋已成为影响我国老年人生活质量的最主要的慢性病之一。助听器是目前帮助听力损失的老年人克服交流障碍的主要手段。在我国,数字助听器已逐渐取代模拟助听器并且体现出了更好的效果。但是老年听力损失患者中使用助听器的比例仍然很小。人工耳蜗植入也已被应用在老年患者中。我国针对老年人的听力康复服务还有较长的路要走。     

高龄老年高血压的临床研究进展

随着社会老龄化进程的加快,80岁以上高龄老人的绝对数量以及占总人口的比例均在增加,如何提高高龄老年高血压的防治水平备受关注。现试从高龄老年高血压的临床特点、治疗策略等方面的临床研究进展作一综述。     

Epstein-Barr virus in malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Japan

A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of malignancies including lymphomas, and carcinoma of the stomach, nasopharynx, thymus and salivary gland is suggested. It is indicated that EBV evokes polyclonal-B-cell-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts, such as transplant patients, which results in monoclonal malignant lymphomas. The suppression of immune functions in these patients is thought to lead to incomplete elimination of the cells expressing EBV latent infection genes. To examine the etiological role of EBV in the development of malignancies following renal transplant in Japan, 42 malignancies in 1744 cases of renal transplant were studied for the presence and type of EBV. The polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5 malignancies were positive for EBV, all type A: 2 of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 2 of 8 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of the common type, and 1 of 2 cases of gastric plasmacytoma. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of tumor cells in 2 cases of NHL and 1 of plasmacytoma. Positive signals were found in the small lymphoid cells but not in the tumor cells in 2 cases of gastric carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, a role for EBV in the development of malignancies in renal transplant patients is unlikely except for lymphoid neoplasias.Abbreviations PCB polymerase chain reaction - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma     

Gender differences in health in Havana versus in Mexico City and in the US Hispanic population

Health progress in the 1960s and 1970s placed Cuba at the vanguard of longevity in Latin America and the Caribbean. This success has often been attributed to equity of access to the health care system and its cost-effectiveness in the country. Cuba also has a small gender gap in life expectancy. In this study, we examined how this pattern is reflected in the gender differences in health among the population aged 60+ in Havana. We compared gender differences in health in samples drawn from Havana, Mexico City, and the US Hispanic population: three geographic settings with very different political, health care, and social systems. The data come from the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean and the 2000 Health and Retirement Study. Age-adjusted prevalence and logistic regressions were estimated for poor self-rated health, limitations on activities of daily living, depression, and mobility limitations. While an absolute female disadvantage in health was apparent in all three populations, the relative gender differences were inconsistent across all four health domains. Gender differences were most pronounced in Havana, even after adjusting for age, socio-economic status, family characteristics, and smoking behaviour. Despite having higher overall life expectancy and more equitable and universal access to primary care and preventive medicine, women in Havana appear to have a larger burden of ill health than women in less equitable societies. The study provides indirect evidence that Cuba faces challenges in combating the health threats posed by chronic diseases and other diseases and conditions common among the population aged 60+.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10433-020-00563-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

DDE-induced changes in aromatase activity in endometrial stromal cells in culture

Environmental toxicants are thought to play a role in several estrogen-dependent diseases including breast cancer and endometriosis. Toxicant-induced increased aromatase activity, an enzyme complex that catalyzes the final rate-limiting step in the conversion of androgens to estrogens, has been reported in assays using placental microsomes and cancer cells in vitro. These data suggest that environmental toxicants can increase aromatase activity and thus increase local tissue estrogen levels, which could have implications for estrogen-dependent functions in target tissues. The objective of this study was therefore to quantify the effect of the stable breakdown product of DDT, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), a toxicant broadly detected in human adipose tissue, serum and follicular fluid, on aromatase activity in the endometrium, an estrogensensitive target tissue. Specifically, the effect of increasing log concentrations of p,p′-DDE on aromatase activity was determined in cultures of endometrial stromal cells (ESC). Relative to controls p,p′-DDE treatment significantly increased aromatase activity in ESC (135%). Moreover, ESC cells treated with p,p′-DDE were immunopositive for aromatase, whereas no aromatase staining could be demonstrated in control cultures. Our data demonstrate that p,p′-DDE treatment can increase aromatase activity in ESC in culture.