17例肥厚型心肌病病人心电I图特点分析

目的提高对肥厚型心肌病的诊断识别.方法对1996年～2000年确诊为肥厚型心肌病17例病人的临床资料进行分析.结果全部病人心电图均有T波异常,9例心尖肥厚型心肌病病人表现为I、aVL、V2～6导联T波倒置,V1～3导联R波幅度明显增加,其中2例伴完全右束支传导阻滞者亦有左胸导联T波明显倒置;5例普遍肥厚型心肌病病人表现为T波倒置导联较心尖肥厚型心肌病病人范围小(V3～6导联伴或不伴I、aVL导联轻度倒置),V1～3导联R波幅度增加不如心尖肥厚型心肌病病人明显;2例间隔肥厚梗阻型心肌病病人有V1～3导联ST段抬高,T波直立,V1～3导联R波不增加与前两型不同;1例间隔肥厚型心肌病伴完全右束支传导阻滞者表现为V1导联呈qR形态,与心尖肥厚型心肌病伴完全右束支传导阻滞者的rsR'亦不相同.结论重视临床和心电图变化采取进一步的检查措施可以最大限度的减少该病的误诊.     

肥厚型心肌病患者心电图分析

目的探讨肥厚型心肌病住院患者的心电图特点。方法对1994年5月～2005年7月北京大学人民医院和北京世纪坛医院收治的经超声心动图诊断为肥厚型心肌病的住院患者76例,分析其心电图特点。结果按肥厚的部位分为单纯室间隔肥厚或室间隔肥厚为主组(46例)、单纯心尖肥厚组(14例)、单纯游离壁肥厚组(6例)和弥漫性肥厚组(10例)。间隔肥厚为主组患者中,23例(50.0%)存在病理性Q波,其中间隔厚度超过2.0cm者10例(42.5%);而在另23例无病理性Q波患者,间隔厚度超过2.0cm者仅5例(21.7%)。心尖肥厚组和单纯游离壁肥厚组均仅1例心电图存在病理性Q波。QRS波群宽度在各组无显著性差异(p>0.05)。76例患者中,心电图符合左室肥厚(SV1 RV5≥4.0mV)诊断标准的23例(30.3%),符合RV4>RV5>RV6(或RV3>RV4>RV5)者34例(44.7%),ST-T改变共71例(93.4%),ST段下移超过0.1mV者53例(69.7%),T波深倒置振幅超过0.5mV者30例(39.5%)。T波深倒置在心尖肥厚组多于间隔肥厚组(P=0.02),但T波倒置深度与心尖肥厚程度无明显相关(p=0.40)。间隔肥厚为主组中梗阻型和非梗阻型各项心电图指标无显著性差异(p>0.05)。结论病理性Q波多出现在室间隔肥厚为主型患者,T波深倒置在心尖肥厚组多于间隔肥厚组,但T波倒置深度与心尖肥厚程度无明显相关。     

心尖肥厚型心肌病的临床诊断(附13例临床报告)

目的：探讨心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电及影像学检查的特点及临床诊断价值。方法：对13例心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图、超声心动图、放射核素心肌断层显像、冠状动脉造影及左室造影、磁共振成像等检查方法进行分析总结。结果：心电图的典型改变是胸前导联巨大倒置的T波伴ST段下降和QRS波群高血压,以V4导联最为显。超声心动图示心尖部肥厚,心尖部心室腔狭小甚至闭塞。磁共振成像清晰显示心尖部心肌肥厚。心室造影左心室舒张末期呈“黑桃”样改变,但部分呈“非黑桃”样改变。结论：心电图胸前导联巨大倒置T波TV4＞TV5伴QRS波群高血压RV4＞RV5是诊断AHCM的重要线索。超声心动图是诊断AHCM的重要手段。磁共振成像对确诊该病最有价值。心血管造影及放射性核素心肌显像是AHCM的鉴别诊断手段但不是必备检查。     

心尖肥厚型心肌病超声诊断特点及随访

目的 探讨心尖肥厚型心肌病超声诊断特点及预后随访.方法 对27例心尖肥厚型心肌病患者心电图、超声心动图进行1～13年(平均5.2年)随访观察.结果 27例患者心电图胸前导联异常T波深置,V_(3-5)导联最为显著,重者出现巨大倒置T波≥10 mm,胸前导联R波振幅V_4>V_5>V_3,超声心动图显示心尖部明显增厚15～37(18.0±3.3)mm,末次随访心尖部厚度(19.7 ±3.7)mm,左室心尖部厚度与左室后壁厚度比值分别为1.7±0.3和1.9±0.9,随访前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但左室舒张末期内径及左室射血分数随访前后未见显著差异.主要心血管事件为心房颤动,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,前壁心肌梗死及心脏猝死.结论 心尖肥厚型心肌病主要依据心电图胸前导联T波深置及超声心动图心尖肥厚特点作出诊断,该病进展缓慢,一般临床预后较好.     

心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图特征与超声诊断

目的分析心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图特征与超声特征,总结诊断经验。方法对照分析,2016年1月~2017年12月,医院经超声心动图、磁共振成像诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病患者84例,纳入病例组,2017年6月~12月,按照年龄(±2)、性别一对一选择健康成人84例纳入对照组。回顾性分析,2014年1月~2017年12月,门诊超声、心电图诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病276例,进行敏感性对比。结果都有ST-T改变,合并心律失常28例,T波倒置76例(V4~V6导联21例),导致T波程度在0.32~0.99之间,伴左室高电压12例,ST段改变76例,下移幅度在0.12~22m V之间。病例组的I、a VL、V2-6导联的R波振幅高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组LVSd低于对照组,观察组IVSd、LVM、LVMI、LVGLS、RVLS高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。门急诊超声初次检查的敏感度81.88%高于心电图37.32%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图特征与心肌梗死相似,合并心律失常率、T波倒置率较高,心电图、超声量化分析具有较高的价值;但门急诊心电图、超声诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病敏感度并不高,需要给予足够的重视。     

肥厚性心肌病心尖肥厚亚型的临床诊断(附28例临床报告)

目的对心尖肥厚型心肌病的辅助诊断进行探讨。方法以心电图、超声心动图、放射核素心肌断层显像、冠状动脉造影及左室造影等检查方法，诊断２８例心尖肥厚型心肌病。结果２８例心电图显示胸导联倒置的Ｔ波呈ＴＶ４＞ＴＶ５的关系；超声心动图左室心尖部（乳头肌水平以下）心肌肥厚达１２ｍｍ以上；１８例行放射核素心肌断层显像见左心室心尖部心肌肥厚；２０例左心室造影均提示心尖部心肌肥厚、冠脉造影正常，其中１１例左心室舒张末期呈“黑桃”样改变。结论标准１２导联心电图显示胸导联倒置的Ｔ波伴Ｒ波振幅增高，而不伴有高血压病史者，应高度注意心尖肥厚型心肌病的诊断。     

心尖部肥厚型心肌病的影像学诊断特点

目的 探讨心尖部肥厚型心肌病影像学检查特点,总结更为合理的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年1月至2010年1月期间60例诊断为心尖部肥厚型心肌病患者的临床表现,心电图、超声心动图、冠状动脉造影、左室造影、256层螺旋CT及心脏磁共振检查的特点,以及治疗后随访1年的心血管事件.结果 60例患者中56例表现为V1～V6导联 ST段压低,T波倒置,尤以V4 T波深倒;1例为完全性右束支传导阻滞;2例表现为AVR抬高,V3～V6导联ST段压低,T波倒置;1例Ⅲ、V1 T波倒置,V2～V6 T波双向.超声心动图异常改变48例（80%）,其中38例表现为不同程度的心尖部肥厚,厚度均≥15 mm,最厚可达22～24 mm.冠脉造影41例,仅有1例为前降支中段狭窄约70%,2例为前降支近中段肌桥形成,其余38例冠脉血管均正常.左室造影32例表现为左室腔舒张末期呈＂黑桃＂形改变,9例表现为＂猫舌＂状.10例患者行256层心脏及冠脉CTA检查,2例发现前降支近中段肌桥,8例冠脉正常;10例患者表现为心尖部增厚,厚度为15～21 mm.9例患者行心脏磁共振（CMR）检查,7例发现心尖部肥厚,厚度14～28 mm.结论 心尖部肥厚型心肌病容易误诊为冠心病.结合心电图和超声心动图可进一步明确,左心室造影、多层螺旋CT及心脏MRI为该病的诊断提供了确诊的依据.     

心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图特征

目的探讨心尖肥厚型心肌病的心电图特点。方法对29例心尖肥厚型心肌病的常规12导联心电图进行分析。结果患者V3～V5导联R波电压增高、ST段压低，均表现为V4〉V5〉V3，T波对称性倒置，呈V4〉V5〉V6。V3～V6导联同导联R波高度与T波倒置深度、ST段压低深度呈负相关（P均〈0．05），T波倒置深度与ST段压低深度呈正相关（P〈均0．01）。结论常规心电图显示胸导联R波电压增高伴ST-T特征性改变，要高度考虑心尖肌肥厚性心肌病。     

心尖肥厚型心肌病18例临床分析

目的:对心尖肥厚型心肌病辅助检查进行分析,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法:以心电图、超声心动图、磁共振、冠状动脉造影及左室造影等检查方法检测18例心尖肥厚型心肌病。结果:18例心电图显示胸前导联T波倒置呈TV4>TV5>TV3,R波振幅增高以RV4>RV3> RV5;超声心动图左室心尖室壁舒张期厚度(17.22±14.20mm)与心室间隔基底段厚度(1.07±0.23mm)之比为1.60±0.16;4例冠状动脉造影检查后排除冠心病;6例因超声心动图不典型而行磁共振心脏成像检查后确诊。结论:标准12导联心电图显示胸前导联T波倒置伴R波增高应高度怀疑心尖肥厚型心肌病,可进一步行超声心动图或磁共振检查确诊。     

心尖肥厚型心肌病的临床诊断探讨

目的 了解心尖肥厚型心肌病的临床表现和辅助检查特点。方法 总结２９例心尖肥厚型心肌病的临床表现和心电图,超声心动图,核素心肌断层显像,运动平板心电图及冠状动脉和左室造影的特征,确定心尖肥厚型心肌病的诊断方法。结果 心电图显示以胸导为主的导联Ｒ波振幅呈Ｖ４≥Ｖ５〉Ｖ３关系增高,同时伴有Ｔ波对称性深倒置,超声心动图和核素心肌断层显像显示心尖部肌肉肥厚,２０例活动平板心电图有心肌缺血,左心室造影心尖部肌     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.