帕金森病轻度认知功能障碍的临床特点

目的 探讨帕金森病患者轻度认知功能障碍(PD-MCI)的临床特点。方法 纳入85例非痴呆的帕金森病(PD)患者,并进行临床资料的采集及相关量表评估。结果 PD-MCI组55例(64.7%),PD-认知正常组30例(35.3%)。PD-MCI组的年龄及发病时年龄显著高于PD-认知正常组(P<0.05),PD-MCI组MoCA评分中的视空间与执行功能、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆得分显著低于PD-认知正常组(P<0.01)。PD-MCI组的MoCA评分与UPDRS Ⅲ评分及发病年龄呈负相关,与受教育水平呈正相关。结论 与认知功能正常的PD患者比较,PD-MCI患者在视空间与执行功能、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆等方面均有损害,且认知损害程度与发病年龄、运动症状严重程度及受教育水平有关。     

帕金森病伴发认知功能障碍患者的临床特点及其与睡眠障碍的关系

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）伴发认知功能障碍（CI）患者的临床特点及睡眠情况。方法 连 续纳入2014 年5 月—2017 年5 月就诊于北京天坛医院的394 例PD患者，按照CI程度将患者分为PD不 伴认知功能障碍（PD-NCI）组（94 例，23.86%）、PD 伴发轻度认知功能障碍（PD-MCI）组（177 例，44.92%） 及PD 伴发痴呆（PDD）组（123 例，31.22%）。收集患者的人口学资料，采用蒙特利尔认知评估（MoCA）量 表评价患者的认知功能，比较3 组患者总体认知功能及各认知领域情况；采用视频多导睡眠图（v-PSG） 评估患者的睡眠状况，并对PD 伴发CI 患者的MoCA 量表总分及各认知领域评分与v-PSG 结果进行相 关性分析。结果 3 组患者性别、起病年龄、受教育水平及病程差异均无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。PDNCI 组、PD-MCI 组和PDD 组MoCA 量表总分依次明显降低，分别为（22.20±4.99）分、（17.17±4.36）分和 （10.73±4.85）分（F=143.146，P＜ 0.01），且MoCA 量表各认知领域评分依次明显降低（P ＜ 0.01）。与PDNCI 组比较，PD-MCI 组总睡眠时间减少，睡眠效率降低，觉醒次数增加（均P＜ 0.05）；与PD-MCI 组比较， PDD 组总睡眠时间减少，睡眠效率降低，觉醒次数增加（均P＜ 0.05）。PD 伴发CI 的患者的睡眠效率与 MoCA 量表总分及视空间功能、执行功能、延迟回忆和注意力评分均呈正相关（P＜ 0.05），觉醒次数与 MoCA 量表总分及延迟回忆和注意力评分均呈负相关（P ＜ 0.05）。结论 PD患者CI发生率较高，伴发 CI 的PD 患者总体认知功能及各认知领域均明显受损，总体睡眠时间减少，睡眠效率降低，觉醒次数增 加，并与总体认知功能及部分认知领域受损有关。     

早发性和晚发性帕金森病合并抑郁的临床特点研究

目的探索早发性和晚发性帕金森病(PD)合并抑郁各自的临床特点及意义。方法本研究对符合纳入标准的211例PD患者进行回顾性分析,根据起病年龄分为早发组(起病年龄≤50岁)和晚发组(起病年龄50岁),比较两组患者的临床资料、Hoehn-Yahr分级、UPDRSⅢ评分、老年抑郁量表(GDS)评分、Beck抑郁量表(BDI)评分。结果早发组与晚发组患者Hoehn-Yahr分级、UPDRSⅢ评分比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05);早发组与晚发组患者的抑郁患病率、BDI评分、GDS评分和抑郁程度分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但早发组抑郁发生时间要早于晚发组(P0.05)。早发组的抑郁评分与病程、Hoehn-Yahr分级和UPDRSⅢ评分相关(P0.05);晚发性组的抑郁评分与起病年龄、Hoehn-Yahr分级和UPDRSⅢ评分相关(P0.05)。结论早发性PD患者抑郁症状出现时间更早,其抑郁程度与病程、Hoehn-Yahr分级和UPDRSⅢ评分相关。晚发性PD患者抑郁程度与起病年龄、Hoehn-Yahr分级和UPDRSⅢ评分等密切相关。     

亚临床甲减对帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的影响

目的探讨亚临床甲减(SCH)对非痴呆帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能障碍的影响。方法收集纳入研究的52例非痴呆PD患者的病例资料,根据促甲状腺激素水平(TSH)分为亚临床甲减组(SCH组)17例及正常TSH组35例。使用蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA量表)评估帕金森患者的认知功能。帕金森病的严重性用Hoehn-Yahr分级。结果 SCH组比正常TSH组MoCA评分高,差异有统计学意义;SCH组与正常TSH组在性别、年龄、受教育时间、Hoehn-Yahr分级比较无显著差异。结论伴亚临床甲减的帕金森病患者认知功能优于甲状腺功能正常的帕金森病患者的认知功能,亚临床甲减对帕金森患者认知功能可能有一定影响。     

功能康复训练联合盐酸多奈哌齐对轻中度帕金森病痴呆患者神经系统功能及康复的影响

目的探讨功能康复训练联合盐酸多奈哌齐对轻中度帕金森病痴呆(PDD)患者神经系统功能及康复进程的影响。方法选取我院2012-01—2015-01收治入院的帕金森病(PD)合并轻中度痴呆患者100例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为2组各50例,对照组采用盐酸多奈哌齐治疗,观察组在此基础上给予认知功能康复训练,2组均于治疗前和治疗第4、8、12周时采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估其认知功能,同时采用统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)评估PD的严重程度。结果观察组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组治疗后MoCA、精神、行为和情绪评分、运动检查评分与组内治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后MoCA、精神、行为和情绪评分、运动检查评分与对照组治疗后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论功能康复训练联合盐酸多奈哌齐治疗对PDD有效,且起效更快。     

帕金森病睡眠障碍影响因素分析

目的评价帕金森病(PD)患者睡眠障碍(SD)的发生率,分析PD睡眠障碍的特点及相关影响因素。方法根据中华医学会神经病学分会运动障碍及PD学组制订的帕金森病诊断标准,选择连续就诊和住院治疗的131例PD患者,采用PD睡眠障碍量表(PDSS)评价睡眠障碍并分为睡眠障碍(SD)组和非睡眠障碍(NSD)组,两组均行统一PD量表UPDRS-Ⅲ、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分期、改良Webster评分、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、爱泼沃斯思睡量表(ESS)、不宁腿综合征严重程度评定量表(RLSRS)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)评价和分析。两组中男性患者均行前列腺彩超检查,以排除前列腺增生排尿障碍对睡眠障碍的影响。结果 131例PD患者中有96例存在睡眠障碍(PDSS-1<6)。经逐步线性回归分析发现共有改良Webster评分、ADL评分、左旋多巴具体剂量、MMSE、吡贝地尔具体剂量、RLSRS、H-Y分期、ESS、PDSS-7、HAMD、UPDRS-Ⅲ及HAMA等12项因素引入回归方程,性别、年龄、病程及受教育程度均被回归分析逐步剔除。两组中男性患者前列腺彩超检查形态差异无显著性。结论PD患者睡眠障碍的发生率为73.3%。PD睡眠障碍的影响因素依次为抑郁、运动症状评分、病情分期、整体症状评分、日常生活能力、认知水平、吡贝地尔具体剂量、左旋多巴具体剂量、焦虑、不宁腿综合征(RLS)、幻觉及日间思睡。与性别、年龄、病程和受教育程度无关。     

不同亚型帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的临床观察

目的评价不同亚型原发性帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能量表评分,分析不同亚型PD患者认知功能障碍的临床特点。方法选取原发性帕金森病患者53例,运动迟缓为主型7例(B组),以运动迟缓和肌强直为主型11例(BR组),以震颤和运动迟缓为主型27例(TB组),以震颤(static tremor,T)、强直(rigidity,R)和运动迟缓(bradykinesia,B)为主型8例(TRB组),对不同组别患者分别进行认知功能量表评分。结果不同分组患者发病年龄、性别、身高、体质量、病程、H-Y分级差异无统计学意义;不同分组患者MoCA评分及MMSE评分差异有统计学意义,TRB组认知功能障碍明显下降,差异有统计学意义。不同认知功能障碍程度的患者发病年龄差异无统计学意义。结论 TRB组认知功能障碍明显下降,可能与PD不同亚型的临床异质性相关。     

伴快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍的帕金森病患者临床特征

目的 评价快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)在帕金森病(PD)患者中的患病率以及伴发RBD的PD患者临床特征.方法 2007年连续入组124例PD患者,采用非运动症状问卷(NMSquest)第25项问答结果调查PD患者中RBD患病率;将入选患者分为RBD组(78例)和非RBD组(13例),采用统一PD评分量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级比较2组运动症状严重程度和运动并发症发生情况;选用NMSquest量表比较2组非运动症状发生情况,选用MMSE、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)比较2组认知功能、焦虑和抑郁、夜间睡眠障碍和日间思睡程度.结果 (1)RBD的患病率为62.9%(78/124);(2)RBD组患者的病程[(3.8±2.8)年]显著短于非RBD组[(5.0±2.5)年,t=-1.972,P=0.048],但在性别、年龄、起病年龄、发病类型、左旋多巴等效剂量(LDE)和用药种类上2组差异没有统计学意义;(3)在运动症状中RBD与非RBD组在H-Y分级、UPDRS-Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ评分以及运动并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义;(4)在非运动症状中胃肠道功能、自主神经系统功能、精神和睡眠活动等方面的不良症状在RBD组的发生率显著高于非RBD组,但是认知、焦虑和抑郁、夜间睡眠障碍和日间思睡的严重程度在2组间差异没有统计学意义.结论 RBD在PD患者中的患病率较高,伴发RBD的PD患者病程较短且非运动系统受累更加广泛.     

震颤起病与非震颤起病的帕金森病脑结构差异与脑深部电刺激的预后差异分析

目的脑深部电刺激(DBS)是治疗帕金森病(PD)的常用方法,但是不同患者有着不同的预后。震颤和僵直、运动迟缓等非震颤症状是PD的常见起病症状。以震颤起病和非震颤起病的帕金森病对DBS的疗效差异及两组核磁结构像是否存在差异还不清楚,本研究对此问题进行相关研究。方法回顾性分析2014年—2018年收治的137例帕金森病患者的临床资料。其中以震颤起病的患者70例(男20例,女50例,平均年龄64岁,Hoehn-Yahr分期中位数为3);以非震颤起病的患者67例(男19例,女48例,平均年龄60岁,Hoehn-Yahr分期中位数为3)。对比两组患者手术前后运动量表评分和非运动量表评分的差异。通过基于体素的形态学分析方法(VBM)分析两组患者的结构像差异。结果两组患者的年龄、性别、Hoehn-Yahr分期的差异均无统计学意义; UPDRSⅡ、UPDRSⅢ、HAMD、HAMA及MOCA量表评分的差异均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。术前评分显示,以震颤起病患者的震颤亚项评分高,以僵直、运动迟缓起病患者的僵直亚项评分高(均P 0. 05)。术后开机后评分比较,两组在震颤、僵直评分上仍然有明显差异;以震颤起病患者的震颤评分高,以僵直、运动迟缓起病患者的僵直评分高(均P 0. 05)。VBM分析显示,与非震颤起病组相比,震颤起病组患者的眶回后部灰质体积降低(FWE校正后,P 0. 05)。结论帕金森病患者术后症状的改善与术前起病症状相关,以震颤起病患者的眶回后部灰质体积明显小于非震颤起病患者;这种差异可能与震颤网络有关。     

帕金森病伴发认知功能障碍的相关因素分析

目的 探讨认知功能障碍在帕金森病中（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）的发生率及其影响因素.方法 对确诊的PD患者采用蒙特利尔认知评价量表（Montreal Cognitive Assessment MOCA中文版）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilt depression scale,HAMD）及Webster功能评分量表进行评定分析PD伴发认知功能障碍的发生情况和相关影响因素.结果 PD伴发认知功能障碍者50例,认知功能障碍的发生率为76.9%,病程、文化程度、Webster评分、HAMD评分与帕金森病伴发认知功能障碍的发生均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,年龄、性别、婚姻状况、经济情况与帕金森伴发认知功能障碍的发生均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.回归分析发现病程和PD病情严重程度是PD患者伴发认知功能障碍的危险因素.结论 PD患者有较高认知功能障碍的发生率,PD伴发认知功能障碍的发生可能与PD患者的病程、文化程度、PD患者病情的严重程度及抑郁有关.     

The influence of motor and cognitive impairment upon visually-guided saccades in Parkinson's disease

Studies of saccades in Parkinson's disease (PD) have seldom examined the influence of cognitive status, ranging from normal cognition, through mild cognitive impairment, to dementia. In a large and heterogeneous sample, we examined how motor and cognitive impairment was reflected in the performance of reflexive, visually-guided saccades. We examined 163 people with PD and 47 similar-aged controls. Ninety three of the PD group had normal cognition (PDN), 48 had mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and 22 had dementia (PDD). Pseudo-random targets (amplitudes of 5, 10, 15 and 20 deg and inter-stimulus-intervals ranging from 550 to 1800 ms) were shown in 108 mixed randomised trials, incorporating gap, step, and overlap onset conditions. Analyses were conducted using multi-level regression modeling. Participants were first assessed by continuous measures (Unified PD Rating Scale motor score and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Prolonged latency was significantly related to both motor and cognitive impairment, with the cognitive effect being compounded by increasing age. Decreased saccade amplitude, meanwhile, was primarily related to motor impairment. When assessed by discrete cognitive categories, all of the PD groups showed reduced saccadic amplitude relative to controls. Saccadic latencies, meanwhile, were abnormally prolonged only in the PD-MCI and PDD groups (the control and PDN groups were similar to each other). Latency in the overlap task was particularly sensitive to increasing motor and cognitive impairment. We conclude that reflexive saccades in PD are subtly decreased in amplitude even early in the disease process. Prolonged saccade latency, meanwhile, tends to occur later in the disease process, in the presence of more substantial motor and cognitive impairment, and greater age. The progressive impairment of reflexive saccades, and the differential onset of amplitude and latency impairments, may make them a useful objective tool for assessing disease status.     

Clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 in Parkinson disease with MCI and dementia

The utility of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 2 (MDRS-2) in screening for dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) is well documented. However, little is known about its sensitivity to mild cognitive impairment in PD (PD-MCI). This study sought to document the validity of the MDRS-2 for diagnoses of PD-MCI and dementia in PD (PDD). Twenty-two healthy controls (HCs), 22 PD-MCI, and 16 PDD were compared on each MDRS-2 subscales and MDRS-2 total standard scores. Patients with PDD performed significantly worse than the other groups (all Ps < .05) on the MDRS-2 total and on all subscales, except attention. PD-MCI had significant lower scores than HCs on the MDRS-2 total and on initiation/perseveration and memory subscales. The optimal cutoff score for PD-MCI diagnosis was ≤ 140/144 and ≤ 132/144 for PDD. These findings suggest that MDRS-2 is a useful tool to identify dementia but that there might be a ceiling effect in the MDRS-2 cutoff score to diagnose MCI in PD.     

Cognitive profiling of Parkinson disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia

BackgroundPrevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) is variable because different classification criteria are applied and there is lack of consensus about neuropsychological tests and cut-off used for cognitive profiling. Given the important therapeutic consequences for patient management, we aimed at identifying suitable diagnostic cognitive tests and respective screening cut-off values for MCI and dementia in PD (PDD).MethodsWe evaluated 105 PD patients using an extensive neuropsychological battery categorized as PD without cognitive impairment (PD-CNT) (35%), PD-MCI (47%) and PDD (18%) based on established criteria and calculated Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsWe found different sensitivity and specificity among neuropsychological tests in detecting PD-MCI and PDD. In particular performance in attention/set shifting, verbal memory and language abilities, discriminated both PD-MCI and PDD from PD-CNT. Abilities involved mainly in semantic retrieval mechanisms discriminated PD-CNT from PD-MCI but also PD-MCI from PDD. Finally deficits in executive and visual-spatial abilities were only affected in PDD.ConclusionOur data point to an independent and different load of each test in defining different PD cognitive statuses. These findings can help selection of appropriate cognitive batteries in longitudinal studies and definition of stage-specific therapeutic targets.     

Diagnostic and screening power of neuropsychological testing in detecting mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is variable likely due to methodological differences in classification criteria and lack of consensus about neuropsychological tests used for cognitive profiling. The main objective of our study was to identify the most suitable neuropsychological tests and determine their screening and diagnostic cutoff scores for PD-MCI. A series of 104 consecutive PD patients performed an extensive neuropsychological evaluation. Individual test values were converted into Z-scores using relative published normative data. According to published criteria, PD patients were categorized as PD-CNT (PD without cognitive impairment), PD-MCI (patients performing ?1.5 SDs below the mean score in at least one cognitive domain), and PDD. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and K-means clustering analyses to calculate the best discriminating power of each neuropsychological tests in detecting PD-MCI. PD patients were categorized as follows: 55 PD-CNT (53 %), 34 PD-MCI (33 %), and 15 PDD (14 %). PD-MCI had lower education, longer disease duration and greater frequency of hallucinations than PD-CNT. We found that only the Trail Making test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) copy, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Digit Span Backward, and Rey’s word auditory verbal learning test (RVLT) immediate recall reached significant screening and diagnostic validity in predicting PD-MCI (AUC 0.705–0.795) with cutoff scores calculated by ROC analyses lying within normal range for normative data. Specific neuropsychological tests covering verbal memory, attention/set-shifting, and visual-spatial deficits are the best predictors of MCI in PD if valid cutoff scores are used. These results have consequences for cognitive diagnosis and potentially in establishing the rate of PD cognitive decline.     

Neuropsychological profile in patients with early stage of Parkinson's disease in Taiwan

Given the importance of early detection and intervention for disease management, determining the vulnerable neuropsychological function in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) is a priority. Here, we describe the neuropsychological pattern in early-stage PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and dementia (PDD) in Taiwanese population. The neuropsychological performance of 94 patients with PD was compared with that of 84 healthy controls (HCs) and available normative data, using a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment including tests of executive, memory, psychomotor speed, attention, visuospatial, and language functions. Our results showed that PD patients performed significantly worse on executive function (i.e., category of card sorting) and psychomotor speed (i.e., processing speed index). Up to 46.8% were classified as PD-MCI and the majority of those having single-domain impairment (68.2%); 9.6% met the consensus diagnostic criteria for PDD. Accordingly, we suggest that early-stage PD patients have cognitive dysfunction predominately in the anterior brain. Further follow-up study to determine how many percent of PD-MCI develop PDD is important. The effect of neurocognitive rehabilitation on executive function is also valuable in the subsequence study.     

Cognitive status correlates with white matter alteration in Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) can develop mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), frequently progressing to dementia (PDD). Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between white matter alteration and cognitive status in PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) by using diffusion tensor imaging. We also compared the progression patterns of white and gray matter and the cerebral perfusion. We enrolled patients with PD cognitively normal (PD-CogNL, n = 32), PD-MCI (n = 28), PDD (n = 25), DLB (n = 29), and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 40). Fractional anisotropy (FA) map of a patient group was compared with that of control subjects by using tract-based spatial statistics. For the patient cohort, intersubject voxel-wise correlation was performed between FA values and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. We also evaluated the gray matter and the cerebral perfusion by conducting a voxel-based analysis. There were significantly decreased FA values in many major tracts in patients with PD-MCI, PDD, and DLB, but not in PD-CogNL, compared with control subjects. FA values in the certain white matter areas, particularly the bilateral parietal white matter, were significantly correlated with MMSE scores in patients with PD. Patients with PDD and DLB had diffuse gray matter atrophy. All patient groups had occipital and posterior parietal hypoperfusion when compared with control subjects. Our results suggest that white matter damage underlies cognitive impairment in PD, and cognitive impairment in PD progresses with functional alteration (hypoperfusion) followed by structural alterations in which white matter alteration precedes gray matter atrophy.     

Early neuropsychological detection and the characteristics of Parkinson's disease associated with mild dementia

Parkinson's disease (PD) may exhibit patterns of cognitive deficits, yet physicians are currently lacking operational criteria to define the clinical boundaries between PD and PD dementia (PDD). Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of the cognitive impairments in mild PDD. We recruited 30 PDD, 20 PD-MCI (PD with mild cognitive impairment without dementia) and 33 controls. All subjects were evaluated with detailed neuropsychological tests. Our results showed that visual memory, visuospatial functions, naming and calculation displayed more marked impairment than that of the other domains. Thus we suggest that adding cognitive dysfunctions of cortical type to the early cognitive deficits of PD-MCI can help predict the development of dementia.     

Clinical differences among mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson's disease

Mild cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as a construct in Parkinson's disease (PD) and occurs in about 25% of nondemented PD patients. Although executive dysfunction is the most frequent type of cognitive deficit in PD, the cognitive phenotype of PD mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) is broad. PD-MCI subtypes are represented by amnestic and nonamnestic domain impairment as well as single- and multiple-domain impairment. However, it is unclear whether patients with different PD-MCI subtypes also differ in other clinical characteristics in addition to cognitive profile. We studied 128 PD-MCI subjects at our Movement Disorders center, comparing clinical, motor, and behavioral characteristics across the PD-MCI subtypes. We found varying proportions of impairment subtypes: nonamnestic single domain, 47.7%; amnestic multiple domain, 24.2%; amnestic single domain, 18.8%; and nonamnestic multiple domain, 9.5%. Attentional/executive functioning and visuospatial abilities were the most frequently impaired domains. PD-MCI subtypes differed in their motor features, with nonamnestic multiple-domain PD-MCI subjects showing particularly pronounced problems with postural instability and gait. Differences among PD-MCI subtypes in age, PD duration, medication use, mood or behavioral disturbances, and vascular disease were not significant. Thus, in addition to differing cognitive profiles, PD-MCI subtypes differed in motor phenotype and severity but not in mood, behavioral, or vascular comorbidities. Greater postural instability and gait disturbances in the nonamnestic multiple-domain subtype emphasize shared nondopaminergic neural substrates of gait and cognition in PD. Furthermore, increased burden of cognitive dysfunction, rather than type of cognitive deficit, may be associated with greater motor impairment in PD-MCI. ? 2012 Movement Disorder Society.     

Impaired financial abilities in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia

PurposeFinancial capacity (FC) is an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) critical to independent functioning and sensitive to cognitive impairment in dementia. Little is known about FC in cognitively impaired patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study investigated FC in PD patients with prodromal and clinical dementia.MethodsParticipants were 20 older controls and 35 PD patients who met consensus criteria for either mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 18) or PD dementia (PDD, n = 17). FC was assessed using a standardized performance based measure consisting of 9 domain and two global scores (Financial Capacity Instrument; FCI) (1). FCI domain and global performance scores were compared across groups. Capacity impairment ratings (no impairment, mild/moderate impairment, severe impairment) were calculated for each PD patient's domain and global scores.ResultsRelative to controls, PD-MCI patients were impaired on both FCI global scores and domains of basic monetary skills, financial concepts, and investment decision-making. Relative to both controls and PD-MCI patients, PDD patients were impaired on virtually all FCI variables. With respect to impairment ratings, greater than 50% of PD-MCI patients and greater than 90% of PDD patients were classified as either mild/moderate or severely impaired on the two FCI global scores.ConclusionsImpairment of financial capacity is already present in PD-MCI and is advanced in PDD. Complex cognitively-mediated IADLs such as financial capacity appear to be impaired early in the course of PD dementia.     

Dissociations among daytime sleepiness,nighttime sleep,and cognitive status in Parkinson's disease

BackgroundDaytime and nighttime sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment occur frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD), but little is known about the interdependence of these non-motor complications. Thus, we examined the relationships among excessive daytime sleepiness, nighttime sleep quality and cognitive impairment in PD, including severity and specific cognitive deficits.MethodsNinety-three PD patients underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Patients were classified as having normal cognition (PD-NC), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), or dementia (PDD) using recently proposed Movement Disorder Society PD-MCI and PDD criteria. Relationships between the sleep and cognitive measures and PD cognitive groups were examined.ResultsThe PD cohort included PD-NC (n = 28), PD-MCI (n = 40), and PDD (n = 25) patients. ESS scores, as a measure of daytime sleepiness, were significantly worse (p = 0.005) in cognitively impaired PD patients, particularly PDD patients. ESS scores correlated significantly with Mini-Mental State Examination scores and also with cognitive domain scores for attention/working memory, executive function, memory, and visuospatial function. In contrast, PSQI scores, as a measure of nighttime sleep quality, neither differed among cognitive groups nor correlated with any cognitive measures.ConclusionsDaytime sleepiness in PD, but not nighttime sleep problems, is associated with cognitive impairment in PD, especially in the setting of dementia, and attention/working memory, executive function, memory, and visuospatial deficits. The presence of nighttime sleep problems is pervasive across the PD cognitive spectrum, from normal cognition to dementia, and is not independently associated with cognitive impairment or deficits in cognitive domains.