涎腺内镜在颌下腺导管及导管内病变中的临床应用

目的:评价涎腺内镜在颌下腺导管及导管内病变中的临床应用.方法:选择自2006年9月至2007年2月因颌下区反复肿胀而在我科就诊的21例患者,行涎腺内镜诊治,其中男12例,女9例,年龄12～42岁,左侧14例,右侧7例.16例行颌下腺造影检查,5例行下颌横断咬合片检查.结果:X线片显示颌下腺导管阳性结石5例,其他原因致颌下腺导管阻塞16例.涎腺内镜检查显示:1)颌下腺导管病变:导管狭窄3例,扭曲2例,导管息肉2例,憩室2例.2)颌下腺导管内病变:阳性结石5例,阴性结石7例,粘液栓及脓栓在所有病例中均有不同程度的表现.涎腺内镜术后,阻塞症状基本消失,无明显并发症发生.结论:涎腺内镜是一种有前途的新技术,在颌下腺导管及导管内病变的诊断和治疗中是一种安全、有效、微创的方法.     

涎腺内镜对慢性阻塞性涎腺炎的诊治价值

目的 评价涎腺内镜对慢性阻塞性涎腺炎的诊治价值。方法选择自2003年1月至6月到武汉大学口腔医学院涎腺专科门诊因涎腺区反复肿胀就诊的患者25例(34侧)行涎腺内镜术。其中腮腺19例27侧，颌下腺6例7侧；女性16例，男性9例；年龄17～77岁，平均年龄43．72岁。22例术前拍摄涎腺造影片，3例颌下腺结石病例术前加拍下颌横断咬合片。结果常规X线检查显示：颌下腺导管阳性结石3例；慢性阻塞性涎腺炎22例。x线片显示：腮腺、颌下腺主导管及部分分支导管不均匀增粗。涎腺内镜检查显示：①导管内有不同程度的纤维样物质，呈絮状、片状附着管壁；②导管存在程度不一的狭窄；③导管壁片状充血，部分可见点状、斑点状出血；④黏液栓、脓栓；⑤导管内腔变形呈不规则状，管壁向外突起形成憩室；⑥阳性、阴性结石。涎腺内镜术后，涎腺区肿胀、不适、疼痛感明显减轻，未发现明显并发症。结论涎腺内镜技术是一种安全、有效、微创的介入学方法。对慢性阻塞性涎腺炎的诊治具有重要价值。     

涎腺内镜治疗慢性颌下腺炎的疗效评价

目的：评价涎腺内镜在慢性颌下腺炎诊疗中的临床效果。方法：应用涎腺内镜对107例（109侧）慢性颌下腺炎进行诊治,了解其导管壁和导管内变化,明确发病原因。对非阻塞性病例,进行导管加压冲洗扩张术及庆大霉素灌注;对阻塞性病例,去除阻塞物（结石、异物、脓栓等）。术后随诊,以颌下腺是否复发肿胀为判断依据,评价近期疗效及远期疗效。结果：107例中有105例成功进行了107侧颌下腺导管的内镜检查和治疗。96例在术后进行了随诊,随诊期2个月～5年,平均32月。3月内无复发肿胀81例。结论：涎腺内镜是评价涎腺导管疾病的可行性技术,并且诊断和治疗可同步进行,并发症少,疗效较好。     

涎腺内镜辅助颌下腺腺门结石取出术疗效分析

目的 分析涎腺内镜辅助颌下腺导管腺门段结石取出术的疗效.方法 2005年12月至2011年3月在北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院经影像检查发现的颌下腺腺门结石患者80例,采用涎腺内镜探查颌下腺导管,观察结石及导管炎症情况,并在内镜辅助下取石.术后随访3～6个月,分析内镜辅助下取石的效果及术后并发症.结果 80例颌下腺腺门结石患者中,71例结石被完全取出,5例结石大部分取出,4例结石未取出,取石成功率为95％ (76/80).76例结石成功取出者中 8例由网篮套索取出;59例采用了涎腺内镜辅助下口内切开取石术;9例经网篮套索及口内切开法取出结石.术后并发症主要为暂时性舌神经麻痹(1例)及舌下腺囊肿(2例).结论 涎腺内镜技术对于颌下腺腺门结石是一种安全有效的诊疗手段,可减少并发症的发生,并可避免结石残留.     

涎腺内镜治疗涎石病的回顾分析

目的 分析涎腺内镜在涎石病的诊断与治疗中的临床价值.方法 对52例(43例颌下腺、9例腮腺)涎石病行内镜探查及取石术.结果 34例颌下腺导管前段和(或)后段结石中,24例在内镜下直接取石;2例经手术及内镜取石;8例手术取石.8例颌下腺导管腺门处结石在内镜辅助下手术取石.9例腮腺结石中3例以抓篮取石;3例直接切开导管口取石;1例以抓篮套锁后于颊部切开取石.取石成功的49例随访1个月～2年无复发.结论 涎腺内镜可提高涎石病的诊断敏感性,且多数结石可在内镜辅助下取出.     

内镜辅助下慢性阻塞性腮腺炎的病因分析

目的：通过内镜技术了解慢性阻塞性腮腺炎导管内在表现和阻塞病因。方法：应用涎腺内镜对48例（53侧）慢性阻塞性腮腺炎患者的导管进行观察，了解其导管壁和导管内变化，以明确发病原因。结果：48例患者中，有3例患者因导管口过细，导致涎腺内镜的无法导人，故内镜检查失败；其余45例患者共进行了50侧腮腺导管的内镜检查，成功率为93.75％。其中，镜下有38侧导管内有出血、充血点，30侧导管狭窄与扩张，26侧导管内有纤维样物质，23侧导管内壁增生明显，12侧导管内有黏液栓子，6侧导管内有息肉，3侧导管内有结石。结论：慢性阻塞性腮腺炎的内镜下表现较复杂，以充血、出血和狭窄为主，涎腺内镜能直接观察其阻塞原因，为进一步的治疗提供了基础。     

内镜辅助诊断慢性阻塞性腮腺炎的临床应用

目的　通过涎腺内镜技术了解慢性阻塞性腮腺炎导管内在表现和阻塞原因。方法　应用涎腺内镜对 18例慢性阻塞性腮腺炎患者的导管进行观察 ,了解导管壁和导管内变化 ,以明确导管阻塞发病原因。结果　 18例慢性阻塞性腮腺炎患者的内镜下导管内壁变化显示 ,引起腮腺导管阻塞的内在表现主要有以下几种 :导管炎 (表现为导管内壁充血 ) 1例 ;导管炎伴脓栓 (或粘液栓子 )形成 3例 ;导管炎伴炎性增生 13例 ;导管炎伴结石 (结石常粘附在导管壁 ) 2例。结论　慢性阻塞性腮腺炎的导管阻塞原因以导管内壁增生、局部狭窄为主 ,涎腺内镜能直接观察慢性阻塞性腮腺炎导管内的阻塞原因 ,并可同时进行相应治疗 ,内镜诊断可以反映慢性阻塞性腮腺炎的病变程度     

下颌下腺腺门区扩张与导管结石存在的相关性研究

目的:研究下颌下腺导管解剖形态的改变与涎石形成的关系。方法 :回顾性分析372例下颌下腺导管结石患者,在接受内镜治疗过程中镜下观察到的导管解剖形态资料,并用自凝塑料复制10例离体下颌下腺导管解剖形态铸型,分析导管解剖形态的改变与涎石形成的关系。结果:372例涎腺镜术中有326例在镜下发现涎石,在所发现的426颗结石中约67%的涎石位于导管腺门端1/3或腺门区。在发现涎石的病例中,内镜探查导管系统发现87.4%的病例存在腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。10例下颌下腺导管铸型均直观地表现出导管系统树形结构及腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。结论:下颌下腺导管结石患者普遍存在腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。大部分下颌下腺导管结石位于近导管腺门端1/3或腺门区。     

内镜在慢性阻塞性涎腺炎诊断中的初步研究

目的　应用内镜技术了解涎腺的内在表现和慢性阻塞性涎腺炎的病因。方法　根据唾液腺解剖特点 ,设计唾液腺内镜 ,应用其对 1 9例慢性阻塞性涎腺炎进行诊断 ,了解导管壁和导管内变化 ,明确发病原因。结果　内镜下可见颌下腺导管阻塞原因以结石多见 ,占 9/ 1 2 ;而腮腺导管内以内壁增生为主 ,占 5/ 7;少数患者可见分支导管部分阻塞。结论　内镜能直接了解涎腺的内在表现 ,明确慢性阻塞性涎腺炎的发病原因 ,可同时进行治疗 ,具有较广阔应用范围及前景     

涎腺导管狭窄和导管扭转的诊断及治疗

患者和方法 涎腺导管狭窄患者25例,其中14例发生于腮腺导管,11例发生于颌下腺导管。女性11例,男性14例,年龄25～60岁,随访最长36个月。导管扭转患者9例,7例发生于颌下腺,2例发生于腮腺。女性4例,男性5例,年龄40～55岁,随访最长24个月。 采用涎腺造影术和涎腺内窥镜方法对涎腺导管狭窄进行诊断。导管狭窄在涎腺造影片中非常明显,在涎腺内窥镜检查中表现为典型的“指环”或“漏     

不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀溶解性比较研究

目的:研究、比较不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀的溶解性和表面微观形态改变,为临床使用提供依据.方法:将3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)及GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)分别在人工唾液中浸泡30 d,冷热循环15000次,烘干测重,比较前后质量变化,计算溶解率,并用扫描电镜观察表面微观改变.结果:不同剂型的玻璃离子水门汀溶解率由高到低分别为3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型).3种玻璃离子水门汀经浸泡溶解后,SEM扫描表面微观形态可观察到GE玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)表面形态改变较少,其他2组玻璃离子水门汀表面微观改变较多.结论:双糊剂型玻璃离子水门汀理化性能及溶解率均低于传统水粉剂型,是未来临床修复治疗的的良好选择.     

Evidence of the validity of a model of determinants of quality of restorative dental care

A model describing the relationship between self-reported quality of restorative dentistry and dentist characteristics for 119 Montana general dentists is presented. The best predictors formed a significant model explaining 22% of the variance of the quality measure. Results are contrasted with a previous estimation of the model for 102 Washington general practitioners. Evidence for the external validity of the model is presented.     

Experimental evidence of formation of imines in the course of reduction of hydrazones

The reduction of hydrazones is generally suggested to proceed through a reductive cleavage of the nitrogen–nitrogen bond followed by a reduction of the carbon–nitrogen bond. This sequence of reduction processes is here supported for fluorenone (V) and benzophenone (VI) hydrazones as well as by a comparison of the reduction of fluorenone and benzophenone hydrazonium ions (I,III) with corresponding imines (II,IV). Another proof of the presence of imines as intermediates is the splitting of four-electron waves of hydrazones V and VI and hydrazonium ions I and VIII into two waves at pH < 2. This has been interpreted as due to differences in slopes dE_1/2/dpH and pK_a-values of protonated hydrazine derivatives on one side and corresponding imines on the other. In this pH-range imines formed in reductions of VI and VIII are reduced in a single two-electron wave, those of I and V in two one-electron steps. Fluorenone imine (II) is sufficiently stable to allow recording of time-independent current–voltage curves between pH 6 and 11. In this pH-range the imine (II) is reduced in two one-electron steps. Benzophenone imine (IV) has been found stable between pH 4.6 and 12. At pH 4.6–8 the reduction of the imine IV takes place in a single two-electron step, at pH 8–12 in two one-electron steps. Final proof of the initial cleavage of the N–N bond is presented by comparison with the reduction of nitrones.     

Design of clinical trials of traditional therapies of periodontitis

The present paper on the design of clinical trials of periodontal therapy first addresses the issue of the etiology of periodontal disease. It is suggested that most if not all forms of destructive periodontal disease are caused by microorganisms and that there are different forms of disease with different microbial etiologies. The progressive nature of destructive periodontal disease is subsequently discussed and it is emphasized that, in a given patient, periodontal sites which show signs of inflammation and attachment loss may not over a period of several months and years show further sign of attachment loss. The present methods of assessing periodontal disease do not allow us to discriminate between potentially active and inactive sites in untreated patients. The significance and variability of indicators of periodontal disease such as bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level measurements are discussed. The errors inherent in the various measurements are analyzed and suggestions are presented describing how alterations in any of the above parameters could be identified and presented in a clinical trial. Of concern for the statistical analysis of clinical data of periodontal disease is the definition of the "experimental unit". For a number of years, the "experimental unit" in periodontal trials was the patient. It is clear, however, that different sites within the same individual show different patterns of disease progression and lesion morphology and often respond differently to periodontal therapy. Statistical analyses must consequently be designed which recognize differences in site-to-site infection and lesion morphology within a common host. Until such analyses are available, the investigator should be wary of pooling data within the same individual, since such pooling may obscure meaningful alternatives which may take place in individual periodontal sites. Some goals of periodontal therapy are subsequently identified. 4 goals are discussed more in detail, namely: to establish conditions which will allow the patient to maintain a dentition without further breakdown of the periodontium; to reduce pocket depth to establish an anatomy in the dentogingival region which with proper maintainance care will prevent the re-establishment of the subgingival infection; to gain attachment as a result of treatment; to assess the effect of a certain chemotherapeutic agent on periodontal disease.     

Evaluation of efficacy of chemiluminescence for diagnosis of leukoplakia

ObjectiveLeukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant disorder preceding oral cancer. Chemiluminescence has been developed as an adjunct to conventional examination for the diagnosis of these potentially malignant disorders. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of leukoplakia and to compare the results with histopathological examination.Study designA total of 50 patients with leukoplakia were included from the outpatients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. These patients were subjected to conventional oral examination followed by chemiluminescent examination with Vizilite (Zila, Fort Collins, CO, USA) and biopsy for histopathological confirmation.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chemiluminescence were 93.75%, 55.56%, 78.95%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall accuracy of chemiluminescence was 80%. A statistically significant association was observed between histopathology results and chemiluminescence results.ConclusionAlthough it is an easy, safe, minimal time consuming, and noninvasive technique, it has only adjunctive utility and it does not replace biopsy for the diagnosis of leukoplakia.     

正常青年Monson球面半径的测量研究

目的测量正常青年Monson球面半径。方法选择60名(男30名,女30名)正常青年制取全口印模,应用立体摄影成像的原理与方法对Monson球面半径进行测量和统计学处理。结果Monson球面的半径平均为10.173 cm,大于理论值10.160 cm,差异有显著性(P<0.01);男、女性球面半径差异无显著性。结论本实验所得到的数据可作为全口义齿修复中记录颌位关系的一个参量。     

正畸患者切牙影像失真发生情况分析

目的研究正畸患者曲面体层片上的切牙影像失真发生情况，并分析其原因。 方法从中山大学附属口腔医院放射科影像数据库中选取500例正畸患者的曲面体层片和头影测量侧位片，所有曲面体层片均采用咬合杆投照，分别从切牙牙体影像放大、缩小、牙根变短、根尖模糊等评价指标分析上下颌切牙影像失真的发生情况，在头影测量侧位片上测量中切牙根尖-对颌切牙切缘的距离，探讨切牙影像失真发生的原因。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学检验。 结果500例患者中，切牙牙体影像正常者共417例，切牙牙体影像失真者共83例，影像失真发生率16.6%，其中切牙牙体影像放大17例、牙体影像缩小0例、牙根变短30例，牙根影像变短伴模糊36例。影像失真患者的根尖-切缘距离大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F = 5 187.18，P = 0）；影像失真患者的覆盖值大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F>477，P = 0）。 结论严重牙颌面畸形如反 、深覆盖是导致曲面体层片的切牙影像失真的主要原因之一。     

颌骨动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的：总结直接穿刺结合经血管内介入栓塞治疗颌骨动静脉静脉畸形的经验。方法：收治凳骨动静脉畸形患者6例,均进行了介入栓塞治疗。采用的栓塞材料为附凝血棉纤毛的螺圈,聚乙烯醇泡沫微粒和二氰基丙烯酸对丁酯。数字减影颈动脉造影在PHILIPSV300下完成。结果6例颌骨动静脉畸形患者中4,例急性出血得到了快速、有效控制,1例慢性渗血的右下 骨动静脉畸形患者,介入栓塞治疗,拔除松动的右下凳第一磨牙,有效地控制了出血,另1例伴局部软组织搏动性膨隆的上凳骨动静脉畸形患者,介入治疗后膨隆的搏动性得到明显改善,栓塞治疗后分别随访3－24个月,均未发现有口腔内渗血或出血。随访的X线片上,病灶区可见新骨形成。结论：局部穿刺结合经血管内介入栓塞治疗颌骨动静畸形是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Electrodeposition of bilayers of dithiols

We report an electrochemical method to form a bilayer of dithiol. The cyclic voltammogram of the oxidative deposition of an aromatic dithiol on gold from an alkaline aqueous solution reveals two current peaks separated by more than 400 mV. The integrated charge of the oxidative current peak (B) at the most positive potential is twice that of the other oxidative current peak (A). These two oxidative current peaks were characterized by differential capacitance and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements. A decrease of the capacity by a factor of two, and an increase of the EQCM frequency change by a factor of two were observed when the potential was scanned from a value where only the first oxidative peak (A) is obtained, to a potential where both oxidative current peaks (A and B) are obtained. Infrared spectra show that the aromatic dithiols adsorb vertically at potentials corresponding to the current peak A and they become tilted for potentials corresponding to the current peak B. The simple relationships between the properties of the two oxidative current peaks are found to be compatible with a step-wise oxidative deposition of a bilayer of dithiol.