输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的联合治疗

目的：探讨输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的治疗方法与疗效。方法：回顾性分析32例输尿管结石梗阻继发急性严重上尿路感染患者的临床治疗方法：在积极抗感染的同时,急诊行膀胱镜下逆行插管引流,或在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺置管引流,其中27例感染控制后二期行输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL,3例在抗感染同时行ESWL,2例在抗感染同时行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果：19例膀胱镜下逆行插管成功,8例在B超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术成功,3～6天后患者体温和血白细胞数降至正常。二期14例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术成功,13例行ESWL成功。在抗感染同时一期行ESWL或输尿管镜的5例碎石成功。所有患者无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕裂、严重出血等并发症。术后1～8周输尿管结石全部排净,平均住院28．5天。结石排净后随访1～9个月,患肾功能全部恢复正常。结论：膀胱镜下逆行插管引流或经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流联合输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL简便,耐受性好,并发症少,可迅速控制感染,清除结石,二者联合应用是输尿管结石继发急性严重上尿路感染的理想治疗方法。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术近期并发症的预防及处理

目的总结输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术并发症的处理经验。方法回顾性分析2002年5月～2007年12月660例经尿道输尿管镜取石术中发生25例并发症的临床资料。结果输尿管穿孔22例：13例顺利将结石击碎并将双J管越过穿孔处一端置入肾盂内;4例手术取石并修补输尿管;5例拒绝开放手术,术后出现不同程度的发热、腰痛、血尿等症状,3例经皮肾穿刺造瘘后症状好转,2例经皮穿刺肾造瘘失败待病情稳定后行开放手术治疗。输尿管撕断2例,术中开放行输尿管端端吻合术。输尿管下段穿孔至盆腔卵巢静脉血管出血1例,术中开放手术结扎破裂的血管。25例经积极对症处理后均痊愈出院。术后2个月顺利拔除双J管,术后1年行静脉肾盂造影检查无输尿管狭窄、梗阻。结论输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术后近期输尿管损伤通过输尿管内支架引流管或经皮穿刺肾造瘘改道处理,可降低再次手术发生率;果断及时的开放手术可以避免更为严重并发症的发生。     

妊娠期输尿管上段结石的微创手术疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨微创手术治疗妊娠期输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性。 方法收集127例我院2006年1月至2016年9月接受微创手术治疗的妊娠期输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。患者年龄24~38岁,平均29岁;初诊时妊娠时间10~36周,平均24周。患者均有典型肾绞痛症状,经常规治疗无效。采用改良的Clavien分级系统对术后并发症进行评估分级并记录,术后复查泌尿系彩超,评估结石清除状态。 结果所有患者手术过程顺利,术后肾绞痛症状均得到明显缓解,未出现先兆流产或早产、输尿管穿孔、撕脱、感染性休克及大出血等严重并发症。88例接受输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,一期清石率为85.3%（75/88）;11例接受彩超定位下经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,28例接受输尿管镜下双J管置入术。术后并发症以双J管刺激症、肉眼血尿及伤口疼痛三者发生率较高。 结论妊娠期输尿管上段结石诊治过程中严格掌握适应证,施行输尿管镜碎石术安全可行,一期清石率较高,并非禁忌。此外也应根据病情及妊娠情况,选择双J管置入或经皮肾造瘘术,以缓解肾绞痛及减轻泌尿系梗阻。     

Simultaneous antegrade urography of the upper urinary tract and retrograde cystography combined with computed tomography imaging in the management of ureteral complications after renal transplantation

BackgroundTo investigate the significance of simultaneous urography of the upper and lower urinary tract of transplanted kidneys combined with computed tomography urography (CTU), computed tomography arteriography (CTA), and computed tomography venography imaging in the planning of open surgery performed to treat any ureteral complications of a transplanted kidney.MethodsIn all, 24 patients with ureteral complications after renal transplantation were admitted, 12 of whom had renal graft ostomy during open surgery. Simultaneous antegrade urography of the upper urinary tract and retrograde cystography of the transplanted kidneys were performed on the patients. With the use of computed tomography imaging results, surgical planning was carried out.ResultsAll surgeries were successfully completed according to preoperative planning. Three patients underwent end-to-end anastomosis of the ureter and bladder muscle flap, 8 patients underwent ureterocystostomy, and 1 patient underwent an end-to-end ureteral anastomosis. After the follow-up up to now, all the patients had stable renal function, and no complications such as ureteral stenosis or urine leakage have thus far reoccurred in the transplanted kidneys.ConclusionsWhen open surgery is required to treat any ureteral complications following renal transplantation, preoperative multiangle imaging can be used to better understand the condition of the transplanted urinary tract and thus aid considerably in surgical planning.     

Prophylactic ureteral catheterization in gynecologic surgery: a 12-year randomized trial in a community hospital

Introduction  The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of preoperative ureteral catheterization as a prophylactic measure to prevent ureteral injury and related complications. Methods  All major gynecologic operations performed between January 1996 and December 2007 were included and prospectively randomized into with and without catheterization groups. The medical records allowed the identification of all urinary tract complications and ureteral injuries. Results  Bilateral prophylactic ureteral catheterization was performed in 1,583 patients. A ureteral injury occurred in 19 (1.20%) out of 1,583 patients. Seventeen ureteral injuries (1.09%) occurred out of 1,558 patients without prophylactic ureteral catheterization. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ureteral injury between the different interventional groups (p = 0.774). Conclusion  The use of prophylactic ureteral catheters did not eliminate ureteral injuries in our patients. The presence of ureteral catheters should not supplant meticulous surgical techniques and direct visualization of the ureters during gynecologic surgery.     

Prophylactic ureteral catheterization in gynecologic surgery

Objectives. To examine the frequency of ureteral catheter usage, its efficacy in preventing injury, and related complications, because the preoperative routine placement of ureteral catheters as a prophylactic measure to prevent ureteral injury is controversial.Methods. All major gynecologic operations performed between January 1992 and December 1994 were identified. All gynecologic procedures that were preceded by ureteral catheter placement were also identified. A data base maintained by the Department of Quality Management allowed identification of all urinary tract complications and ureteral injuries. Four categories of surgery were analyzed: exploratory laparotomy with catheters, exploratory laparotomy without catheters, operative laparoscopy with catheters, and operative laparoscopy without catheters. The medical records of all patients with urinary tract complications were reviewed.Results. Bilateral prophylactic ureteral catheterization was performed in 469 (15.3%) of 3071 patients. A ureteral injury occurred in 4 (0.13%) of 3071 patients. All four ureteral injuries (0.17%) occurred among 2338 patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy. None of the 733 patients who underwent operative laparoscopy suffered ureteral injury. The incidence of ureteral injury in patients who had ureteral catheters placed before exploratory laparotomy was 2 (0.62%) of 322. Two (0.10%) of 2016 patients who did not have prophylactic ureteral catheters suffered a ureteral injury. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ureteral injury between patients who did and patients who did not undergo ureteral catheterization (P = 0.094).Conclusions. The use of prophylactic ureteral catheters did not affect the rate of ureteral injury in our patients. The very low incidence of ureteral injury among our patients is attributed mainly to meticulous surgical technique.     

微创治疗上尿路结石所致急性肾功能衰竭

目的探讨微创治疗上尿路结石所致急性肾功能衰竭的临床效果。方法2012年12月～2013年8月,对30例上尿路结石致急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭先行输尿管置管或经皮肾穿刺造瘘,根据病情行输尿管镜取石术或微通道经皮肾镜取石术。结果均成功解除尿路梗阻,输尿管镜气压弹道取石术18例,结石取净率94．4％（17／18）;微通道经皮肾镜气压弹道取石术12例,结石取净率91．7％（11／12）,无严重并发症发生。术后3～14d血cr由285～1162μmol／L降至58～343μmol／L。术后随访1～6个月,平均3个月,肾功能恢复正常25例,5例仍有氮质血症,但肾功能明显改善。结论输尿管镜取石术或微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石所致急性肾功能衰竭具有微创、安全、效果好等优点。     

Inflammatory aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, complicated by hydronephrosis and anuria. Surgical management

In this paper the clinical condition of two male patients, aged 58 and 65 years are presented, after being admitted as a consequence of a rare complication of an inflammatory aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, which is an ureteral compression, with hydronephrosis, anuria and acute renal failure. After having an urgent haemodialysis session, the etiology of the process was diagnosed by echography and abdominal CT-scans, followed by ureteral catheterization, restoration of diuresis and normalization of renal function. Conventional surgery was performed later, in elective conditions, and the post operative course was normal, without complications. The main features of this clinical entity, its diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are presented and discussed.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭21例

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭的安全性和效果。方法回顾性分析21例因输尿管结石所致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,探讨急诊采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石并置管引流的治疗效果。结果21例患者均急诊成功解除尿路梗阻。手术时间为35．110min,平均68．5min,住院时间9—32d,平均16．5d。无输尿管穿孔、断裂或粘膜撕脱等并发症发生,无中转开放手术。随访1—3个月,所有患者血肌酐均恢复正常,复查超声或KUB＋IVP,无结石残留。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗因输尿管结石致肾后性急性肾功能衰竭安全有效,并发症发生率低。一旦明确由于输尿管结石引起的急性肾后性肾功能衰竭,我们推荐首选输尿管镜钬激光碎石及置管引流术。     

输尿管镜急诊治疗输尿管结石肾绞痛165例

目的探讨输尿管镜急诊治疗输尿管结石梗阻引起持续、顽固性肾绞痛的临床效果。方法 2006年5月~2009年5月,采用Wolf F8/9.8、F7/8.5硬质输尿管镜,瑞士EMS气压弹道碎石装置,美国Trimedyne OmniPulse钬激光机,治疗输尿管结石急性梗阻肾绞痛165例。结果 160例在输尿管镜直视下1次操作成功,成功率97.0%（160/165）。6例术后复查B超、X线发现残留结石（3 mm以上）辅以ESWL治疗,结石粉碎;手术结石清除率96.2%（154/160）。结石粉碎,梗阻解除,肾绞痛未再发作。术后4~6周内结石全部排净。12例发生并发症：输尿管穿孔6例,采取单纯放置双J管保守治疗5例,开放手术治疗1例;泌尿系感染6例,其中1例感染性休克,治疗后痊愈。泌尿系感染6例随访6~9个月,3例结石复发,感染性休克患者半年后患肾萎缩,功能减退。结论输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石引起的急性梗阻具有快速、安全、高效,对顽固、持续肾绞痛者立竿见影。     

半硬质输尿管镜操作引起输尿管或肾实质穿通损伤的分析

目的提高对半硬质输尿管镜操作中的穿通性损伤发生的认识及预防能力。方法回顾性分析2004年9月至2008年10月间我科收治的半硬质输尿管镜操作所致泌尿系统损伤11例,其中输尿管穿孔4例,输尿管假道2例,结石穿出输尿管3例,肾实质穿通性损伤2例。结果输尿管损伤者中6例接受手术修补输尿管并留置双J管,3例输尿管假道或结石穿出者在输尿管镜下放置双J管。术后三至四周拔除双J管,均恢复良好。对肾实质穿孔者,1例采用手术引流,1例证实为肾结核而行患’肾切除并抗结核治疗而治愈。结论输尿管或肾实质穿孔是半硬质输尿管镜操作中的较重并发症。正确的病例选择、良好的手术视野和尽可能低的灌注压力有利于避免这些并发症的发生。     

输尿管插管在预防妇科三、四级腹腔镜手术中输尿管损伤的应用价值

目的：探讨输尿管插管在预防妇科三、四级腹腔镜手术中输尿管损伤的应用价值。方法选取2009年1月～2011年11月182例我科三、四级腹腔镜手术182例作为研究组,术前均用膀胱镜放置双侧输尿管导管,然后行腹腔镜手术,术中在输尿管导管指示下手术,术后立即拔除导管。选取同期我科三、四级腹腔镜手术200例作为对照组,术前未行输尿管插管,比较2组患者术后输尿管损伤的发生率。结果研究组双侧输尿管置管成功率98．9％（180/182）,无一例损伤输尿管。对照组术后发现输尿管损伤2例,开腹行输尿管修补术并留置双J管,术后2个月治愈;膀胱损伤2例,术中均及时发现,立即请泌尿外科会诊,在泌尿外科大夫的协助下及时行膀胱修补术,术后留置尿管2周治愈。2组并发症发生率无统计学差异（ P＝0．125）。结论在妇科三、四级腹腔镜手术中应用输尿管导管可减少术中输尿管损伤的发生。     

Renal transplantation in children with severe bladder dysfunction

PURPOSE: Renal transplantation in children with bladder dysfunction carries a risk for the renal graft. We report our experience with transplantation in 15 patients 6 to 18 years old with severe abnormalities of the lower urinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18 renal transplants were performed in 15 children with bladder dysfunction secondary to myelomeningocele (3), occult spina bifida (1), malformation/agenesis of the sacrum (5), posterior urethral valves (4), female hypospadias (1) and bladder exstrophy (1) between 1979 and 2003. Urological surgery was performed before transplantation in 14 cases-7 bladder augmentations, 5 incontinent urinary conduits/reservoirs and 2 vesicostomies. Voiding was maintained by intermittent catheterization in 9 cases and incontinent ostomies in 6. Graft implantation was performed by extraperitoneal route with ureteral anastomosis to the native bladder in cases of bladder augmentation. Immunosuppression consisted of triple therapy with polyclonal/monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Urological complications consisted of urethral obstruction due to mucus hypersecretion (1), urinary fistula (1), ureterovesical obstruction (1), stone formation (3), urinary tract incrustation by Corynebacterium urealyticum (1) and pyelonephritis (2). Graft survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 77% and 62%, respectively, with a median of 79 months (95% CI 51 to 107). Three graft losses were related to urological disease. CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplantation in children with severe bladder dysfunction can achieve similar results to those obtained in the general population. Meticulous selection of patients and surgical reparative techniques ensuring voiding and adequate control of urinary infections are mandatory. Augmentation cystoplasty and intermittent catheterization are appropriate techniques currently used for achieving this outcome.     

Spontaneous perforation of the ureter: clinical presentation and endourologic management

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spontaneous perforation of the upper ureter is a rare condition that poses diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We report on five cases from three institutions and discuss the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five patients presented with renal colic and the imaging modalities used to assess them showed extravasation of urine. RESULTS: The cause of spontaneous perforation of the ureter was a ureteral stone in one case and was unknown in four cases. In all cases, a Double-J ureteral stent was inserted under fluoroscopy. Urinoma was percutaneously drained in only one patient. Repeat imaging showed normal renal function and morphology in all patients. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous perforation of the ureter should be suspected after renal colic. Endourologic treatment offers excellent results, even for the management of acute complications.     

Evaluation of urinary cytology for upper urinary tract disease

One hundred and seventy-two patients with upper urinary tract disease were examined by cytological study of ureteral urine which was taken by ureteral catheterization. Of 139 patients with benign disease or ureteral stricture due to non-urological cancer, only one case with renal cyst revealed positive findings (false positive rate: 0.7%). Two positive cases, which were a renal hemorrhage without followup and a uterine cervical cancer with squamous cancer cells in the ureteral urine, were excluded. Although 6 of 17 (35%) uroepithelial cancers in the upper urinary tract were registered as positive, this examination was little use for detecting stage pTa, grade 1 or papillary non-invasive tumors. However, 2 out of 12 (17%) renal pelvic or ureteral cancer patients with negative results of voided urine were cytologically detected by ureteral urine. Five out of 6 cases of these cancers demonstrated malignant cells in the renal pelvic urine sampled from surgical specimen. We have recently experienced aspiration cytology for upper urinary tract disease, using the percutaneous puncture method, and five of 7 upper urinary tract patients were cytologically diagnosed. This procedure could be valuable for detecting even patients with associated bladder cancer or failure of ureteral catheterization.     

Ureteroscopic management of urological complications after renal transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility, safety and efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic ureteroscopy in renal allograft ureters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 1560 consecutive renal allografts performed between June 1989 and February 2002. A total of 28 patients (1.8%) had indications for an endoscopic procedure on the allograft ureter, as follows: obstructive ureteral calculi with a history of failed extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, n=6; suspected ureteral stricture, n=3; upwardly migrated ureteral stents, n=9; and ureteral stricture at the ureteroneocystostomy site, n=10. Ureters were anastomosed to the bladder using the Leadbetter-Politano and Lich-Gregoire methods in six and 22 cases, respectively. Ureteroscopies were performed with a semi-rigid 9.8 F Wolf ureteroscope. RESULTS: Identification of the ureteral orifice and insertion of a guide-wire into it was successful in 19 cases (68%). If we exclude the 10 patients with ureteral stricture, ureteroscopy was successful in 13/18 cases (72%). Four ureteral calculi (67%) were removed with the ureteroscope. Seven out of nine migrated stents (78%) were retrieved. Four patients with ureteral stricture at the ureteroneocystostomy site (40%) underwent successful ureteral dilatation and double-J ureteral catheters were also inserted. Diagnostic ureteroscopy was successful in all cases. Two complications (one urinary leakage and one symptomatic urinary tract infection) occurred and were managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Ureteral endoscopy is a safe and effective method for the management of urological complications after renal transplantation. This procedure can be considered the first choice, in preference to percutaneous and antegrade modalities.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的：探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石患者128例，其中5例为ESWL后输尿管石街形成，6例并发急性梗阻性肾功能不全。结果：128例中，一次性碎石成功117例，占91．4％。碎石失败11例，占8．6％，其中6例输尿管上段结石移位至肾盂，留置双J管后行ESWL治愈，另外2例输尿管穿孔和3例进镜失败患者均立即改行开放手术治愈。6例并发急性梗阻性肾功能不全患者碎石术后即进入多尿期，2周后复查肾功能恢复正常。结论：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石具有微创、安全、效果好等优点，可作为输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

Complications of ureteral endoscopy

Use of the rigid ureterorenoscope has become widely accepted for the diagnosis of ureteral lesions, and for the removal and disintegration of ureteral calculi. Few complications have been reported. During the last 3 years 128 ureteroscopic procedures were performed for a variety of indications (98 for stone disease). There were 26 complications: 22 minor with no morbidity and 4 major that required surgical correction. Minor complications consisted of asymptomatic ureteral perforations in 6 patients, perforations with urinary extravasation, pain, ileus or fever in 4, migration of the stone into the kidney in 10 and migration of the stone outside the ureter with the calculus left in situ in 2. Major complications included ureteral perforation during basket extraction of an upper ureteral stone, urinoma following perforation and requiring drainage, stenosis of the intramural ureter that was corrected by marsupialization and aseptic necrosis of the ureter that was treated by ileal replacement.     

后腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术治疗肾错构瘤(附20例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤的手术技巧和临床效果。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术对20例肾错构瘤患者行肿瘤剜除术。其中择期手术患者19例,因肾错构瘤破裂出血急诊手术1例。肿瘤直径1.8～8.7cm,平均4.8cm。采用单纯肾动脉阻断并以吸引器吸除肿瘤的手术方法,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果:20例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间119min,19例择期手术患者平均出血量85ml,急诊患者未行肾动脉阻断,术中出血约为1 000ml。平均术后住院时间9.9d。1例术后出现尿瘘,经保守治疗愈合出院。其他患者无围手术期并发症。术后随访3～60个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:后腹腔镜肾错构瘤剜除术应用肾动脉热缺血阻断、介入超声、吸引器吸除肿瘤、术前放置输尿管导管、止血手段等新技术安全可行,具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、住院时间短等优点。