浮膝损伤合并血管损伤的处理

目的探讨浮膝损伤合并血管损伤患者的手术方法及临床疗效。方法浮膝损伤伴血管损伤19例,骨折复位固定同时行血管损伤大隐静脉移植修复术11例,人工血管修复3例,直接行端端吻合术3例,单纯修补术2例。对8例小腿严重创伤合并筋膜间室综合征者行小腿筋膜切开减压术,伤后3月修复交叉韧带损伤2例。结果1例患者合并严重挤压综合征死亡,2例在伤后48 h探查吻合血管患者二期截肢,肢体存活16例,此16例获随访0.5~2年。根据Karlstrm评价标准优6例,良7例,中2例,差1例,优良率为81.25%。人工血管修复的3例术后血流通畅。13例基本恢复正常生活和工作;2例足部感觉正常,肌力3级,生活基本自理;1例长期昏迷,生活不能自理。结论对于合并血管损伤的浮膝损伤,应尽早诊断及重建血液循环,防止严重并发症的产生,尽可能恢复患者功能。     

浮膝合并腘动脉损伤9例的诊疗体会

目的探讨浮膝合并腘动脉损伤患者的诊断和治疗。方法总结2003年1月至2008年12月共救治9例患者的诊断、手术方法及恢复情况。结果术后随访时间平均16个月,所有肢体均存活。术后膝关节功能评价,优6例,良2例,中1例。结论对浮膝合并腘动脉损伤患者应高度重视,早期诊断,骨折固定力求简单、快捷、有效,修复血管注重简单修复的原则,尽量缩短肢体缺血时间,对患肢预后至关重要。     

浮膝中血管损伤的诊断和处理

目的：探讨浮膝损伤合并大血管损伤的诊断和处理方法。方法：1994年1月～2001年1月本院共处理浮动膝合并大血管损伤26例，男17例，女9例。年龄12～71岁，平均326岁。血管损伤部位：股动静脉11例，股动脉3例，股浅动脉2例，腘动静脉4例，腘动脉2例，胫前、胫后动脉4例。11例病人行端端吻合术(42．3％)，6例病人行隐静脉移植修复术(23．1％)，2例病人使用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE，polytetrafluoroethylene)进行血管修复(7．7％)，7例病人进行静脉损伤部位的修复(26．9％)。结果：2例为股动静脉和腘动脉损伤合并小腿严重开放性骨折，术后严重感染，行截肢术。1例合并腹腔脏器出血，死于出血性休克。保肢成功率76．9％。所有骨折均在6个月内获得愈合。结论：对浮膝合并血管损伤的患者，应先处理对生命构成威胁的损伤，并进一步明确诊断，适当固定骨折，彻底清创，修复损伤血管，必要时行骨筋膜间室切开术。     

浮膝合并胭动脉损伤的手术治疗

目的 研究钢板和单臂外固定支架固定骨折、血管修复治疗浮膝合并胴动脉损伤的临床疗效。方法 1999年1月至2004年7月收治17例该类患者，采用钢板固定股骨骨折、单臂外固定支架固定胫骨骨折、血管修复术治疗胴动脉损伤，并随访其疗效0结果术后随访时间12．1个月（8～24个月）。本组病例骨折均获解剖复位，随访均获骨性愈合，所有患者受伤肢体均存活。手术切口及减张切口无感染发生，无固定材料松动断裂等发生。术后膝关节功能评价，优9例，良4例，中3例，差1例。结论 钢板和单臂外固定支架治疗浮膝合并胭动脉损伤具有操作简单、时间短、固定牢固等优点，是临床治疗浮膝合并下肢主要血管损伤的较好方法。     

创伤性浮膝的治疗策略和预后影响因素

目的探讨创伤性浮膝损伤的手术治疗及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2000年6月至2010年6月处理的27例创伤性浮膝患者的手术治疗方式和合并伤对膝关节功能恢复的影响。结果 27例患者中有35处合并伤,16例患者行交锁髓内钉—交锁髓内钉固定。浮膝的并发症主要是膝僵硬、足下垂、骨折延迟愈合和感染。按Karlstrom标准对膝关节功能评定,优12例,良10例,中3例,差2例,优良率81.5%。伴有膝关节韧带损伤或血管损伤的患者预后差。结论浮膝患者需早期有效地手术固定,术后循序渐进的膝关节康复训练,能获得良好的结果.骨折类型和合并伤影响浮膝的预后。     

浮膝合并下肢主要血管损伤

目的：探讨浮膝导致下肢主要血管损伤的原因及临床诊治特点。方法：回顾33例浮膝病人中，其中5例合并主要血管损伤病人的临床资料，分析其特点，找出科学合理的早期诊治方法。结果：5例病人中，3例功能恢复良好，２例出现早期及晚期不同程度的并发症，包括创伤关节炎，关节强直，股动脉晚期受压等。结论：浮膝系严重创伤综合征，易合并主要血管损伤，早期诊断、早期治疗的意义重大。     

交锁钉治疗浮膝损伤25例临床分析

目的：探讨交锁钉在浮膝损伤中的应用价值。方法：自1999年1月一2001年6月。采用交锁钉治疗浮膝损伤25例，术后早期进行患肢功能练习。结果：平均随访10个月，25例骨折全部愈合，膝关节功能康复优良率达92％。结论：对于浮膝损伤使用交锁钉治疗，一次性手术做到了骨折的合理固定，有利于早期功能锻炼，交锁钉是治疗浮膝损伤的首选治疗方法。     

浮膝合并腘动脉损伤的手术治疗

目的研究钢板和单臂外固定支架固定骨折、血管修复治疗浮膝合并动脉损伤的临床疗效。方法1999年1月至2004年7月收治17例该类患者,采用钢板固定股骨骨折、单臂外固定支架固定胫骨骨折、血管修复术治疗动脉损伤,并随访其疗效。结果术后随访时间12.1个月(8~24个月)。本组病例骨折均获解剖复位,随访均获骨性愈合,所有患者受伤肢体均存活。手术切口及减张切口无感染发生,无固定材料松动断裂等发生。术后膝关节功能评价,优9例,良4例,中3例,差1例。结论钢板和单臂外固定支架治疗浮膝合并动脉损伤具有操作简单、时间短、固定牢固等优点,是临床治疗浮膝合并下肢主要血管损伤的较好方法。     

浮膝合并血管损伤12例治疗体会

浮膝损伤是一种常见的高能量损伤,若治疗时机与方法不当,将严重影响术后患肢的功能,甚至导致截肢.笔者自2003年1月～2008年1月.共救治12例浮膝合并血管损伤,取得了满意的疗效,报告如下.     

开放性浮膝损伤的手术治疗

目的 探讨开放性浮膝损伤的治疗.方法 回顾性分析手术治疗的41例开放性浮膝损伤,对骨折和开放性损伤类型、软组织修复和骨折固定方式两大治疗难点、并发症及功能疗效进行了分析和评价.结果 截肢8例,其余33例随访1～3年,平均21.5个月.7例骨延迟愈合或不愈合,6例轻度畸形愈合,5例伸膝位僵硬.骨愈合时间:胫骨为3～18.5个月,平均为6.5个月;股骨为3～15个月,平均为5.0个月.疗效按Karlstrom和Olerud标准,优9例,良16例,可7例,差1例.结论 早期彻底清创、妥善固定骨折、个性化的修复软组织损伤,以及及早锻炼,是提高疗效的关键.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.