山东省临沂市0~2岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原携带率及影响因素调查

目的了解我市乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫后,新生儿乙肝病毒表面抗原携带率及影响因素。方法随机调查597名儿童,采血检测HBsAg。结果HBsAg携带率城市为0(0/289),农村为3.90%(12/308)。城市和农村乙肝疫苗全程接种率分别为99.65%(288/289)和97.73%(301/308),差别无显著性意义,但首针及时接种率城市(90.31%)高于农村(83.12%),差异有非常显著的统计学意义。农村县级及以下医院未开展孕妇乙肝病毒(HBV)感染指标检测,且乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率仅为51.60%。结论农村新生儿乙肝疫苗接种质量和首针及时接种率有待提高,同时要推广孕妇HBV感染指标筛查。     

四川省≤3岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原携带率调查

为了解四川省≤3岁儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗接种率及乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率,采用组群抽样法,全省分成三层,城市一层,农村按经济状况分为一般农村和贫困农村,于2002年5～7月对3 558名适龄儿童进行了调查.结果显示1～3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率、全程接种率和全程及时接种率分别为79.93%、55.11%、66.13%、50.12%;城市儿童的四项接种率均非常明显地高于农村儿童(χ2=266.870、371.268、71.170、302.387,P均＜0.01).＜1岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率为86.49%.城市＜1岁儿童首针及时接种率为79.02%,非常明显地高于农村儿童(χ2＝40.498,P＜0.01).住院和在家分娩儿童的首针及时接种率分别为66.67%和22.01%,差异有非常显著的统计学意义(χ2＝477.096,P＜0.001).该人群HBsAg携带率为3.06%,较1992年同年龄组人群HBsAg携带率下降了60.21%;城市儿童HBsAg携带率明显低于贫困农村儿童(χ2=8.095,P<0.05);有接种史的儿童其HBsAg携带率非常明显地低于无接种史的儿童(χ2＝31.997,P＜0.001).因此,乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫后,提高农村,特别是贫困农村新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率和首针及时接种率,是今后工作的重点.     

池州市农村0～2岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种及其免疫效果评价

为了解池州市乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种现况和免疫效果 ,于 2 0 0 2年 12月 2 0日～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 2 0日 ,对所辖4个县 (区 ,下同 )进行了调查。 4个县 2 0个乡 (镇 )按 <1岁、1岁、2岁共抽查 4 2 0名儿童 ,检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)与抗体 (抗 HBs)。结果 :池州市农村儿童乙肝疫苗接种率达 99 2 9% ,首针及时接种率为 73 81% ;池州市农村乙肝疫苗接种主要有 3种方式 ,即分娩医院接种、首针分离接种和接种点接种 ,其中分娩医院接种和首针分离接种符合接种要求 ,其首针及时接种率 >93% ,全程及时接种率 >87% ;HBsAg阳性 3人 ,阳性率 0 71% ,抗 HBs阳性 2 75人 ,阳转率 6 5 4 8% ;另有 14 2名 (33 81% )儿童HBsAg和抗 HBs双阴性。因此加强农村儿童乙肝疫苗接种管理 ,明确分娩医院和接种点各自的职责 ,规范乙肝疫苗接种是确保乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫后获得高质量、高效果的关键。同时提高农村孕妇住院分娩有助于提高儿童乙肝疫苗接种率。     

云南省乙型肝炎疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理基线调查分析

目的　掌握云南省儿童乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种率及乙肝病毒 (HBV)感染状况 ,为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理提供本底资料。方法　采用分层多阶段随机抽样和标准组群抽样方法 ,抽取了 2 5 96名l～ 3岁儿童进行调查。结果　 1～ 3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率、全程接种率、全程及时接种率、乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)携带率和HBV感染率分别为 70 .3 4%、2 2 .5 3 %、68.45 %、2 2 .3 4%、2 .2 5 %和 12 .60 %。以上 4项接种率及HBV感染率均以城市儿童最高 ,低收入农村儿童最低 ,呈逐层降低趋势 ;HBsAg携带率则是农村儿童高于城市儿童。结论　云南省乙肝防制工作的重点和难点是农村地区 ,尤其是低收入农村地区     

农村乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及影响因素调查

为了解农村地区乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗免疫效果及影响因素 ,提出相应措施提高乙肝疫苗的保护效果。在南江、旺苍两县 ,采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法 ,抽取 5 2 7名 2 0 0 0年出生儿童及其 4 99名母亲 ,采血检测血清乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)。结果显示 :儿童乙肝疫苗免疫接种率和全程免疫接种率分别为 99 0 5 %、95 4 5 % ;首针及时接种率和全程及时接种率分别为 6 8 39%、6 1 6 9%。住院分娩和在家分娩儿童首针及时接种率分别为 83 5 9%、5 6 90 % ,两者的差异有非常显著的统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。≥第 2胎儿童的首针及时接种率非常明显的低于第 1胎儿童 (χ2 =34 1178,P <0 0 1)。被调查儿童母亲的HBsAg阳性率为 6 6 1% ;儿童HBsAg阳性率为 1 5 2 % ,7例均为阳性母亲所生儿童。由此可见 ,在农村推广乙肝疫苗免疫接种将大大降低HBsAg阳性率。在经济欠发达的边远地区和山区农村 ,对孕妇进行HBsAg筛查 ,重点对HBsAg阳性产妇的新生儿及时接种乙肝疫苗 ,将会取得事半功倍的效果     

河北省乙型肝炎疫苗扶贫项目实施效果初评

为了解乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗扶贫项目县乙肝疫苗的接种率和乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)携带状况及其影响因素,在涞水和巨鹿县随机抽取58个村514对2000年出生的儿童和母亲为调查对象,用胶体金试纸条法检测母亲和儿童血清HBsAg.结果显示儿童乙肝疫苗全程接种率、全程及时接种率、首针及时接种率分别为92.2%、90.9%、92.2%;住院分娩和家庭分娩儿童首针及时接种率分别为96.7%、80.8%,两者差异有非常显著的统计学意义(χ2＝36.9028,P＜0.01);第1胎儿童首针及时接种率高于≥2胎儿童,两者差异有非常显著的统计学意义(χ2＝15.1274,P＜0.01).被检测母亲HBsAg阳性者10人(1.95%),儿童HBsAg阳性者2人(0.39%).这2名儿童乙肝疫苗首针和全程接种均为及时接种,免疫失败原因是母亲HBsAg和乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)双阳性,宫内感染的可能性较大.儿童家长/监护人对乙肝和乙肝疫苗的有关知识回答正确率平均为81.8%,新生儿要接种乙肝疫苗的了解途径94.2%是从医生那里得来的.据此建议(1)加大其它途径的宣传,以便使儿童家长/监护人有更多渠道了解乙肝和接种乙肝疫苗的知识,有效地提高乙肝疫苗的接种率.(2)对孕妇进行筛检,尤其是在贫困地区对孕妇进行筛检,密切关注HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性母亲及其新生儿,对其采取特殊的保护措施,更有效地减少HBsAg携带者.     

广安市乙型肝炎疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫基线调查分析

为了解儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率、全程及时接种率及乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率,以便为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫提供本底资料.2002年5月对广安市0～3岁儿童进行了整群随机抽样调查.结果显示调查的3 601人中,乙肝疫苗接种率为60.18%,首针及时接种率为35.05%,全程及时接种率为32.80%,全程接种率为50.54%;检出HBsAg阳性者150人,携带率为4.17%.     

江苏省儿童乙肝流行及疫苗接种状况调查

目的 分析江苏省儿童乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝流行现状,评价乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划管理后的效果.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,调查城乡监测点1～14岁常住儿童1 894名,进行乙肝疫苗接种情况以及乙肝感染主要危险因素问卷调查;采集静脉血,用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测血清中乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc).结果 江苏省1～14岁城市儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率分别为97.13%,78.43%,农村儿童分别为95.15%,57.96%;1～14岁儿童HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率、乙肝病毒(HBV)感染流行率经标化调整后分别为1.10%,70.02%,3.40%,5.53%.结论 江苏省乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划效果显著,5岁以下儿童HBsAg阳性率已降至1%以下,乙肝疫苗接种率和首针及时率逐年提高.     

尧都区农村地区乙肝疫苗接种率影响因素分析

为了解农村地区乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫接种及影响因素,提高乙肝疫苗的免疫效果。采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,从尧都区10个乡镇抽取527名2002年出生儿童及其母亲499名,血清检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)。结果显示:儿童乙肝疫苗接种率和全程免疫接种率分别为99.05%、95.45%;首针及时接种率和全程及时接种率分别为68.39%、61.69%。住院分娩和在家分娩儿童首针及时接种率分别为83.59%、56.90%,两者统计有显著性差异(P<0.01)。≥2胎儿童的首针及时接种率明显低于第1胎儿童(x2=34.1178,P<0.01)。被调查儿童母亲和儿童的HBsAg阳性率分别为6.61%、1.52%,HBsAg阳性的儿童7例,均为阳性母亲所生。由此可见,乙肝疫苗的接种大大降低了HBsAg阳性率。在部分地区尤其是经济欠发达的农村地区,对孕妇进行HBsAg筛查,重点对HBsAg阳性产妇的新生儿及时接种乙肝疫苗,对预防乙肝病毒的感染起着至关重要的作用。     

安庆市农村≤3岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原携带率调查

目的 :为了解农村儿童乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率、全程及时接种率及乙肝病毒表面抗原(Hbs Ag)携带率和抗 - HBs阳转率 ,以便为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫提供本底资料。方法 :2 0 0 2年 12月对安庆市农村≤ 3岁儿童进行了调查。结果 :调查的 930人中 ,乙肝疫苗全程接种率为 74 .30 % ,首针及时接种率为 36 .4 5 % ,全程及时接种率为 2 9.4 6 % ,首针及时接种率以 0岁组最高 (χ2 =2 3.2 3,P<0 .0 1) ;检出阳性者 15人 ,携带率为 1.6 1% ;调查合格接种乙肝疫苗儿童 6 31人 ,抗 - HBs阳性 4 93人 ,抗 - HBs阳转率为 78.13%。平原地区的首针及时率为 38.4 0 % ,高于山区 (χ2 =4 .5 6 ,P<0 .0 5 )。住院和在家分娩儿童的首针及时接种率分别为 4 8.74 %、14 .6 3% ,差异有非常显著的统计学意义 (χ2 =10 7.6 7,P<0 .0 1)。结论乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫后 ,提高农村新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率和全程及时接种率是今后工作的重点     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.