社交焦虑个体的认知偏向研究

社交焦虑常损坏人们的社会功能,给人们的教育、就业、家庭、恋爱、婚姻关系造成了至少中等程度的损害。社交焦虑的认知—行为模型指出,认知偏向在社交焦虑的发展和维持中起到了重要作用。文章主要从注意偏向、记忆偏向、判断和解释偏向出发,介绍社交焦虑个体认知偏向的研究成果。     

新训期新兵抑郁症状与负性认知加工偏向、聪慧的关系研究

目的探讨新训期新兵抑郁症状与负性认知加工偏向、聪慧的关系。方法采用贝克抑郁量表第2版、负性认知加工偏向问卷和军人心理素质量表对2252名新训期新兵进行现场调查,对数据进行描述性分析、独立样本t检验、Pearson相关分析、回归分析以及Bootstrap法检验中介效应,构建结构方程模型。结果①抑郁组新兵的负性认知加工偏向显著高于无抑郁组(P<0.01),而聪慧水平显著低于无抑郁组(P<0.01);②新兵抑郁症状与负性认知加工偏向3个因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.329~0.447,P<0.01),与聪慧呈显著负相关(r=-0.394,P<0.01);③负性记忆偏向、负性沉思偏向和聪慧对新兵抑郁症状具有显著预测力,解释率为26.6%;④多重中介效应模型显示,聪慧在负性认知加工偏向对新兵抑郁症状的影响中起中介作用。结论负性认知加工偏向和聪慧是新兵抑郁症状的重要影响因素,对于高水平负性认知加工偏向的新兵,可以通过提高其聪慧水平缓解抑郁症状。     

抑郁大学生在情绪stroop任务中的认知加工偏向

目的探讨抑郁大学生是否存在消极社交依赖自我图式,以丰富抑郁的认知理论。方法采用流调中心用抑郁量表(CESD)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对某大学500名学生进行测量,筛选出符合要求的被试共77名,其中抑郁组24人,焦虑组12人,抑郁焦虑组17人,正常对照组24人。严格筛选社交依赖人格形容词作为实验刺激,对抑郁组、焦虑组、抑郁焦虑组、正常对照组施测情绪stroop任务。结果抑郁组对消极词汇的颜色命名时间显著长于对积极词汇的颜色命名时间(P0.01),抑郁组对状态类词汇的颜色命名反应时间正偏向显著低于正常对照组(P0.05),而对特质词的反应时间正偏向差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论抑郁大学生具有的消极社交依赖自我图式是状态性的,尚未发展到特质成分。     

认知行为疗法和生物反馈疗法对医学生社交焦虑干预效果评价

目的评价认知行为疗法和生物反馈疗法对医学生社交焦虑干预效果,为医学生社交焦虑的心理治疗提供依据。方法采用社交回避及苦恼量表,对某医科大学3 388名本科学生进行筛查,并通过访谈确定有焦虑问题尚未达到焦虑障碍的学生58名,随机分成对照组、团体组(认知行为团体疗法)、反馈组(肌电生物反馈训练)、综合组(认知与肌电反馈相结合)分别进行干预,于干预前后以及干预结束后6个月分别对各组学生焦虑水平进行评估。结果各干预组干预后较干预前社交焦虑总分、因子分均大幅下降,对照组无变化。干预后综合组社交焦虑总分下降最为明显。综合组和反馈组下降的社交苦恼因子分高于团体组。综合组和团体组下降的社交回避因子分高于反馈组。干预结束后6个月各干预组社交焦虑水平比干预前明显降低,与干预后的测量结果没有差别。不同干预组的社交焦虑总分和各因子分之间的差异无统计学意义。结论3种干预方法对于降低社交焦虑水平均有一定疗效。     

帮你治愈社交焦虑

什么是社交焦虑 社交焦虑是一种在人际互动情境中所引发的情境焦虑,一方面感到苦恼、紧张,同时担心他人对自己有不利的批评,所以可能会采取逃避的方式来与外界隔绝,借此免除与他人立场不同、意见不同以及自我揭露而产生的焦虑. 究其原因无外乎:认知偏差(错误的认知模式和失调的认知功能).     

大学生手机成瘾与心理健康的关系:注意偏向的中介作用

目的 探讨大学本科生手机成瘾与心理健康、注意偏向的关系以及注意偏向在手机成瘾和心理健康间的中介作用。方法 选取安徽某高校本科生479名,采用自行设计的一般情况调查表、手机成瘾指数量表、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表、中文版积极/消极注意偏向量表进行问卷调查。结果 共发放问卷500份,其中有效问卷479份,有效回收率为95.8%。大学生手机成瘾总分为(41.18±12.20)分,心理健康总分为(13.88±11.43)分,正性注意偏向总分(42.81±8.69)分,负性注意偏向总分为(29.81±8.22)分。Pearson相关分析表明,手机成瘾与心理健康、负性注意偏向均呈正相关(r=0.453,P<0.01;r=0.404,P<0.01);心理健康与正性注意偏向呈负相关(r=-0.318,P<0.01),与负性注意偏向呈正相关(r=0.567,P<0.01)。结论 大学生注意偏向在手机成瘾与心理健康中起到中介作用,应高度重视大学生手机成瘾对心理健康的危害,以提升其心理健康水平。     

婴幼儿社交退缩的研究及进展

婴幼儿的社交退缩作为社交焦虑认知方面的一个重要指标,是一个婴儿焦虑或抑郁的早期表现;本文分别就婴幼儿社交退缩的概念、测量工具、影响因素及目前研究热点四个方面进行研究综述,分析婴幼儿社交退缩研究领域中存在的问题,提出未来的研究展望。     

大学生社交焦虑与班集体人际关系的调查研究

目的了解大学生社交焦虑和班集体人际关系现状,为高校心理健康保健提供确实的依据。方法对重庆市3所大学共5个班进行交往焦虑量表和大学班级集体人际关系问卷调查。结果农村大学生的社交焦虑高于城镇大学生;男生的负向人缘系数高于女生;非独生子女大学生的负向人缘系数高于独生子女大学生;大学生社交焦虑与负向人缘系数呈显著负相关,大学生的自我认知和自我体验与实际的人际关系并不完全一致。结论大学生社交焦虑与负向人缘系数呈显著负相关。     

大学生社交焦虑与班集体人际关系的调查研究

目的 了解大学生社交焦虑和班集体人际关系现状,为高校心理健康保健提供确实的依据。方法 对重庆市3所大学共5个班进行交往焦虑量表和大学班级集体人际关系问卷调查。结果 农村大学生的社交焦虑高于城镇大学生;男生的负向人缘系数高于女生;非独生子女大学生的负向人缘系数高于独生子女大学生;大学生社交焦虑与负向人缘系数呈显著负相关,大学生的自我认知和自我体验与实际的人际关系并不完全一致。结论 大学生社交焦虑与负向人缘系数呈显著负相关。     

大学生社交恐怖症与血浆皮质醇水平关系

目的 了解大学生社交恐怖症的焦虑素质、自我效能感、认知倾向以及血浆皮质醇水平的关系,探讨其可能的心理及生物学机制.方法 对天津市某高校908名在校大学生进行社交恐怖症流行病学调查,并利用社交焦虑量表、焦虑-状态特质问卷、自我效能感量表以及认知倾向问卷对社交恐怖症患者和健康大学生进行病例对照研究,并检测血浆皮质醇水平.结果 908名大学生中,社交恐怖症患者39例,发生率为4.3%,其中男性为2.5%,女性为1.8%;病例组社交焦虑得分、状态焦虑得分、特质焦虑得分(13.2±5.4),(51.4±8.3),(9.3±3.7)明显高于对照组(7.6±4.1),(33.2±5.4),(4.5±3.1),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);病例组自我效能感得分(22.3±6.7)明显低于对照组(27.5±5.8),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);病例组血浆皮质醇水平(387.4±54.6)μg/L,明显高于对照组(264.3±48.5)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);相关分析显示,病例组社交焦虑程度与特质焦虑、状态焦虑、悲观因子、皮质醇水平呈正相关,与自我效能感量、乐观因子呈负相关.结论 焦虑素质、认知倾向、自我效能感以及血浆皮质醇水平可能与大学生社交恐怖症相关.     

“Homophobia” or homosexual bias reconsidered

Recent investigation into negative reactions to homosexuals has yielded a new concept, homophobia. This concept has been used to describe cultural, attitudinal, and personal biases against homosexuals. Such a broad usage of the concept threatens to restrict understanding of negative reactions to homosexuals, and to restrict more useful investigations into the possible sources of homosexual bias. It is suggested that the concept of homophobia be abandoned in favor of another concept such as homosexual bias, except in rare cases where anxiety arousal leads to overt phobic avoidance. It is hoped that this clarification will open up new areas of investigation and lead to a deeper understanding of negative reactions to homosexuals on social and personal levels.     

Craving and cognitive biases for alcohol cues in social drinkers

AIMS: To assess whether cognitive biases for drug-related cues are associated with subjective craving and behavioural indices of drug-seeking behaviour, as predicted by incentive models of addiction. METHODS: Fifty social drinkers took part in a laboratory study in which their subjective craving and cognitive biases for alcohol cues were assessed, before they completed a progressive ratio operant task for alcohol (beer) reinforcement. RESULTS: Social drinkers with high levels of alcohol craving at the beginning of the experiment had more pronounced attentional, approach, and evaluative biases for alcohol cues, compared with those with low craving. There were also trends for the high craving group to show greater operant responding for beer reinforcement, but the latter findings were inconclusive, and no evidence was found of associations between the operant responding and cognitive bias measures. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a relationship between subjective craving and cognitive biases for alcohol cues is consistent with incentive models of addiction. Methodological factors may have obscured the predicted relationships between cognitive bias and operant performance, such as the use of a specific reinforcer (beer) during the operant task, while a range of alcohol-related cues were used in the cognitive bias tasks.     

Worry and the Prediction of Future Threatening Events: Association with Gender and Trait Anxiety

Worry and generalized anxiety have been conceptualized as being determined by beliefs that in the future, threatening events are likely to occur. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that gender differences in anxiety might be associated with this type of cognitive bias. Gender, trait anxiety, and personal control over event outcomes were treated as predictor variables for ratings of the predicted probability of threatening events. Subjects were presented a variety of ambiguous situations differing in level of personal control of outcomes and were asked to predict the probability of specific negative event outcomes for each of these situations. The results supported the hypothesis that a lower level of personal control was associated with higher probability ratings of future adverse events regardless of gender or level of trait anxiety. An interaction of level of anxiety and gender upon probability ratings was also found. Highly anxious female participants were found to respond with the highest probability ratings of threatening events. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for cognitive theories of anxiety and the etiology and maintenance of anxiety in the different genders.     

Attentional bias in eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between eating disorders and attentional biases. METHOD: The first study comprised 23 female patients with clinical eating disorders, women with high levels of anxiety (n = 19), and three female normal control groups comprising low (n = 31), moderate (n = 21), or high levels of shape concern (n = 23). The second study comprised 82 women with clinical eating disorders and 44 healthy controls. All participants completed measures of eating disorder psychopathology and completed a modified pictorial dot-probe task. RESULTS: In the first study, biases were found for negative eating and neutral weight pictures, and for positive eating pictures in women with eating disorders; these biases were greater than those found in anxious and normal controls. The second study replicated these findings and biases were also found for negative and neutral shape stimuli. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that future research should establish whether such biases warrant specific therapeutic interventions.     

Take me away: The relationship between escape drinking and attentional bias for alcohol-related cues

Previous research has indicated that implicit attentional bias to alcohol-related cues may serve as a cognitive measure of susceptibility to alcohol dependence. The primary goal of the current study was to examine whether college students who drink to escape dysphoric emotions or moods (i.e., escape drinkers) have stronger attentional biases for alcohol-related cues than non-escape drinkers. Additionally, because previous research has shown that presentation time and content of smoking-related stimuli moderates differences between smokers' and nonsmokers' reaction times, this study sought to determine whether these effects generalized to alcohol-related stimuli. Participants who were identified as either escape (n = 74) or non-escape drinkers (n = 48) completed a dot-probe task in which alcohol-related pictures that contained humans interacting with the alcohol-related cues (active) or alcohol-related cues alone (inactive) were presented along with matched control pictures. These stimuli were presented for either 500 ms or 2000 ms to determine whether attentional biases occur as a function of initial or maintained attention to the alcohol-related cues. Escape drinkers displayed a significantly stronger attentional bias for alcohol-related inactive cues at longer presentation times (i.e., 2000 ms) compared to non-escape drinkers. This bias was independent of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism. These results suggest that in addition to dependence and family history, escape drinking is an important factor to consider when examining attentional biases to alcohol-related cues.     

An analysis of survival differences between clinically and screen-detected cancer patients

Survival differences between clinically and screen-detected cancer patients partly result from biases. Well known are lead-time, length bias and overdiagnosis. The survival of the clinically detected patients in the study group of the HIP breast cancer screening project is corrected for these biases. The resulting survival curve is only slightly worse than the survival of the screen-detected patients. This suggests a very modest mortality reduction by screening. A much larger reduction is obtained from an analysis of the complete HIP results, including those of the control group. It is concluded that a large unexpected selection bias is present. This bias would not have been detected if the HIP study had not contained a randomized control group. A misleading and pessimistic conclusion on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening would thus have resulted. This conclusion reinforces the need for randomized studies.     

Structural equation modeling of health-related quality-of-life data illustrates the measurement and conceptual perspectives on response shift

ObjectiveTo illustrate different perspectives on response shift with cancer patients' health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) data. In measurement perspective, the focus is on bias in the measurement of HRQL. In conceptual perspective, the focus is on bias in the explanation of HRQL.Study Design and SettingData came from a consecutive series of 202 newly diagnosed cancer patients, heterogeneous to cancer site, all undergoing surgery. A HRQL questionnaire was administered before and after surgery. Using structural equation modeling, biases and response shifts in measurement and explanation of HRQL were investigated with respect to patient's cancer site, health status, sex, age, optimism, and social comparison.ResultsSix measurement biases were found, five of which were considered response shift. The “general health” (GH) scale appeared most susceptible to response shift. For example, GH scores were not fully determined by HRQL but also by optimism before surgery and female sex and downward social comparison after surgery. Additionally, two explanation biases were found, neither of which were considered response shift—before and after surgery the mental component of HRQL was not only affected by cancer site and health status but also by optimism and downward social comparison.ConclusionOur approach enables the distinction and testing of biases and response shifts in the measurement and explanation of HRQL.     

An experimental investigation of recruitment bias in eating pathology research

Previous, uncontrolled research has suggested a bias may exist in recruiting participants for eating disorder research. Recruitment biases may affect sample representativeness and generalizability of findings. OBJECTIVE: This experiment investigated whether revealing that a study's topic was related to eating disorders created a self-selection bias. METHOD: Young women at a university responded to advertisements containing contrasting information about the nature of a single study. We recruited one group by advertising the study under the title "Disordered Eating in Young Women" (n = 251) and another group using the title "Consumer Preferences" (n = 259). RESULTS: Results indicated similar levels of eating pathology in both groups, so the different recruitment techniques did not engender self-selection. However, the consumer preferences group scored higher in self-reported social desirability. CONCLUSION: The level of information conveyed in study advertising does not impact reporting of eating disturbances among nonclinical samples, although there is evidence social desirability might.     

Rater bias in a blinded randomized placebo-controlled psychiatry trial

Rater bias occurs when rater knowledge of treatment assignment modifies the outcome assessment. Raters may be unconsciously influenced by inclinations for or against a particular treatment and consequently may give a more or less generous assessment depending upon these biases. Blinding of raters by keeping raters unaware of treatment assignment is one way to limit bias influencing assessment due to knowledge of treatment assignment. Unblinding may be particularly problematic in efficacy studies comparing placebo to drugs and/or non-drug psychotherapy treatments where subjects may reveal drug side-effects or mention their therapist by name, thus unblinding their treatment assignment. We present a new instrumental variable statistical approach for assessing the association between success in blinding and its impact on efficacy estimates of active drug and/or cognitive behavioural psychotherapy versus placebo in the multicentre comparative treatment study of panic disorder. Despite the uncertainty involved in assessing bias that may be unobserved and unconscious, we will show how to derive a bound for the impact of rater bias.