Clinical features and drug resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in 98 patients with lower respiratory tract infection

目的 了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(SMA)下呼吸道感染的临床特点及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析98例下呼吸道感染SMA的耐药性以及临床特点,分析发病的危险因素.结果 高龄、侵人性诊疗操作和使用广谱抗菌药物为SMA下呼吸道感染的危险因素,分别占76.5％、100％和82.6％.98株对常用抗菌药物耐药.近5年敏感率超过50％的抗菌药依次为复方磺胺甲噁唑(88.9％-100％)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(59.3％-77.8％)、左氧氟沙星(52.4％-64％);对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高;其中,对亚胺培南耐药率达92.5％-100％.结论 SMA下呼吸道感染多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫力低的患者.该菌表现为高度和多重耐药性,治疗应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药特点.方法:选取2018年1月-2020年12月医院收治的老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者116例为研究对象,采集痰标本后进行细菌、真菌培养与药敏试验,分析呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性情况.结果:116例患者标本共分离出245株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌占28.98％(71/245),革兰阴性菌占60.00％(147/245),真菌占11.02％(27/245),主要病原菌占比排名依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和白假丝酵母;主要革兰阴性菌鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠的耐药率低于30.00％;肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠、美罗培南的耐药率低于30.00％;铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星的耐药率低于30.00％.金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0.00％.白假丝酵母对两性霉素B、伏立康唑的耐药率为0.00％.结论:老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床抗感染治疗应结合药敏试验结果选择恰当的抗菌药物.     

164例椎体手术患者术后切口感染分泌物中致病菌谱的特点及其对药物敏感性分析

目的:分析椎体手术患者术后切口感染分泌物中致病菌谱的特点及其对药物敏感性.方法:选取医院2014年3月-2017年5月间收治的行椎体手术后伴有伤口感染患者164例临床资料,分析其患者切口感染分泌物中病原菌培养、分离及其药敏试验结果中主要革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药情况.结果:164例术后患者分泌物中,分离出病原菌184株,其中革兰阴性菌(占73.37％)以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主,革兰阳性菌(占26.63％)以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、青霉素的耐药率高达100.00％,而对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮的耐药率分别达58.33％和62.50％;而革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率均高于90.00％.结论:椎体手术患者术后切口感染致病菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌感染,且感染致病菌对万古霉素、青霉素、美罗培南、亚胺培南几乎均无敏感性,属完全耐药;临床应根据感染致病菌的耐药情况合理选用敏感抗菌药物治疗,以确保其抗感染的疗效.     

老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌120例临床检测与耐药性调查分析

目的 探讨老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌120例临床检测结果,对耐药性调查结果进行分析.方法 选取本院自2010年12月～2012年12月收治的120例老年下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本进行分析,培养出120株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,同时进行体外药敏试验,观察其耐药性.结果 铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素药物均有耐药性,其中对庆大霉素、氨苄西林、舒巴坦、环丙沙星、妥布霉素药物的耐药率超出40％,对氨曲南、亚胺培南敏感性较好,耐药率分别为16.7％、15％、β-内酰胺酶阳性菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林、环丙沙星100％耐药,对阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、他唑巴坦/哌拉西林的耐药性均在70％以上,对氨曲南、亚胺培南敏感性较好,耐药性约为11.7％、15.8％.结论 氨曲南及亚胺培南抑制铜绿假单胞菌作用较强,在老年下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌治疗中能够作为首选药物使用.     

某院2017年-2019年120例患者肺炎链球菌感染的临床分布及其对抗菌药物使用强度的相关性分析

目的:分析医院肺炎链球菌感染的临床分布及其对抗菌药物使用强度的相关性.方法:选取医院2017年8月-2019年8月收治的肺炎链球菌感染患者120例病历资料,分析其检出的肺炎链球菌的临床分布、耐药情况,以及肺炎链球菌感染患者治疗用抗菌药物使用强度的相关性.结果:120例感染患者标本中分离出肺炎链球菌86株,其中检出的肺炎链球菌主要来自儿科(占63.95％),其次为老年科、急诊科和呼吸科(分别为12.79％、8.14％和6.98％);在痰标本中分离出菌株为最多(占91.86％),而在分泌物、血液、胸水和脑脊液标本中也有少量检出;药敏结果发现,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均达100.00％,对青霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲嗯唑的耐药率均高于87％,而对万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、厄他培南、亚胺培南和利奈唑胺的耐药率均为0.00％;经Pear-man相关性分析结果显示,肺炎链球菌耐药率与左氧氟沙星、青霉素、红霉素的抗菌药物使用强度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)呈正相关,与美罗培南的AUD无显著相关性.结论:医院临床肺炎链球菌感染主要发生在儿科,标本主要来自痰液,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选用敏感率高的抗菌药物治疗,以确保患者治疗的有效性.     

住院患者临床分离菌菌群分布的随机监测分析

目的了解住院患者临床分离菌的分布及耐药情况，为指导临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用Vitek-2全自动微生物分析仪及纸片扩散法（Kirby-Bauer），对778株临床分离菌进行鉴定及药物敏感试验。结果778株分离菌中革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌占52．70％，革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌占35．60％，真菌占11．70％。G^＋球菌对万古霉素的敏感率均达100％，而G^-杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的敏感率未达100％，其中铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率分别为24．00％和18．67％，鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率均为4．76％。结论该资料对医院临床抗感染治疗及抗菌药物的选择有参考价值。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌下呼吸道感染98例临床特点及耐药性

目的了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(SMA)下呼吸道感染的临床特点及耐药性。方法回顾性分析98例下呼吸道感染SMA的耐药性以及临床特点,分析发病的危险因素。结果高龄、侵入性诊疗操作和使用广谱抗菌药物为SMA下呼吸道感染的危险因素,分别占76.5%、100%和82.6%。98株对常用抗菌药物耐药。近5年敏感率超过50%的抗菌药依次为复方磺胺甲噁唑(88.9%-100%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(59.3%-77.8%)、左氧氟沙星(52.4%-64%);对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高;其中,对亚胺培南耐药率达92.5%-100%。结论 SMA下呼吸道感染多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫力低的患者。该菌表现为高度和多重耐药性,治疗应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

2004-2011年医院急诊科感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析复旦大学附属华山医院静安分院急诊科医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的构成比及耐药性现状,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月-2011年12月我院急诊科临床分离的453株革兰阴性杆菌,采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验,结果判定参照CLSI 2009年版标准.结果 急诊科分离率最高的医院感染革兰阴性杆菌依次为大肠埃希菌(20.09％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(19.87％)、铜绿假单胞菌(17.66％)和鲍氏不动杆菌(13.69％).453株革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物均表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药率较低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为1.1％、1.1％和6.6％.非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为13.8％、22.5％和12.5％,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为32.3％、37.1％和9.7％.结论 医院革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性严重,加强细菌耐药性的临测与控制,对控制感染非常重要.     

分离自下呼吸道感染患者的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性调查

目的了解下呼吸道感染致病菌肺炎克雷伯菌对临床常用抗感染药物的耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗感染药物提供依据。方法采集下呼吸道感染住院患者送检的1528份痰培养标本中分离所得的肺炎克雷伯菌（同一患者分离多株的按1株计）,采用法国梅里埃ATB—Expression分析仪进行细菌鉴定,K-B法做药物敏感试验,并同时用双纸片扩散法确证试验检测超广谱p内酰胺酶（ESBLs）。结果下呼吸道感染患者送检的1528份痰培养标本中分离培养出病原菌1004株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌177株,占17．6％。产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为40．1％（71／177）。药物敏感试验显示产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗感染药物呈多重耐药性,耐药率〉50％的抗感染药物有氨苄西林（93．0％）、哌拉西林（91．5％）、复方新诺明（88．7％）、头孢呋辛（85．9％）、头孢噻肟（80．3％）、庆大霉素（73．2％）、环丙沙星（64．8％）、头孢他啶（60．6％）、头孢吡肟（53．5％）,耐药率〈50％的抗感染药物有哌拉西林他唑巴坦（29．6％）和阿米卡星（23．9％）,而对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率为100．0％,产ESBLs菌株对抗感染药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。结论肺炎克雷伯菌具有多重耐药性,临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性监测,依据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,亚胺培南和美罗培南是治疗的有效药物。     

三联抗感染治疗多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎16例临床观察

目的评价予亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗多重耐药(multidrug-resistant,MDR)革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎的疗效。方法对我院ICU 2010年1月至2013年12月收治16例无多器官功能障碍综合征耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎危重患者,在单用抗生素治疗3⁷ d无效后,选用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗,药物剂量依患者年龄、体质量、肝肾功能调整,疗程147 d无效后,选用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗,药物剂量依患者年龄、体质量、肝肾功能调整,疗程14²8 d,观察和评估其临床疗效。结果本组患者肺部感染得到控制转出ICU 8例(占50%),放弃治疗转出ICU 3例(占18.75%),死亡5例(占31.25%)。结论对原发病好转及肝肾功能无恶化的多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎危重患者予亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗方案,能够获得较好的疗效,值得临床推广及应用。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.