上好综合实践活动课的点滴体会

综合实践活动课近年来在国家颁布《基础教育改革纲要》中明确规定为小学到高中的必修课程，是我国新一轮课程改革的一项重要举措，因为综合实践活动课是一门基于学生直接经验，密切联系学生自身生活和社会生活，体现对知识综合运用，强调学生通过实践增强探究和创新意识的能力和方法为宗旨所在的课程，而我有幸成为了这一学科的专职教师，同时也为我的教学生涯提出了新挑战。起初在教学中，很多学生认为综合实践活动课没有直接的学习成果，因此开展起来很困难。那么，如何焕发小学综合实践活动课的生机呢？我在几年的教学实践中有以下几点体会。     

病毒性肝炎糖代谢、C肽及生长抑素变化的临床意义

[目的]阐明病毒性肝炎及肝硬化患者胰岛β细胞功能及糖代谢状况.[方法]在基础状态下同时测定了血糖(GS)、胰岛素(INS)、C肽(CP)、皮质醇(F)、生长激素(GH)、生长抑素(SS)和胰岛素血糖素(GN),并分别作了静脉法糖耐量试验(ivGTT)和胰岛素、C肽释放试验(IRT、CPRT).血糖用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测,其他内分泌激素皆用放免法检测.[结果]75例中17例糖耐量减退,其中慢性肝炎(CH)组2例,代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLC-I)组5例,失代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLI-H)组10例,急性肝炎(AH)组无.凡糖耐量正常(NGT)者基础血糖、胰岛素、C肽均在正常范围,但其中大多数度患者胰岛素、C肽释放曲线低平,峰值低于对照组;糖耐量减退(IGT)者空腹血糖、胰岛素大多升高,C肽大多正常,但胰岛素、C肽释放曲线以及胰岛素释放指数比NGT组还要低.各族血浆皮质醇基本正常,仅少数病情较重的CH和失代偿性HLC患者稍高于正常水平.约1/4的患者血浆生长激素(GH)升高,3/4的患者血浆胰岛素(GN)升高.5例肝硬变患者服心得安以后血栓/胰岛素比值显著下降.[结论]糖耐量减退在慢性肝炎特别是肝硬变患者中相当常见.其发病机制与肝功能减退、胰岛β细胞受损、胰高血糖等生糖激素增加、周胰岛素抵抗等因素有关.心得安治疗可提高胰岛素的敏感性.     

台湾发现首例屈公热境外移入病例

2006年11月23日,疾病管制局证实首例屈公热境外移入病例。该个案为13岁学生,2005年起在新加坡求学,2006年11月19日出现发热症状,11月20日在桃园机场入境时,过红外线测体温仪侦测有体温过高现象,经采血检验确定为屈公热。屈公热(chikungunya fever)是感染屈公病毒(chikungunyavi     

浅谈颈椎病患者的体疗保健法

1 颈椎病的致病原因 长时间的伏案工作、操作电脑等,会造成供应脊髓、椎骨和相关肌肉氧气和养料的血管受到压迫,导致头部的血液、组织液代谢受阻,长时间保持紧张状态,也会损伤肌肉、肌腱及腱膜受损.     

食品安全与食品安全恐怖

买肉类怕有"疯牛病"和病死猪,买鸡鸭鱼类怕有"禽流感"和含激素,买果蔬担心"转基因"和农药残留,买米面怕用了抛光矿物油和掺有增白剂……媒体曝光的新闻几乎涉及人们需要吃的各种食物……     

不让O157往事重现

1996年夏秋季节,此起彼伏的食物中毒吓坏了东洋人。在短短两个多月的时间内,就有1万多人中毒,12人死亡。元凶是一种肠道病原菌,全名叫O157:H7肠出血性大肠杆菌,简称“O157”。病菌通过食物和饮水     

应对孕期三大棘手问题

70%以上的准妈妈,孕期会遭遇痔疮的烦恼;几乎是所有的准妈妈在孕期前3个月或轻或重都会产生恶心呕吐的状况,严重的甚至会持续更长时间;一旦怀孕后,准妈妈常常有昏昏欲睡的感觉,很容易疲惫。痔疮、疲劳、孕吐,是准妈妈孕期非常棘手的三大问题,让孕妈妈想说轻松不容易。     

产褥感染

产褥期是产妇体质恢复和新生儿开始独立生活的阶段。产妇分娩时经历了较大的精力和体力消耗,抵抗力有所减弱,加上妊娠期疾病和分娩损伤的影响,体质更差。这期间,产妇不仅要适应全身各系统所发生的明显变化,还要担负起哺育婴儿的重任,若不注意,容易发生产后并发症,影响正常康复,甚至危及生命。有资料显示,孕产妇死亡多数发生于产褥期。很多人重视妊娠期保健,却忽视产褥期保健。其实,虽然分娩已经结束了妊娠期,但是随之而来的产褥期仍是妇女保健的重要一环。本刊特组织产褥期常见问题的专题笔谈,以飨读者。     

夏季清补四宜

宜以清为补:夏季气温高,人体喜凉,应以清补为宜,进食寒凉食物为主,如大麦、小麦、绿豆、百合、黄瓜、菠菜、白菜、豆芽菜、芹菜、水萝卜、竹笋、茄子、荸荠、兔肉、鸭肉、羊肝、牛乳、鸡蛋及新鲜水果;多吃凉拌菜、成鸭蛋、成鸡蛋、松花蛋、豆制品、芝麻酱等.     

Effects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in diluents on cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm

Objective:To evaluate the supplementation effects of vitamin E,vitamin C,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase to diluents on bull cryopreserved epididymal sperm.Methods:Sperm were retrieved from 20 bull testes and were then supplemented with 0.1 mM vitamin E,5.0 mM vitamin C,100.0 IU/mL SOD,and 100.0μg/mL catalase alone,or in a combination.The control treatment contained no addition.After supplementation,samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen.The sperm parameters including motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome integrity,plasma membrane integrity,kinematics and DNA damage were evaluated following the thawing process.Results:Vitamin E alone significantly increased the parameters of acrosome and membrane integrity compared to the control treatment(P<0.05).While compared to the control treatment,vitamin C had no improvement effect on sperm characteristics except for membrane integrity.Treatment of vitamin E+vitamin C had a significant improvement in total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity compared to the control and other treatments(P<0.05).Compared to the control treatment,addition of SOD or catalase alone significantly improved the percentages of total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity(P<0.05).Furthermore,SOD+catalase significantly increased total motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome and membrane integrity characteristics compared to the catalase treatment(P<0.05).Vitamin E alone,vitamin E+vitamin C,and SOD in diluents decreased DNA damages and thereby improved the rate of intact sperm heads.Conclusions:Addition of 100.0 IU/mL SOD alone and 0.1 mM vitamin E+5.0 mM vitamin C,and also 5.0 mM vitamin C+100μg/mL catalase in a combination improves the quality of cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm and could be used for cryopreservation.     

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997-2001

In 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of a Portuguese population, organochlorine pesticide residues were evaluated in human serum from students of the University of Coimbra. Concentrations of selected organochlorine pollutants (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, HE, HCB, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD) and endosulfan sulfate was measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Our objective is to point out the general levels of pesticide contamination and the differences between the four populations; and together with this, if a connection could be established with gender or the residence area of the subjects. Endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD were the most frequently identified residues. Endosulfan sulfate present the highest concentrations for all subjects, 42.6 microg/l, with concentrations ranging from undetected to 1295.5 microg/l. Between DDT, isomers, and analogues, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT presented the highest levels, 24.8 and 21.9 microg/l, respectively. Mean total DDT levels were higher than mean total HCH levels. For summation operator-DDT, the highest levels were found among female gender and urban samples. An opposite situation was found in summation operator-HCH: males presented higher levels than females. The mean concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues, present in the student populations, showed that it is among the highest levels of contamination, when compared with others from Europe, Asia, and America.     

Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites on stem cell biology

Proinflammatory cytokines and essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their metabolites are altered in coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and collagen vascular diseases, indicating that these diseases not only are low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions but also have defects in the metabolism of EFAs. EFAs and their metabolites such as eicosanoids, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins, and nitrolipids are biologically active molecules that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity, modulate inflammation, the immune response, and gluconeogenesis by direct and indirect pathways, function directly as agonists of a number of G-protein-coupled receptors, and thus regulate several cellular processes. EFAs and their metabolites activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (Akt) and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases and stimulate gluconeogenesis and cell proliferation by Ca²⁺, phospholipase C/protein kinase, events that are also necessary for stem cell proliferation. Stem cells are pluripotent and expected to be of benefit in the management of many clinical conditions. Therefore, I propose that the beneficial actions of EFAs and their metabolites seen in coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and collagen vascular diseases could be ascribed to their ability to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells in addition to their capacity to suppress inflammation.     

Heavy Metals in Aquatic Macrophytes from Two Small Rivers Polluted by Urban,Agricultural and Textile Industry Sewages SW Poland

This article presents the results from a study of the comparison of 2 lowland rivers: the Olobok and the Pilawa in southwest Poland polluted by urban, agricultural, and textile industry sewages. pH and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfate were measured in water samples and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, and Zn were measured in stream bottom sediments and in the aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Callitriche verna, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum from the river Olobok and Elodea canadensis, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, and Veronica beccabunga from the river Pilawa. The matrix of concentrations of 16 elements in 27 plant samples of 7 species from 15 sampling sites of 2 rivers and concentrations of 15 elements and pH in water samples and 16 elements and pH in bottom sediment samples of these sites was submitted to numerical classification, which revealed that sampling sites from the rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1 of principal component analysis (PCA), which was related to the pH of water, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Ni in water and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, and S in bottom sediments. More polluted parts of both rivers were differentiated from less polluted parts by the value of factor 2 of PCA, which was related to Pb, Zn, and sulfates in water and Ca and Zn in bottom sediments. Macrophytes from the Olobok and Pilawa rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1, which was related to Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, N, Na, Pb, and S. Groups of macrophytes of more and less polluted parts of both rivers differed by the value of factor 2, which was related to P, K, and Mn. Downstream of the sewage outputs in both rivers, a significantly increased level of pollution occurs with elements correlated with factor 1: Among others were Cu and Cr, typical for the textile industry along the river Pilawa, and among others were Mn and Ni, typical for the urban and agricultural activities in the river Olobok.     

Workshop report: Nucleic acid delivery devices for HIV vaccines: Workshop proceedings,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,Bethesda, Maryland,USA, May 21, 2015

On May 21st, 2015, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) convened a workshop on delivery devices for nucleic acid (NA) as vaccines in order to review the landscape of past and future technologies for administering NA (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.) as antigen into target tissues of animal models and humans. Its focus was on current and future applications for preventing and treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, among other infectious-disease priorities. Meeting participants presented the results and experience of representative clinical trials of NA vaccines using a variety of alternative delivery devices, as well as a broader group of methods studied in animal models and at bench top, to improve upon the performance and/or avoid the drawbacks of conventional needle-syringe (N–S) delivery. The subjects described and discussed included (1) delivery targeted into oral, cutaneous/intradermal, nasal, upper and lower respiratory, and intramuscular tissues; (2) devices and techniques for jet injection, solid, hollow, and dissolving microneedles, patches for topical passive diffusion or iontophoresis, electroporation, thermal microporation, nasal sprayers, aerosol upper-respiratory and pulmonary inhalation, stratum-corneum ablation by ultrasound, chemicals, and mechanical abrasion, and kinetic/ballistic delivery; (3) antigens, adjuvants, and carriers such as DNA, messenger RNA, synthesized plasmids, chemokines, wet and dry aerosols, and pollen-grain and microparticle vectors; and (4) the clinical experience and humoral, cellular, and cytokine immune responses observed for many of these target tissues, technologies, constructs, and carriers. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop (https://web.archive.org/web/20160228112310/https://www.blsmeetings.net/NucleicAcidDeliveryDevices/), which was webcast live in its entirety and archived online (http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?live=16059).     

Special Considerations for Prophylaxis for and Treatment of Anthrax in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

In August 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in partnership with the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, convened a meeting of national subject matter experts to review key clinical elements of anthrax prevention and treatment for pregnant, postpartum, and lactating (P/PP/L) women. National experts in infectious disease, obstetrics, maternal fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatrics, and pharmacy attended the meeting, as did representatives from professional organizations and national, federal, state, and local agencies. The meeting addressed general principles of prevention and treatment for P/PP/L women, vaccines, antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment, clinical considerations and critical care issues, antitoxin, delivery concerns, infection control measures, and communication. The purpose of this meeting summary is to provide updated clinical information to health care providers and public health professionals caring for P/PP/L women in the setting of a bioterrorist event involving anthrax.     

Sexuality in Samoan art forms

This article explores the manifestations of sexuality in Samoa as they are revealed through songs, poetry, dance, gestures, verbal expressions, stories, and games. For each of these art forms, texts and translations of original material are presented, as an aid to discerning the uses and functions of sexuality as they are applied by Samoans for Samoans; to this end, formalized joking of various types is seen as the medium through which the humorous element of sexuality is expressed. Elsewhere, sexuality functions to achieve and sustain individual attention. The explicitly sexual references in funeral and marriage songs, on the other hand, constitute affirmations of social values, incorporated in long-established rites. In what is tantamount to artistic license, performance of song, poetry, and dance containing sexual elements or references that would be prohibited in other contexts is constituted as acceptable behavior. In marked contrast to nineteenth-century writings, and the opinions of the popular press, sexuality in Samoa is far from free in its modes of expression, but rather adheres to traditional formalized patterns which determine its occasions, participants, and verbal and kinetic limits. Although not indispensable as a means of personal expression, it generally provides additional opportunities for the creative and aggressive individual to demonstrate his artistic talents and thereby contribute to his own social elevation. As an element of verbalized group sentiment, it is a positive assertion of Samoan values, a statement of social solidarity.     

Dynamics of cholera outbreaks in Great Lakes region of Africa, 1978-2008

Cholera outbreaks have occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya almost every year since 1977-1978, when the disease emerged in these countries. We used a multiscale, geographic information system-based approach to assess the link between cholera outbreaks, climate, and environmental variables. We performed time-series analyses and field investigations in the main affected areas. Results showed that cholera greatly increased during El Nino warm events (abnormally warm El Ninos) but decreased or remained stable between these events. Most epidemics occurred in a few hotspots in lakeside areas, where the weekly incidence of cholera varied by season, rainfall, fluctuations of plankton, and fishing activities. During lull periods, persistence of cholera was explained by outbreak dynamics, which suggested a metapopulation pattern, and by endemic foci around the lakes. These links between cholera outbreaks, climate, and lake environments need additional, multidisciplinary study.     

Major and trace element compositions of the UICC standard asbestos samples

Major and trace element compositions for chrysotile (2 samples), amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite UICC standard asbestos samples have been determined using UV-visible spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectometry, flame photometry, volumetric analysis, and gravimetric analysis for major elements and x-ray and optical spectrometry for trace elements. The trace element data are for Li, S, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, and Th and distribution in the various mineral phases is discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:592–594, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Associations between several sites of cancer and occupational exposure to benzene,toluene, xylene,and styrene: Results of a case-control study in Montreal

Background Except for the leukemogenic effects of benzene, there is inadequate or sparse evidence on the carcinogenicity of the most common monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The purpose of this study was to generate hypotheses on associations between exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene and various common types of cancer. Methods In the context of a population-based case-control study carried out in Montreal, 3,730 cancer patients (15 types of cancers, not including leukemia) and 533 population controls were interviewed, and their job histories were translated by a team of experts into occupational exposures, including benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene. In the present analysis, exposure to these substances was compared between each case series and a control group pooling selected cancer patients and population controls, using logistic regression analysis. Results Exposure levels were low for most exposed subjects, and there was a high correlation between exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. For most sites of cancer there was no evidence of excess risk due to these substances. However, limited evidence of increased risk was found for the following associations: esophagus-toluene, colon-xylene, rectum-toluene, rectum-xylene and rectum-styrene. Conclusions These latter observations warrant further investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34: 144–156, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Phenotypic characterization of Trichophyton rubrum isolates from two geographic locations in Brazil

To characterize possible Trichophyton rubrum phenotypes, which circulate in two Brazilian localities, we tested 53 isolates of this dermatophyte for their ability to assimilate several carbon sources, for keratinase, proteinase, phospholipase, lipase and desoxiribonuclease (DNase) secretions, and for their susceptibility to the antifungals fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole. For each method, the isolates were submitted to similarity analysis and the methods were evaluated for their discriminatory indexes. None of the isolates were capable of assimilating arabinose, dulcitol, lactose, melibiose, ribose and xylose, while all of the isolates assimilated maltose, sucrose and sorbitol. However, adonitol, cellobiose, dextrin, erythritol, fructose, galactose, inulin, mannitol, mannose, raffinose, rhamnose and trehalose were assimilated by some isolates but not by others. All isolates secreted keratinase and DNase, while none secreted phospholipase. Proteinase and lipase were secreted only by some isolates. All but four isolates were resistant to fluconazole, most of them were sensitive to ketoconazole and all were sensitive to itraconazole. Carbohydrate assimilation was the method that presented the highest discriminatory index, and also the method that displayed the largest number of biotypes. Taken together, these data suggest that significant phenotypic variations exist among T. rubrum isolates. They seem to occur independently from their geographic origins.